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Widespread political polarization throughout the United States is a threat to the time‐honored democratic tradition of utilizing civil discussion and respectful debate to express divergent views and strive for common ground. The political differences that divide us now are so deep and rife with toxic emotion that they threaten to undermine our social well‐being at both the micro and macro levels. While family therapists are trained to work with relational tensions and to help family members to constructively negotiate their differences, the severity of the hostility and resentment tied to divergent political orientations has made this work increasingly difficult to achieve. This article explores how family therapy training programs can help trainees deepen their capacity for constructive political dialoguing that includes learning how to effectively manage their reactivity to those whose values and views may be dramatically different from their own so that they can support clients in doing the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study draws from cognitive appraisal theory to examine when and how negative performance feedback could prevent employees from engaging in interpersonal counterproductive workplace behaviour towards the leader. We test the hypotheses using a three‐wave survey and a scenario‐based experiment with Chinese and Western samples, respectively. Our results indicate that negative performance feedback has a negative effect on perceived feedback quality when employees have a lower (vs. higher) level of trust in the leader. In addition, perceived feedback quality is negatively related to employee hostility towards leader and, in turn, interpersonal counterproductive workplace behaviour towards the leader. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is a large research base on the psychological impacts of violent and prosocial visual media, there is little research addressing the impacts of violent and prosocial music, and which facets of the music have the greatest impact. Four experiments tested the impact of lyrics and/or musical tone on aggressive and prosocial behavior, and on underlying psychological processes, using purpose‐built songs to avoid the effect of music‐related confounds. In study one, where mildly aggressive, overtly aggressive and violent lyrics were compared to neutral lyrics, any level of lyrical aggression caused an increase in behavioral aggression, which plateaued for all three aggression conditions. Violent lyrics were better recalled than other lyrics one week later. In studies two‐three no significant effects of lyrics, or of aggressive versus nonaggressive musical tone, were found on aggressive or prosocial behavior. In terms of internal states, violent lyrics increased hostility/hostile cognitions in all studies, and negatively impacted affective state in three studies. Prosocial lyrics decreased hostility/hostile cognitions in three studies, but always in tandem with another factor. Aggressive musical tone increased physiological arousal in two studies and increased negative affect in one. In study four those who listened to violent lyrics drove more aggressively on a simulated drive that included triggers for aggression. Overall, violent lyrics consistently elicited hostility/hostile cognitions and negative affect, but these did not always translate to aggressive behavior. Violent music seems more likely to elicit behavioral aggression when there are aggression triggers and a clear way to aggress. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gender dysphoria among transgender adolescents has predominantly been examined in relation to body dissatisfaction. While in adult transgender samples, body dissatisfaction is higher than in cisgender controls, this has so far rarely been investigated for adolescents. In the context of a cisnormative society, the impact of influences from the social environment on body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria has been neglected in research. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) provide a detailed analysis of body dissatisfaction among young transgender people and (2) investigate whether body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria are associated with experiences of minority stress such as trans hostility and poor peer relations (PPR). Methods: The paper presents a cross-sectional study among a sample of transgender adolescents, presenting at a specialized outpatient counseling clinic (N = 99; age M = 15.36, SD = 1.85). First, body dissatisfaction (assessed by the Body-Image-Scale; BIS), was explored and compared to data from a population-based control group of cisgender peers (N = 527; age M = 14.43, SD = 0.97). Second, within a clinic-referred transgender subsample (n = 74), associations between body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria (measured by Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale; UGDS), PPR (measured by the Youth-Self-Report; YSR-R), and trans hostile experiences (assessed in clinical interview) were examined by correlations, t-tests and multivariate regression. Results: Transgender adolescents reported more body dissatisfaction than cisgender peers. The dissatisfaction with sex characteristics, non-hormonal reactive body regions and the total score for body dissatisfaction were positively related with gender dysphoria. The majority had experienced trans hostility in the present and/or past (54.1%) and PPR (63.5%). More body dissatisfaction was correlated with more PPR regarding visible body parts i.e., hair, overall appearance and muscles, whilst PPR and gender dysphoria were not associated. Transgender adolescents who experienced trans hostility showed higher gender dysphoria and PPR, but not more body dissatisfaction. In multiple regression, trans hostility predicted gender dysphoria, whilst age and PPR predicted body dissatisfaction. Discussion: Experiences of minority-stress differentially interact with body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria among transgender adolescents. Social correlates of body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria must be considered when working with young transgender people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to estimate a regression model that best predict symptoms of depression among Black Seventh-day Adventists in the United States. The sample (n = 3,570) was drawn from the Biopsychosocial Religion and Health Study, a sub-study of the larger Adventist Health Study-2 consisting of a random sample (n = 10,998) of Adventists. The results of the study showed that poor sleep quality, hostility, stress, and perceived discrimination were all predictors of symptoms of depression, while religious involvement decreased the likelihood of experiencing those symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have shown that the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong was highly attuned to the role of emotions in human thought and action, and developed sophisticated techniques to channel them toward its political aims. How did individuals experience the system of normative emotions that developed from these political projects? This article addresses this question from the perspective of one particular group, those whose families were classified as "landlords" or "rich peasants." It shows that those from such backgrounds were expected to renounce any filial emotion and to develop hostility toward their parents, an expectation that put most of them in a situation of acute emotional conflict. The article goes on to explore the ways in which people responded to this conflict, concluding that for the majority the conflict could be temporarily avoided but could not be resolved. It further argues that the larger-scale assault on the parent–child bond that took place during Cultural Revolution, which was widely denounced in post-Mao discourse, is best understood not merely as an extreme manifestation of the party's anti-traditionalism, but as the broadening of practices that had developed primarily in connection with rural class enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do some individuals feel hostility and express bias against supporters of other political parties? Drawing on intergroup threat theory, we examine the role of emotions as a mechanism by which perceived threats against the ingroup are a source of increased affective polarization. In two survey experiments performed in the multiparty contexts of Sweden (N = 505) and Germany (N = 776), we manipulated intergroup threat using simulated online media, presenting participants with content related to immigration, and measured affective polarization using ratings of ingroup and outgroup supporter traits and feeling thermometers. Compared to a control condition, the threatening content evoked fear, anxiety, and anger among participants. However, only when individuals reacted to the threatening content with anger was increased affective polarization observed, in line with research showing that anger is a high‐arousal emotion related to an increased reliance on stereotypes. We conclude that individuals distance themselves from supporters of opposing political parties when they perceive a threat to their ingroup and subsequently react with anger. The findings contribute to the literature on affective polarization by stressing the role of emotional reactions to intergroup threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do politicians get emotional during an election campaign? We examine the existence of changes in partisan in‐group favoritism and partisan out‐group hostility among political elites by evaluating the degree to which they fluctuate before, during and after election campaigns. The lack of elite level panel data has prevented scholars from studying the dynamics of politicians' emotions around the most emotionally intense political event in democracies: elections. We focus on Sweden around the 2014 election and follow more than 700 Swedish politicians before, during and after a national election campaign using a unique three‐wave panel survey. The results reveal that politicians' emotions towards other parties are affected during the election, but less so for their own party. Our study adds to the body of recent evidence that campaigns mobilize partisan identities and increase partisan animus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feeling loved (loved, cared for, accepted, valued, understood) is inherently dyadic, yet most prior theoretical perspectives and investigations have focused on how actors feeling (un)loved shapes actors' outcomes. Adopting a dyadic perspective, the present research tested whether the established links between actors feeling unloved and destructive (critical, hostile) behavior depended on partners' feelings of being loved. Does feeling loved need to be mutual to reduce destructive behavior, or can partners feeling loved compensate for actors feeling unloved? In five dyadic observational studies, couples were recorded discussing conflicts, diverging preferences or relationship strengths, or interacting with their child (total N = 842 couples; 1,965 interactions). Participants reported how much they felt loved during each interaction and independent coders rated how much each person exhibited destructive behavior. Significant Actors' × Partners' Felt-Loved interactions revealed a strong-link/mutual felt-unloved pattern: partners' high felt-loved buffered the damaging effect of actors' low felt-loved on destructive behavior, resulting in actors' destructive behavior mostly occurring when both actors' and partners' felt-loved was low. This dyadic pattern also emerged in three supplemental daily sampling studies. Providing directional support for the strong-link/mutual felt-unloved pattern, in Studies 4 and 5 involving two or more sequential interactions, Actors' × Partners' Felt-Loved in one interaction predicted actors' destructive behavior within couples' subsequent conflict interactions. The results illustrate the dyadic nature of feeling loved: Partners feeling loved can protect against actors feeling unloved in challenging interactions. Assessing Actor × Partner effects should be equally valuable for advancing understanding of other fundamentally dyadic relationship processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether self-stigma content and process would prospectively influence parental warmth and hostility through increasing parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). On three occasions across two years, 441 Hong Kong parents of children with ASD provided questionnaire data. Path analyses showed that self-stigma content and process were associated with greater parenting stress, which was, in turn, associated with reduced parental warmth and increased parental hostility. Our findings reveal the longitudinal influences of self-stigma on parenting practices and demonstrate how these influences can be explained by parenting stress. Our findings also suggest the importance of supporting parents of children with ASD to mitigate self-stigma and associated parenting stress in improving their parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present project contributes to the literature on firefighters and spousal relationships through consideration of life satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and couple conflict for a sample of Canadian firefighters. Thirty four firefighter/spouse dyads completed measures of satisfaction, mental health, and conflict. Our results showed that firefighters self-reported more hostility than their spouses, but that there was no significant difference between firefighters and spouses with respect to life of marital satisfaction. Firefighters and spouses also differed in expression of dissatisfaction, in that firefighters were more likely to express dissatisfaction through physical or indirect expressions of aggression, and spouses were more likely to express dissatisfaction through anger. Understanding alternative presentations of dissatisfaction may be helpful to both the spousal couple, in terms of understanding one another, and also in therapeutic relationships where emotional expression may be interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the association between divorce and aggression patterns (physical and verbal aggression and hostility) in Lebanese adolescents. This cross-sectional study enrolled 1810 (90.5%) students (January–May 2019) using a proportionate random sample of participants aged 12–17 years, drawn from private schools of all Lebanese districts. Parental divorce was significantly associated with more physical and verbal aggression and anger and hostility in adolescents. Significantly higher adjusted means of physical aggression (32.53 vs. 31.32; p =.013), verbal aggression (19.00 vs. 17.73; p <.001), anger (26.10 vs. 23.43; p <.001), and hostility (29.68 vs. 26.73; p <.001) were found among adolescents whose parents are divorced. Verbal and physical aggression, anger, and hostility were more shown in adolescents whose parents were divorced compared to adolescents whose parents are non-separated. Therefore, divorced parents must be motivated to provide their children with social, economic, and psychological needs to overcome these negative behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expressed emotion (EE) is a rating of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement from a carer towards a person experiencing mental distress. High EE denotes family stress and is associated with greater severity of substance use. Little is known about how EE is perceived by patients with a history of substance use disorder (SUD). The aim of the present study was to investigate perceived EE among substance users and its association with substance use, schizotypy, and depression. Ratings of arousal and relevance of auditory criticism and praise depicting EE, and self-report measures of schizotypy and depression were measured in patients with a recent history of SUD, patients with a recent history of SUD co-occurring with mental disorders (SUD + CMD), and non-clinical healthy control subjects. Group differences in ratings of criticism and praise were tested. The ratings were correlated against schizotypy and depression. Prediction of sensitivity to criticisms by a history of substance use was explored in the SUD groups. Compared to control subjects, individuals with a history of SUD rated criticism as less arousing and those with SUD + CMD rated criticism as more self-relevant. The rating of criticism was positively correlated with schizotypy and depression in the SUD group. Age of onset of substance use was a significant predictor of the arousal of criticism. History of SUD may affect perception of negative audio comments depicting family stress. This effect may be enhanced by high schizotypy traits and negative mental health status, and early age of onset of substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online discussions about politics and current events play a growing role in public life, and they can foster positive outcomes (e.g., civic engagement and political participation) and negative outcomes (e.g., hostility and polarization). The present research examines how the use of doubtful (vs. confident) language influences behavior in online discussions of current events. We examine the effects of doubtful language on comment popularity (i.e., recommendations from other users) and the use of emotional language in subsequent replies. We examine data from 1.9 million user comments from the New York Times website. Comments containing doubtful language were less popular, receiving fewer user recommendations. Additionally, replies to doubtful comments were less emotional (containing fewer positive emotions and fewer negative emotions). These results suggest that although doubtful authors are less likely to be recommended by other users, they may play an important role in helping to foster civility in online discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the social sciences, emotions are increasingly important in explaining actions. Although emotions are limited to the individual domain, they need to be interpreted on a collective basis in terms of their formation and consequences. Collectively constructed emotions determine the individual's action. This collectivity is at the root of the fear of the unknown, one of the most powerful emotions in the modern world. With the increasing global migration movements, "foreigners" have become the subject of collective fear. Xenophobia, which expresses hostility towards foreigners based on fear, determines the content and limits of the relationship that the individual establishes with the other in his/her world of understanding, interpretation, and action. The existence of a constantly produced fear and this emotion-based hatred and violence necessitates that these emotions be handled in a collective framework rather than subjective experiences. The main purpose of this study is to discuss xenophobia as a collective emotion in the construction of migrant as "The Other". The collective character of xenophobia is formed on two grounds: The first one is the collective emotion created by group belonging. The individual constructs "We" and "The Other" by defining the group of belonging and the boundaries of this group, and the feelings he/she develops against the Other in the context of group privileges are a result of this collective belonging. The function of xenophobia to provide political control of the masses constitutes its second collective aspect. In today's society of fear, the field of political power is created by the control of foreigners who are constructed as a threat, and when the political function of the media is included in this process, xenophobia is built through a perception that affects the masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: expressed emotion (EE) is a concept which dates back to the sixties and refers to the attitude that relatives have toward a family member with schizophrenia. It comprises three behavioral patterns: criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement. An important body of literature has shown that high expressed emotion (EE) is a factor of relapse in schizophrenia. The purpose of our study was to measure expressed emotion in the families of a Moroccan sample of patients and then to investigate factors associated with high EE. Methods: fifty (50) patients with stable schizophrenia, each with a relative involved in their care, were recruited during outpatients visits. Sociodemographic data were collected and the FAS scale was used by relatives. Data were also collected from the mental representations of relatives about the patient and disease. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS software and was based on the Chi 2 tests as well as T tests for independent samples. Results: forty-eight percent (48%) of relatives had a high EE. High EE was associated with a feeling of shame toward the patient. It was also associated with cannabis addiction. Low EE was associated with the fact that the patient financially took care of his family. Conclusion: the knowledge of the determinants of high EE in our socio-cultural context is essential in order to direct any psycho-educational intervention aimed at reducing EE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The relation between posttrauma symptoms and aggression is an area of growing interest in the larger clinical literature. The current project looked to examine the impact of primed hostility on aggressive responding in men and women with and without a history of prior trauma. Design: Experimental aggression paradigm assessed in a 2 (Group)×2 (Sex)×2 (Prime) mixed factorial ANOVA. Methods: Trauma-naïve participants (N = 52) and survivors reporting active symptoms (N = 43) were exposed to hostile and neutral lexical primes in what was presented as a reaction time task played against an unseen ‘opponent’. In actuality, ‘wins’ and ‘losses’ during the task were assigned by an automated system. The intensity of an aversive sound blast delivered by participants to the supposed opponent in trials the participant ‘won’ served as an index of behavioural aggression. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA identified a betweenby-within interaction of exposure group and lexical prime ( p = .010; η²p = .070), with trauma-exposed participants ( p = .002, Δ = .30), but not controls ( p = .159, Δ = .11), demonstrating elevations in aggression subsequent to hostile priming. A sex by prime interaction ( p = .001; η²p = .117) similarly indicated elevated aggression following hostile priming in men ( p = .007, Δ = .58) as compared to women ( p = .062, Δ = .10). Conclusions: Results offer preliminary support for the association of situationally primed hostility and biological sex with aggressive responding in survivors reporting active symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I propose the category of 'hospitable things', and argue that it can improve our understanding of the relationships between subjects and objects in the situation of migration. The analysis uses a case study of Polish migration to territories of pre-war Germany and the Free City of Danzig – the so-called Recovered Territories [Ziemie Odzyskane] – in the twilight of World War II. Based on primary sources from the time, I scrutinise how the new Polish settlers transformed German property into 'hospitable things' with substantial help from the post-war propaganda. I reconstruct the affective atmosphere of the period and confront these expectations with the actual experience of hostility materialised by everyday things. The image of 'hospitable things' – waiting and ready to be taken – has been formed through the experience of migration in radically inhospitable circumstances. 'Hospitable things' enable people to cope with the emotions accompanying the fragile experience of displacement; they help to form and transform fears and insecurities, but also desires and wants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The belligerent patient poses a challenge to psychoanalysts. In working with an aggressive young man, I describe how I use rough-and-tumble play to meet his verbal assaults, downregulate his emotions, and create space for mentalization. Directing and redirecting his hostility led to new relational possibilities and his enhanced capacity for self-reflection. I discuss the implications for the use of rough-and-tumble play with certain patients to develop mutuality, deepen interpretive work, and enhance their reflective functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little scholarly attention has been devoted to the dramaturgy of Handel's operas, which seems secondary to musical and circumstantial matters of venue and performers. This article argues that important things can be learned by attempting to categorize, analyze, and assess the librettos in strictly dramaturgical terms. We need to ask whether there is coherence or development, and what Handel wanted in the librettos he set. Handel's operas have generally been categorized by date and/or venue. Winton Dean categorized them by "dominant temper," characterized as "heroic or dynastic," "magic operas," and "antiheroic." By implication, Handel approached each opera on a case‐by‐case basis, not much concerned with generic form. Ellen T. Harris critiqued Dean and offered a dialectical model, dividing the operas into "pastoral" and "heroic" groups. But if we ask "What is the 'source of action' within each plot?," we find four largely distinct groups: (1) villain or villainess; (2) intrigue complexities; (3) situational donné; and (4) character display. After nearly fifteen years of plot structures driven by villains, Handel began to experiment with quite different plot designs (though he did not change librettists). Handel's operas comprise, structurally, a series of mostly static scenes in which intense feelings (ambition, lust, hope, fear, doubt, pain, remorse, etc.) are expressed. The happy‐ending convention in opera seria renders plot resolution secondary. Handel's operas are essentially situational rather than plot driven. They use dramatic situations over and over (e.g., supplication, deliverance, abduction, remorse, enmity of kinsmen, self‐sacrifice). Handel is far more concerned with intense expression of emotion than with telling a story. In all four types of Handelian opera, quasi‐ideal heroes or heroines are featured. In (1) they are threatened by the machinations of a villain; in (2) they find themselves entangled in intrigue; in (3) they are caught in the toils of fate or circumstances; and in (4) the aim is mostly just display of heroic character. Handel's bent was for situation and emotion rather than narrative and resolution. Great and stageable as the best of Handel's operas are, the English oratorio offered him a genre ultimately more congenial to his talents and inclinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has suggested that high levels of hostility may result in negative outcomes such as aggression or disengagement and that this impact may be exasperated by the workplace environment. The current study contributes to knowledge regarding firefighters and the fire service work environment. Our purpose was to investigate relationships between work state, psychological well-being, general satisfaction and hostility for firefighters. Data analyses involved structural equation modeling and results indicated that positive work state is negatively related to satisfaction and positively related to psychological symptomatology. In particular, the present results suggest that positive working environment has significant impacts on many domains of firefighter life; consequently, creating a positive working environment should be considered a key area of intervention in assisting toward overall well-being for firefighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the relationship between self-objectification and selfie-related behaviors has been extensively investigated, limited attention has been given to understanding how women's self-objectification impacts their attitudes toward peer selfies from the observer's perspective. This issue was addressed across four studies (N = 801). Specifically, Studies 1a and 1b (correlational research) revealed a positive association between women's self-objectification and hostile attitudes toward peer selfies. In Studies 2 and 3 (experimental research), a causal relationship was established, such that women with higher levels of state self-objectification were more inclined to attach negative tags to other women's selfies. Notably, perceived attention-seeking motivation plays a mediating role in the process (Studies 1b, 2, and 3). Furthermore, these effects occurred not only in response to selfies taken by highly attractive women but also in response to targets who are moderately attractive or average-looking (Study 3). These findings bridge a significant gap in the field of self-objectification and social interaction on social media. • Limited attention has been given to studying how women's self-objectification impacts their attitudes toward peer selfies. • We found a positive association between women's self-objectification and hostile attitudes toward peer selfies. • We found that self-objectification led women to attach negative tags to other women's selfies. • Perceived attention-seeking motivation in other women could account for the effect mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of internet's becoming widespread and the rapid expansion of its area of use come with some negative consequences. One of these negative consequences is internet addiction. Internet addiction is an important risk factor for adolescents, especially in our country. In this context, the objective of the study is to determine the relationships among internet addiction, parental acceptance-rejection perceptions, regulation of emotions, and psychological symptoms. The research was designed with a multifactorial predictive correlation research model in terms of quantitative research approach. The Sample group is composed of 464 high school students (231 females/243 males). Demographic Information Form developed by researchers, Young's Internet Addiction Test-Short Form, Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) for Adolescents and Brief Symptom Inventory were used to collect data. In this study, descriptive statistics methods, independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression were used to analyze the data. According to the results of the study, it has concluded that female participants have higher levels of anxiety, hostility, somatization, negative self, depression levels and internal dysfunctional emotion regulation and external functional emotion regulation than male participants. It was observed father rejection that male participants have higher levels of than female participants. There has a positive relationship between the level of internet addiction from depression, anxiety, negative self, somatization, hostility, internal dysfunctional emotion regulation and external functional emotion regulation and external functional emotion regulation levels. Anxiety, negative self, hostility, time spent on the internet, internal and external dysfunctional emotion regulation have been found to be one of the predictors of internet addiction levels. The results discussed in the light of the relevant literature and recommendations have been made within the scope of psychology practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is known that collective narcissism is associated with problematic intergroup relations, its predictors are less well understood. Two studies, conducted in four European Union countries (Germany, Greece, Portugal, the United Kingdom [UK]), tested the hypotheses that integrated (i.e., realistic and symbolic) threat (Study 1, N = 936) as well as distinctiveness threat (Study 2, N = 434) positively predict national collective narcissism and national ingroup satisfaction, but that only national collective narcissism predicts problematic intergroup relations in reference to threatening outgroups. The results were consistent with those hypotheses. The two types of threat predicted increased national collective narcissism and national ingroup satisfaction. However, only national collective narcissism was associated with negative emotions and hostile behavioral intentions toward the threatening outgroups, when its overlap with national ingroup satisfaction was partialled out. These cross-national findings advanced knowledge of predictors, as well as consequences, of collective narcissism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the importance of emotions such as fear, enmity and hatred during the Wars of the Roses. Despite the large body of scholarship on the wars and extensive corpus of primary sources, historians have not looked at the Wars of the Roses from this perspective. This lacuna is unfortunate for two reasons. First, examining the role of emotions provides an additional insight into the wars that current discussions have viewed as tangential. Second, the Wars of the Roses provide a different way of viewing emotions in medieval warfare from studies of emotions in other wars. Discussions of emotions in medieval warfare tend to examine the experiences and mental worlds of individual combatants, the performative value of emotions in political conflict or the use of emotions in the memory of wars. In contrast, this article demonstrates that, during the Wars of the Roses, emotions had a real and tangible influence on the course and outcome of the wars, also influencing military strategy. This article highlights the potential of the late medieval English sources for revealing the use of emotions in war. It then examines three ways in which emotions shaped the wars: the personal enmities between successive dukes of Somerset and members of the House of York; regional hatreds between northerners and southerners; and finally collective hatred and blame directed towards individual councillors. Taken together, the material examined here provides new insights into the tangible effects that emotions had on the strategies of commanders and the politics a late medieval conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental warmth and hostility are two key dimensions of parenting for child development, but the differential effects of these parenting dimensions on child prosocial and antisocial development has not been adequately investigated. The current study hypothesized that parental warmth would be uniquely related to child callous-unemotional waits and prosocial behavior, whereas parental hostility would be uniquely related to child delinquency and aggression. These hypotheses were investigated in a diverse sample of 1.216 adolescent males (13 to 17 years old, 46% Latino, 37% Black) with justice-system involvement in the 5 years following their first arrest. Hybrid models estimated within- and between-individual associations over time, while controlling for the overlap between parental warmth and hostility and between child prosocial and antisocial outcomes. Results indicated that maternal warmth showed consistent associations with callous-unemotional traits and prosocial behavior over time, whereas maternal hostility showed consistent associations with delinquency and aggression over time. Further, the findings were similar across racial and ethnic groups. Implications for developmental models of antisocial behavior, particularly for those including the role of callous-unemotional traits, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment theory suggests that insecurely attached individuals will have more difficulty seeking and receiving support from others. Such struggles in adolescence may reinforce negative expectations of others and contribute to relationship difficulties into adulthood. Using a diverse community sample of 184 adolescents followed from age 13 to 27, along with friends and romantic partners, this study found that more insecure states of mind regarding attachment at age 14 predicted relative decreases in teens' abilities to seek and receive support from close friends from ages 14–18. In addition, greater attachment insecurity predicted greater observed negative interactions with romantic partners and relative increases in hostile attitudes from ages 14 to 27. The effect of attachment insecurity on observed negativity was mediated by difficulty seeking/receiving support in friendships during adolescence. Results suggest a type of self-fulfilling prophecy as insecure adolescents confirm their negative expectations of others through ongoing struggles to obtain support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative attitudes and negative emotions play a key role in maintaining the hostilities between the groups of a divided society. Evidence suggests that intergroup contact can improve or worsen intergroup attitudes. The current study examined the mediating role of intergroup anxiety on quantity of interethnic contact and acculturation attitudes and emotional responses to contradictory conflict narratives in a divided society with a background of armed conflict in the past. The study was conducted among 202 Albanians and 239 Serbs in Kosovo. The results indicate that as more as they meet members of the opposing group the less they feel intergroup anxiety and the more they show acculturation attitudes towards the opposing group among both Albanians and Serbs. However, such mediating role of intergroup anxiety was not found on emotional responses to contradictory conflict narratives, except among Serbs who live in certain enclaves. The findings are discussed in terms of context, reconciliation, and maintenance of frozen conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how maternal depression, anxiety, hostility, mentalization, negative intentionality (NI), and unsupportive emotion socialization (UES) predict child internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (CIEPB). Mothers (N = 537) of toddlers (Mage = 23.26 months, Range 10–44 months) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Infant Intentionality Questionnaire, the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. All maternal symptoms negatively predicted mentalization and positively predicted NI, UES, and CIEPB. NI and UES mediated the relationship between maternal symptoms and CIEPB. Negative intentionality mediated the link between maternal hostility and internalizing behaviors, indicating a possible intervention area. Mentalization had an effect on externalizing behaviors only for high-SES, anxious mothers, underscoring the role of SES. Thus, the relationship between maternal symptoms, cognitive and behavioral parenting characteristics and CIEPB supports the multifinality principle for early childhood psychopathology development and shows the importance of screening for maternal symptoms and CIEPB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Criticism may not always lead to undesirable physiological effect. • Mood can be possible buffers of an adverse response to criticism. • Frontal alpha asymmetries are likely to be a trait-related biomarker in stress. Families can express high criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement towards a person with or at risk of mental health problems. Perceiving such high expressed emotion (EE) can be a major psychological stressor for individuals, especially those at risk of mental health problems. To reveal the biological mechanisms underlying the effect of EE on health, this study investigated physiological response (salivary cortisol, frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA)) to verbal criticism and their relationship to anxiety and perceived EE. Using a repeated-measures design, healthy participants attended three testing sessions on non-consecutive days. On each day, participants listened to one of three types of auditory stimuli, namely criticism, neutral or praise, and Electroencephalography (EEG) and salivary cortisol were measured. Results showed a reduction in cortisol following criticism but there was no significant change in FAA. Post-criticism cortisol concentration negatively correlated with perceived EE after controlling for baseline mood. Our findings suggest that salivary cortisol change responds to criticism in non-clinical populations and this response might be largely driven by individual differences in the perception of criticism (e.g., arousal and relevance). Criticisms expressed by audio comments may not be explicitly perceived as an acute emotional stressor, and thus, physiological response to criticisms could be minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite the presence of theoretical frameworks explaining aggression, they still require refinement in the form of a specification of mechanisms that facilitate such behaviour.Method: Study 1 recruited participants (N = 31) from the general population (N = 20) and from a forensic hospital (N = 11). It was expected that aggression supportive cognitions and stress would be positively associated with aggressive behaviour. An experimental paradigm was used to induce stress and participants were subsequently given the opportunity to aggress. Study 2 was based on self-report questionnaires in community sample (N = 462). It was expected that aggressive behaviour and traits would be associated with experienced stress, hostile attributions, coping styles, and attitudes to violence. Specifically, that criminal attitudes to violence will mediate the effect of hostile attribution on aggression, while coping styles will mediate the effect of perceived stress.Results: An Implicit Theory "I am the law" was found to be associated with aggression. Furthermore, elevated skin conductance, but not changes in the heart rate, during the stress task was positively associated with aggression, and only among patients. Structural Equation Model confirmed the mediating role of criminal attitudes to violence and of maladaptive coping style for aggressive behaviour.Conclusion: Aggression-supportive cognitions and maladaptive coping style are specific mechanisms through which external demands or subjective perception of a situation can result in aggressive behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the relevance of emotion dysregulation and dissociation for aggressive tendencies, the present study examined bivariate, unique, mediating, and moderating effects of each on physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Self-report measures of the key constructs were administered to a sample of male adult violent offenders (N = 389) and a sample of male adult community participants (N = 324), and analyzed with correlation and multiple regression analyses. The pattern of bivariate correlations was substantially similar for emotion dysregulation and dissociation. Both exerted unique and indirect effects (through one another) on physical aggression, anger, and hostility in both samples, with varying effect sizes. The only significant interaction was reported in the offender sample, with dissociation buffering the emotion dysregulation-hostility link. In multivariate models, verbal aggression was predicted only by dissociation and only in the community sample. Emotion dysregulation and dissociation have unique relevance for understanding, and potentially treating, aggression beyond and through their reciprocal overlap, with the exception of verbal aggression for which the evidence was sample-dependent and less compelling. While both had comparable relevance for physical aggression, emotion dysregulation seemed more relevant for anger, and their relative relevance for hostility varied across samples. • Examined effects of dissociation and emotion dyregulation on aggression across offender and community samples. • Similar pattern of bivariate association for dissociation and emotion dysregulation with aggression dimensions. • Comparable relevance for physical aggression, whereas emotion dysregulation was more relevant for anger expression. • Hostility had stronger links with dissociation and emotion dysregulation in offenders and community samples, respectively. • Reciprocal indirect effects for all aggression dimensions except verbal aggression; limited evidence for interaction effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine how adolescents view artificial intelligence (AI) and its development and create a tool to measure cynical hostility towards AI. Previous studies showed people have mixed feelings about AI, yet interest in AI and its development grows. As AI is central to technological progress, creating a tool that measures the attitude towards it is necessary. Six hundred and fifty-nine high school students took part in the study. The results showed that Cynical Hostility Towards AI Scale (CHTAIS) is a valid and reliable measure and that cynical hostility towards AI is a separate construct from cynical hostility towards humans. The results showed that people are more distrustful of AI when it is perceived as more hostile and less governed by emotions. Cynical hostility towards AI may be a valuable construct, meriting further investigation and theoretical considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value-based account of desired emotions proposed that values were related to desired emotions. However, it is unclear that whether the associations are applicable to adolescents. In study 1, adolescents rated their self-transcendence and self-enhancement values and corresponding desired emotions. In study 2, adolescents were divided into two groups based on the scores of the two values, and the two groups completed the image-selection task. The results showed that (1) the self-transcendence values could positively predict desired socially engaging emotions (e.g., empathy and love), but the self-enhancement values could not predict desired socially disengaging emotions (e.g., anger and hostility); and (2) adolescents in self-transcending group chose to view more social-engaging and neutral images than that of adolescents in self-enhancement group. This study provides more evidences for the value-based account of desired emotions among adolescents, and implications of these results are discussed. • The value-based account of desired emotions was applicable to adolescents partially. • The self-transcendence values positively predict desired socially engaging emotions. • Adolescents in self-transcending group prefer social-engaging and neutral images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Cognitive restructuring (CR) is an effective intervention for hostility. However, the number of patients who fail to benefit suggest that the efficacy of CR can be further improved. The present study investigated whether enhancing CR with mental imagery techniques can increase its efficacy.Methods: A high hostility sample (28% male, and 72% female) was randomized over one session of imagery enhanced CR (I-CR) (n = 34), traditional CR (n = 32) or an active control session (AC) (n = 21). Changes in hostile beliefs, aggressive tendencies, state anger and hostility traits were assessed pre- and post-treatment, and at one-week follow-up.Results: Results showed that both I-CR and CR efficaciously reduced hostile beliefs, aggressive tendencies and anger, to a stronger degree than AC. I-CR was more efficacious and sustainable over time than both CR and AC in reducing hostile beliefs and aggressive tendencies.Limitations: This study was conducted using a small, non-treatment seeking sample.Conclusions: Findings suggest that implementing imagery techniques in CR for hostile beliefs enhances its' efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]