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There has never been a more significant global demand for energy supply and efficiency projects. Between 2012 and 2035, it is anticipated that the need for primary energy and electricity will increase by 50% and 70%, respectively, primarily in emerging countries such as Indonesia, while in developed nations, the transition towards energy-efficient and low-carbon supply technologies will continue. This paper aims to determine the optimal technologies for implementing new and renewable energy in Indonesia, as well as the obstacles and challenges that impede the implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives and policies in Indonesia. The author identifies the most suitable technologies for performance in Indonesia using IFE and EFE matrices derived from the SWOT analysis framework, Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM), and sensitivity analysis. From this research, we can conclude that geothermal energy, ocean energy, and green hydrogen are the three most promising technologies for the near future in Indonesia. Future research on technological advancement, energy storage, and smart grid integration has room for enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the customer behaviour in energy usage under Time of Use (ToU) pricing scheme using systematic literature review method. This paper is used to reveal customer characteristics in terms of the equipment used, the activities performed and how they shift their use of equipment from rush hour to unsaintly hour to save energy. This paper is used to help decision maker in an Indonesia state-owned electricity company namely PT PLN (Persero) to support the policy on determining electricity price using ToU scheme. This paper provide insight for utility companies to analise the customer behavior and find out the best pricing strategy that can help achieve their goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia's grid as a test case. A comprehensive energy system modeling approach using PLEXOS is presented, using historical data on electricity generation, hourly demand, and renewable energy, and multiple scenarios of charging patterns and EV adoption. Through a series of scenarios, we evaluate the impact of different charging strategies and EV penetration levels on generation capacity, battery storage requirements, total system cost, renewable energy penetration, and emissions reduction. The findings reveal that optimized charging patterns and higher EV adoption rates, compared to no EVs adoption, led to substantial improvements in renewable energy utilization (+4%), emissions reduction (−12.8%), and overall system cost (−9%). While EVs contribute to reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles, non-optimized charging behavior may lead to higher total emissions when compared to scenarios without EVs. The research also found the potential of vehicle to grid (V2G) to reduce the need for battery storage compared to zero EV (−84%), to reduce emissions significantly (−23.7%), and boost penetration of renewable energy (+10%). This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders seeking to leverage the synergies between EVs and renewable energy integration to pursue a sustainable energy future for Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth in energy demand, particularly in the oil & gas sector, influences investment decisions for jetty development to enhance supply capacity. The Dolphin Jetty, a prevalent type used by the National Oil Company, incorporates cylindrical or pile-like structures called dolphins to guide and moor vessels safely. As energy consumption in Indonesia shows a consistent upward trend, optimizing the supply chain and fuel distribution becomes imperative. In this context, maritime transportation, specifically through dolphin jetties, emerges as a strategic choice to efficiently meet fuel distribution needs. This paper emphasizes the importance of preparing Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) documentation in the feasibility studies stage, influencing the economic value of the investment. The paper uses historical data to introduce a parametric modeling approach for Dolphin-configured jetties, considering variations in mooring capacity, dead weight tonnage (DWT), and estimated construction implementation years. The outcomes aim to inform the CAPEX Class 4 preparation, contributing valuable insights for the economic assessment of jetty construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FIT policy are widely adopted in the world to promote the utilization of renewable energy technology (RET). Tariff rates, tariff regression mechanisms, contract term, and quota constraints are all components of the FIT policy. This policy has also been adopted by Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN countries to optimize their renewable energy (RE) potential. This paper examines the utilization of RET in power generation under the FIT policy from the perspective of the growth of renewable energy, environment, and investment which applied in five major ASEAN countries in term of the biggest generation capacity, such as: Indonesia Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. This study shows that the FIT has been successful in accelerating renewable energy growth compared to pre-FIT, where annual RE capacity growth was 7.52% in Thailand (2007-2021), 16.38% in Vietnam (2011-2021), 4.56% in Indonesia (2012-2021) 2021), 9.11% in Malaysia (2012-2021), and 5.21% in the Philippines (2012-2021). FIT also managed to keep CO2/kWh emissions production stable in Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand while increasing RE production in their power systems. Otherwise, due to the low utilization of RET in Indonesia and the Philippines, CO2 emissions in them has increased significantly, 6.67% per year at Indonesia, and 15.25% per year at the Philippines after the introduction of the FIT. Generally, FIT has succeeded in increasing the value of international funding investments in RE sector in Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this research is a double-slope solar still with the addition of water cooling on the wall (DSSS.WCW). The issue with solar stills is that the temperature of the cover glass is quite high, which consequently reduces the rate of evaporation. Methods to reduce the cover glass temperature involve water cooling, by flowing water and spraying it onto the cover glass. Both of these methods have been shown to reduce the temperature of the cover glass, but they still require additional energy and can decrease the solar radiation energy received by the absorber plate. This research proposes using a water cooling method on the wall that does not require additional energy and can prevent a reduction in the solar radiation energy received by the absorber plate. Experimental and theoretical research was conducted to study the effect of using DSSS.WCW. The results showed a 13.48% reduction in the cover glass temperature, consequently increasing the temperature difference between the fins and the cover glass by 9.82°C. The increase in temperature difference resulted in a 13.82% increase in freshwater productivity theoretically by 2.80 kg/hour and a 13.0% increase experimentally for the DSSS.WCW by 2.58 kg/hour. In addition, there was a theoretical increase in energy efficiency of 22.29% and an experimental increase of 22.82%, along with an increase in exergy efficiency of 15.71%. The implementation of water cooling on the wall has been shown to enhance the efficiency of the double-slope solar still. In addition, the water cooling method on the wall does not reduce the solar radiation energy that can be received by the absorber plate and does not require additional energy. The results of this research can be applied in remote islands in Indonesia, particularly during the dry season [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Most of the electrical energy demand is consumed by urban activities. One of the renewable sources that can be used by urban communities is solar energy through photovoltaic (PV) systems. The amount of energy produced by a PV system is directly affected by the level of irradiation received by PV modules. Conventional PV systems are commonly installed with a fixed-mount system where the angle of incidence of radiation on solar modules changes over time. Solar irradiation would be optimum received by solar modules if the angle of incidence is kept at zero degrees, i.e., radiation is perpendicular to the surface of the modules. This condition can be achieved by employing a solar tracker system for solar modules. This paper studies the comparison of the energy output of PV systems between fixed-mount and without solar tracking in the urban area of Jakarta, Indonesia. The studies are carried out using Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) online simulation tools. The objective of the study is to compare and figure out the specific energy output between the optimized fixed-mount installation (without a tracking system) with solar tracking. In general, the results showed that the specific energy output PV system of a fixed-mount PV system in Jakarta is about 1379 kWh/kWp per year, while for the system with a solar tracking system, the specific energy production is about 1672 kWh/kWp. The information found is expected to be a useful reference for the development and promotion of solar energy, particularly in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance and emission of a small diesel engine fuelled by commercial diesel fuel in Indonesia are present in this paper. Various commercial diesel fuels in Indonesia are produced and marketed by Pertamina. As the largest oil company in Indonesia, Pertamina has developed various diesel fuels, namely Solar, Biosolar (B30), Dexlite, and Pertadex. This study explains in more detail the performance, fuel consumption, and emission produced by the four types of fuels, and they were investigated experimentally using a single-cylinder diesel engine at various engine speeds, from 1,000 rpm to 4,500 rpm. The result shows the engine fuelled by Pertadex generates the highest power and torque, while the lowest is generated by the Biosolar fuelled engine. The maximum torque and power generated by the Pertadex fuelled engine are about 25.5 Nm and 7200 W, respectively. The engine fuelled by Pertadex has the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.3037 kg·kW·h, compared to the engines fuelled by the Dexlite, Solar, and Biosolar fuels, with values around 0.3127, 0.3215, and 0.3338 kg·kW·h, respectively. At the same time, the measurement of gas emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, and HC was conducted simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is currently undergoing the energy transition from heavily fossil fuel-dependent energy to cleaner sources of energy in order to achieve its net-zero emissions by 2060. In addition to reducing fossil fuel dependency, as one of the countries with the most geothermal reserves, the optimization of geothermal energy in Indonesia could be key to facilitating the energy transition. The objective of this paper is to elaborate on the transition process, which incorporates the destabilization of fossil fuel and the growth of geothermal energy, by analyzing the impact of both exogenous and endogenous factors on the supply chain structures of both sectors. This study employs workshop involving geothermal stakeholders in Indonesia, combined with the application of the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) framework as the theoretical lens. The study found that energy demand, environmental awareness, energy regulations, energy supply chain, and geothermal potential breakthroughs are important aspects pertinent to the MLP components, namely the socio-technical landscape, socio-technical regime and niche innovations. The socio-technical landscapes are exogenous factors that pressurize the energy sector regime allowing the niche innovation, in the form of geothermal innovation, to penetrate the fossil fuel regime, allowing it to transition to a geothermal regime. The transition pathways include several measures that could break down the fossil fuel and build up geothermal energy, through a number of schemes and incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution continues to experience a rapid increase so cities in the world have required the use of renewable energy. One of the keys that can prevent climate change with a sustainable system is renewable energy. Renewable energy production, especially for hybrid systems from biomass and wind, is the objective of the analysis in this work. The potential of feedstock for different biofuels such as bio-diesel, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, bio-hydrogen, and biomass is also discussed in this paper. The sustainability of the energy system for the long term is the main focus of work in this investigation. The configuration of the hybrid system between biomass energy and wind energy as well as some problems from various design factors are also presented. Based on the findings, this alternative energy utilization through biomass-based hybrids can save costs and improve environmental conditions, especially for the electrification of off-grid rural areas. This paper will provide important information to policymakers, academics, and investors, especially in carrying out the development and factors related to the utilization of wind-biomass-based hybrid energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundant use of solar energy in Indonesia has the potential to become electrical energy in a microgrid system. Currently the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) in Indonesia is increasing in line with the reduction of fossil fuels. This paper proposes a new microgrid DC configuration and designs a centralized control strategy to manage the power flow from renewable energy sources and the load side. The proposed design uses three PV arrays (300 Wp PV module) with a multi-battery storage system (MBSS), storage (200 Ah battery). Centralized control in the study used an outseal programmable logic controller (PLC). In this study, the load on the microgrid is twenty housing, so that the use of electrical energy for one day is 146.360 Wh. It is estimated that in one month it takes 4.390.800 Wh of electrical energy. The new DC microgrid configuration uses a hybrid configuration, namely the DC coupling and AC coupling configurations. The results of the study show that the DC microgrid hybrid configuration with centralized control is able to alternately regulate the energy flow from the PV array and MBSS. The proposed system has an efficiency of 98% higher than the previous DC microgrid control strategy and configuration models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental degradation in Indonesia in 1965-2018 with the inclusion of gross capital formation and trade openness as relevant factors. The autoregressive distributed lag model to cointegration, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, and canonical cointegrating regression approach applied to estimate this relationship. The result of cointegration confirms the existence of a cointegration relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, gross fixed capital formation, trade openness, and environmental degradation. The empirical result, in the long run, indicates that energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness have a positive relationship with environmental degradation. However, the gross fixed capital formation was found to be negatively associated with environmental degradation. It implies that gross fixed capital formation plays a pivotal role in reducing environmental degradation in Indonesia. The error correction model coefficient indicates that the deviation of CO2 emissions from its long run equilibrium will be adjusted by 0.53% through the short run channel per annum. The findings of this paper propose implementing an energy policy that focuses on energy from environmentally friendly sources. It is also recommended to reverse the effect of openness to the international markets to improve and facilitate access to advanced and environmentally friendly technologies to mitigate environmental degradation and improve environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an examination by means of the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to describe the decoupling indicators of CO2 emissions into key factors of Indonesia's manufacturing industry, namely, economic activity, industrial structure, energy intensity and energy structure in the period 2010–2014. The findings show that the impact of energy efficiency development on decoupling CO2 emissions in industrial sub-sector, the intensity of technology, and firm size are varied. Energy structures and industrial structures have little impact on decoupling CO2 emissions. Comparative analysis of industrial sub-sectors and other characteristics reveals that the growth of industrial economic activity determines the decoupling status of CO2 emissions from industrial growth in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of biodiesel in Indonesia has been regarded as one of the main strategies to improve country's energy security equally and equitably. However, as the largest archipelago country in the world, the activity in distributing their biodiesel production bears a key problem. The complexity of delivering biodiesel from the supply point to the blending terminal of gasoil might result in cost inefficiency, which in turn will escalate the government funding of biodiesel incentives. This paper aims to both evaluate and formulate the Indonesian biodiesel transportation costs in all routes using either trucking or shipping mode. Based on primary data and information obtained from experts, we found that the most dominant factors that affect the shipping distribution cost are the size of the ship and its activities (such as voyage, ballast, loading, discharge, waiting, and buffer), whilst for the trucking mode, the dominant factors are both its corresponding operational costs and investment costs. Given that fuel prices fluctuate periodically, we also argue that the cost differences between the regulated and formulated reference may arise due to i) the data inaccuracy of the diesel fuel consumption and ii) specific terms outlined in the agreement between the corresponding transporters and suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy intensity convergence can be used to assess the effectiveness of policies in reducing energy intensity. This study analyzes the energy intensity convergence in Indonesia based on panel data of 33 provinces from 2010 to 2018. Spatial econometrics techniques are used in the estimation of beta convergence to measure the spatial dependence of energy intensity. Empirical results show that there is evidence of both absolute and conditional beta convergences with no evidence of sigma convergence. From the results, this study found that other variables, such as provincial income, the role of manufacturing industries, the role of international trade, FDI, and population density, might encourage energy intensity convergence. From the estimation results, several policy recommendations are derived to increase energy efficiency: First, using a more efficient industrial technology. Second, attracting foreign investment to non-industrial sectors. Third, developing exports from sectors that use less energy to increase energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-rise buildings worldwide has given rise to significant concerns regarding their excessive electricity consumption. Among the various categories of high-rise structures, hotels used for business and conferences stand out as particularly extravagant in their energy use. The consequence arising from excessive energy usage is an escalation in carbon emissions, which is a primary driver of global warming. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the energy use intensity (EUI) of a hotel building located in Jakarta, Indonesia. In order to improve energy performance, this study explored various options for renovating the building envelope, such as incorporating insulation and a roof covering, as well as implementing building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). The building envelope renovations demonstrated a notable reduction in energy use by 15.8–27.7% per year. BIPV, such as curtain walls and double-skin façades, generated an energy use reduction of 4.8–8.6% per year. Remarkably, by combining the two approaches (i.e., adding insulation and a roof covering in the building envelope and adopting BIPV as double-skin façades), the potential reduction in energy use reached up to 32.2% per year. The findings can assist decision-makers in developing building renovation strategies for high-rise buildings while considering energy conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement overload has become a significant concern in Indonesia due to its damaging effects on the pavement system, where most roads use flexible pavements. Meanwhile, overloading is also typical in other developing countries, causing everything from damage to accidents to the detriment of road users and operators. The current problem is that there is no definite knowledge of handling these overloaded vehicles, which has adverse effects. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the impact of losses caused by overloaded vehicles on flexible pavement. This research uses vehicle traffic load data to examine actual conditions in the field, which are converted to axle load values for each vehicle and used to determine pavement condition using the truck factor approach, mechanistic-empirical design, pavement smoothness level, and the impact of overloading due to fuel consumption by vehicles on flexible pavement. The results show that overloaded vehicles harm the flexible pavement. The increase in truck factor values for all vehicles in overloaded vehicles beyond the maximum allowable load results in more damage to the flexible pavement with an increase in truck factor values up to 83 %. The effect of overloading can be mitigated by increasing the thickness of the asphalt layer and the modulus of asphalt, so it is essential to pay attention to the quality of asphalt in anticipation of this overloading. To anticipate the overload phenomenon, it was found that the thickness of the asphalt overlay in the range of 170–205 mm could mitigate this detrimental effect. In addition, overloading affects the flexible pavement roughness and vehicle fuel consumption. Increased roughness and fuel consumption will increase road maintenance costs and affect driving comfort and safety. In addition, excessive fuel consumption can pollute the surrounding environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal plays a crucial role in energy generation in developing nations and serves as a vital source of power amidst growing energy demands. However, coal mining often acts as a primary driver of deforestation and poses significant environmental challenges. Indonesia, a country with extensive forest areas and a significant coal producer, has implemented a Clean and Clear status policy to address regional and administrative issues related to mining permits. This study aims to assess the impact of this government permit for coal mining in forest areas using the fixed effect panel data method, offering insights into the relationship between coal mining activities and deforestation trends. The analysis focused on the period from 2010 to 2019 and covered 110 regencies in Indonesia, providing a comprehensive understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest loss. The estimation findings indicated a negative correlation between the areas allocated for coal mining concession permits and forest areas, underscoring the need for stringent regulations and effective land management practices. Therefore, it is recommended that the Clean and Clear status policy not only be applicable during the permit granting phase, but also prioritize post-mining periods to ensure the completion of land reclamation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for private vehicles associated with the rise in the number of middle-income consumers in Indonesia has led to an enormous energy demand and high-level CO 2 emissions. In order to increase the sustainability in the transportation sector, the Indonesian government has given special attention to electric vehicles as key future solutions to achieve clean and green transport and to improve energy supply security. This paper aims to investigate public perception in relation to the adoption of electric motorcycles (EMs) in Indonesia. We conduct a survey involving 514 participants and find that only 36% of participants agree to adopt EMs as their next motorcycle, and 40% are still in doubt (i.e. neutral). To identify factors influencing EMs adoption, we expand the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model and analyse the data collected using Partial-Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings show that an adequate perception of EMs, environmental benefits, economic benefits, and incentive policies positively affect the attitude toward the adoption of EMs, which reinforce the results of the previous studies. However, perceived cost and perceived risks appear to be insignificantly influential in our study. Furthermore, factors related to high-behavioural control and support from relatives and closest people are shown to significantly affect the adoption of EMs. This paper also presents the acceptable price range of EMs and the optimal price point (OPP) for segments differentiated by monthly income. All these findings provide valuable insights for the different stakeholders interested in enhancing the adoption of EMs in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) province is one of the regions that contribute the most to the production of rice, corn, and cacao. The residues of these crops increase as production increases. The potential availability of the residue was calculated on the basis of the amount of agricultural product and the availability of unutilized residues. The estimated potential energy and collected data were processed and combined with converted factors, such as the yield per hectare and the calorific value, taking into account another purpose, the use of domestic residues for animal feed. Paddy straw, corn straw, and corn cobs had the highest percentage of residue availabilities, 85.91%, 82.26%, and 88.25%, respectively. In addition, the WNT regency has a rich diversity of agricultural residues from superior commodities such as rice, corn, coffee, coconut and cacao. The calculation of the total heating value (THV) of the agricultural residue available reached up to 42.4 PJ. Furthermore, the use of biomass for bioenergy resources is promising, particularly for the WNT region, with the potential for unused agricultural residues. The dependence on unsustainable energy, such as coal and fossil fuel, can be reduced by deploying and developing energy production from biomass use. Therefore, the potential for bioenergy generation and the availability of biomass can be developed for sustainable agriculture and energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting energy consumption is essential for planning electricity provision by both central and local governments, as well as electricity providers. This research sought to adapt Levinson recursion, previously utilized in speech signal prediction, for predicting electrical energy consumption in the household sector. By employing Levinson’s algorithm to derive autocorrelation from historical data, the study contrasted the method's efficacy across various orders of Levinson Recursion. The 22nd order emerged as the most optimal, with an approximate error rate of 3.67%. Although the method showed a pronounced sensitivity to fluctuations in historical data, making it suitable for short-term forecasts, the noticeable fluctuation in the energy consumption prediction graph warrants further research, especially given that the current method has mainly been applied to concise signal predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has 14 million ha of degraded and marginal land, which provides very few benefits for human wellbeing or biodiversity. This degraded land may require restoration. The leguminous tree Pongamia pinnata syn. Milettia pinnata (pongamia) has potential for producing biofuel while simultaneously restoring degraded land. However, there is limited information on this potential for consideration. This paper aims to address the scientific knowledge gap on pongamia by exploring its potential as a biofuel and for restoring degraded land in Indonesia. We applied a literature review to collect relevant information of pongamia, which we analyzed through narrative qualitative and narrative comparative methods with careful compilation and scientific interpretation of retrieved information. The review revealed that pongamia occurs naturally across Indonesia, in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. It can grow to a height of 15–20 m and thrive in a range of harsh environmental conditions. Its seeds can generate up to 40% crude pongamia oil by weight. It is a nitrogen-fixing tree that can help restore degraded land and improve soil properties. Pongamia also provides wood, fodder, medicine, fertilizer and biogas. As a multipurpose species, pongamia holds great potential for combating Indonesia's energy demand and restoring much of the degraded land. However, the potential competition for land and for raw material with other biomass uses must be carefully managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze vital indicators for urban consumer's behavior regarding electricity saving appliances (ESA) to reduce energy consumption at home in Indonesia. The studied appliances are limited to two, refrigerator and air conditioner, as these appliances are the most dominant in consuming electricity energy. There are two equation models proposed for each appliance by using consumers' perceptions (general and specific perceptions) and external (social environment, weather, and mass media) group variables, usage and habitual behaviors. Using stepwise regression and statistical approaches for 232 surveyed household consumers in Makassar city, the adjusted R2 value for four composed models is between 52% and 59%. Study findings reveal that specific perception significantly influences the usage of both appliances including the habit of consumers for energy saving. Among the examined external factors, the variable of mass media has significance in almost all models. Implications for policymakers suggest applying a priority approach in promoting energy saving to consumers with low specific perception based on the aspect of installed electric power capacity at home, and giving more information via mass media about attributes of ESA including introducing intervention strategies is essential to support sustainable electricity consumption from the consumer's side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's final energy demand is projected to increase by 70% in the next decade, with electricity expected to account for 32%. The increasing electricity demand poses a potential threat to national emissions reduction targets since fossil fuels generated 86% of the electricity in 2018, associated to 50% of the national CO2 emissions. Indonesia plans to reduce its CO2 emissions by 29% by increasing the total electricity generated from renewables, using a set of market-based and regulatory policies. However, economic, social, and environmental issues may arise from the widespread adoption of renewable energy. This study explores the economic, social, and environmental effects of renewable energy policies in the electricity sector. Our work presents an advance over previous studies that attempted to understand the electricity sector energy transition from a system perspective by exploring the structural feedback between it and economic, energy, and environmental systems. This enables the assessment of different energy policies using more macro indicators, which further emphasize the novelty of our work. A combination of system dynamics modelling and a policy analysis framework was applied to explore these issues. Our study proposes a dynamic hypothesis that the price of energy increases over time, in the absence of substitution, becoming a limiting factor in the transition to renewables in the electricity sector. The fiscal budget was found to be a bottleneck for renewable energy adoption in the electricity sector in Indonesia. We found that a fossil fuel depletion premium could be a potential supporting policy to enable the smooth phasing-out of fossil fuels and support a sustainable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of economic growth, energy consumption, and the economic globalization process on ecological footprints in the top 10 countries that cause the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world. The analyses were conducted on annual observations from 1970 to 2017 (a different range for each country) employing the Fourier bootstrap ARDL cointegration method developed by Yilanci et al. (2020) and the Fourier bootstrap Toda–Yamamoto causality method developed by Nazlioglu et al. (2016). In the cointegration approach, an additional F-test provides better insights to define degenerate cases and the bootstrap test performance is powerful than the asymptotic test. In this context, Fourier bootstrap ARDL test results revealed that there is a long-term relationship between ecological footprint and economic growth, energy consumption, and economic globalization in seven countries—namely, Canada, China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. According to long-run coefficients, in general, economic growth and energy consumption have negative effects on ecological footprint, whereas economic globalization has a positive effect on the ecological footprint for these countries. To evaluate it more specifically, (i) real gross domestic product per capita has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Germany. (ii) Energy consumption per capita also has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, Germany, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. (iii) Finally, the economic globalization process has negative and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in Canada, China, India, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. On the other hand, Fourier bootstrap Toda–Yamamoto causality test results show a mixed character. Governments should take action to reduce the negative effects of the climate crisis as immediate as possible, which has been widely expressed recently. Among these, increasing the use of renewable energy sources and new carbon-free technologies in the production process appears as important policy tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to evaluate long-term energy demand and supply decarbonization in Indonesia. On the demand side, electric vehicles and biofuels for transportation and induction stoves and urban gas networks for households were considered. Based on the National Energy Policy, primary energy supply projections optimized NRE power plant use and increase NRE's position in the national energy mix. A Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model evaluates 2020-2050 energy demand predictions and low-carbon energy systems. This study's sustainable transition options require two basic technical advances. First, electric vehicles and induction stoves would reduce oil fuel usage by 228.34 million BOE and LPG consumption by 24.65 million BOE. Second, power generation should be decarbonized using NRE sources such as solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal, and nuclear. In 2050, solar power (40 GW), hydropower (38.47 GW), geothermal power (10 GW), and other NRE (24.45 GW, 18.67 GW of which would be biomass power) would dominate NRE electrical capacity. Biomass co-firing for coal power plants would reach 36.35 million tons in 2050. In 2035, the Java-Bali or West Kalimantan system will deploy 1 GW of nuclear power reactors, rising to 4 GW by 2050. Under the Transition Energy (TE) scenario, by 2025 and 2050, new and renewable energy would make up 23% and 31% of the primary energy mix, respectively, reducing GHG emissions per capita. According to predictions, annual GHG emissions per capita will decline from the BAU scenario's 4.48 tonne CO2eq/capita in 2050 to the TE scenario's 4.1 tonne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fight against global warming, various options for reducing CO2 emissions are being implemented on campus. Furthermore, the management of campus sustainability at the Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), Central Java, Indonesia, should be supported by accurate forecasts of electrical energy consumption. Therefore, this research aims to develop a predictive model to forecast the consumption of electrical energy in reducing CO2 emissions and to determine the factors triggering the increase. The prediction model is developed using Back Propagation Neural Network Artificial (BP-ANN) architecture. Furthermore, the data on the occupancy of lecturers and education staff as well as on students was obtained from the University's staffing and student affairs bureau. Climatic data such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, the duration of irradiation, and the average intensity of solar radiation were obtained per month from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency of Semarang, Central Java for the 2013-2019 period as input data. The results of the empirical analysis showed an increase in electrical energy consumption from 2020 to 2025. In March, the consumption decreased but increased from April to June and decreased in July. It then increased until November and December, and it decreased every year. The results of CO2 emissions calculated by considering the emission factors from Indonesia's RUPTLPLN in 2020-2025 showed an increase in electrical energy consumption and the ecological consequences affecting the campus area. Furthermore, the main factors causing the high consumption of electrical energy are the occupancy rate, lecturers, students, and campus employees, as well as local climate influences such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, duration of solar radiation, and intensity of solar radiation. Therefore, developing guidelines to reduce power consumption on campus should be a priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model to confirm the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia, considering income, fossil energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, and forest moratorium and restoration policies. In the long-run, our model suggests that CO2 emissions will continue to rise simultaneously with income, implying that the EKC hypothesis is not valid for CO2 emissions in Indonesia. We found that fossil energy consumption has a positive effect on the rise of CO2 emissions, whereas renewable energy consumption, forest moratoriums, and forest restoration policies have a negative impact on CO2 emissions. This research emphasises the necessity of reducing reliance on fossil energy, increasing the use of renewable energy, and conserving Indonesia's forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Motivation: Progress in Indonesia towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 involves contestation between the global goals and the country's political ambition. The electrification rates ambition has triggered a policy trilemma. There are targets for meeting national energy demand; there are equally important targets for improving energy access and minimizing negative impacts on the environment. Purpose: This article illustrates idea contestation within Indonesia's rural electricity policy subsystem by: (1) analysing the position of the global sustainability storyline in pre‐ and post‐SDG and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) periods; and (2) exploring the dynamic of coalition structure within both periods. Methods and approach: The data is derived from statements of political actors in the national news articles and is analysed using Discourse Network Analysis. To investigate the influence of global agendas, we perform a timeframe analysis in pre‐ and post‐SDG and NDC periods. Findings Our analysis presented empirical evidence of the energy trilemma. The contestation between energy access, energy security, and climate change mitigation is observed in the ideas that emerged within the existing storylines. We find that sustainability has not been a primary topic of debate within the policy subsystem in pre‐ and post‐SDG and NDC periods. The findings also reveal how the global deployment of sustainability has triggered the emergence of discursive intermediaries within the policy subsystem. They are essential to framing global environmental issues to fit into internal debates. Policy implications: First, the narration of implementing renewable energy has to emphasize its benefits over the energy poverty problem while injecting some messages related to environmental profit. Second, the issue of decentralization has always been the most frequent and mutually connected topic, both in terms of source utilization and governance. Therefore, it needs more attention from policy‐makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]