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This paper focuses on the tension between two political rationalities coordinating Danish higher education (HE) -- a nativist politics of belonging and that of status competition and its technologies of university rankings, citation indexes, and performance management, explored historically drawing on Gramscian conjunctural analysis. The paper argues that Danish academics were invited into a performative culture of world-class research, university rankings and citation indexes, and the dominance of English as the valued scientific language. Simultaneously a political consensus has developed around restricting international student access to Danish HE and reducing English-medium education in a context of hostility towards migrants generally. Consequently, Danish HE has been constituted as a nationalist public good with neoliberal characteristics.

This paper contributes to the theoretical debate over a global upsurge in higher education (HE) regionalisms which pursue different region-building processes and create policy spaces beyond national boundaries. Focusing on the Nordic countries, the paper studies parallel processes of intra-Nordic and European HE and research cooperation. Although individual Nordic countries opt for different kinds of relationships with the European Union (EU), they have participated in the Europeanisation process of HE and research while intensifying their Nordic regional identity. Drawing on spatial logics in European integration and HE regionalism theories, the concept of 'Nordic added value' (NAV) and three Nordic flagship programmes, this paper addresses two questions: What are the links and outcomes of parallel regionalising processes of the EU-Nordic and intra-Nordic cooperation in HE and research? How has 'Nordic added value' been utilised to strengthen Nordic HE regionalism? The paper argues that spatial logics provide new and holistic understandings of rationales for region-building processes, whereas NAV, being a floating signifier, generates regionalising ideas and functions as a distinctive mechanism of Nordic HE regionalism. Both spatial logics and NAV render opportunities for Nordic regional imaginaries, identity-building and Nordic-EU mutual policy learning.

Crash fault tolerance describes the capability of a distributed system to maintain its proper function despite the occurrence of crashes or failures in one or more of its components. When a distributed system possesses crash fault tolerance, it can be further fortified to achieve Byzantine fault tolerance. Byzantine fault tolerance empowers a distributed system to establish consensus among participants, even when faced with faulty or malicious behavior. Consensus plays a critical role in various tasks, including determining the accurate value of a shared variable, electing a leader, or validating the integrity of a business transaction. Compared to crash fault tolerance, Byzantine fault tolerance instills greater trust because it enables consensus even in the presence of malicious entities. This paper focuses on the performance evaluation of two blockchain solutions that exhibit Byzantine fault tolerance, in contrast to a blockchain solution that demonstrates crash fault tolerance. Specifically, the paper investigates the additional performance requirements associated with the enhanced trust resulting from Byzantine fault tolerance in e-business trading on both national and transnational scales. We analyze the resources needed to operate a business-to-business/business-to-government (B2B/B2G) compliance framework in two distinct geographic scenarios. The first examines the national scale, using Denmark as an example, which is the eleventh largest European country by GDP. The second scenario considers the scale of the European Union (EU) with its 27 member states (plus the United Kingdom). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the major determinants of the structural differences in gender equality for EU countries, using tools from partial order theory on a system of 6 indicators, pertaining to the Sustainable Development Goal 5 "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls". The paper analyzes the gender equality partial orders, among EU countries, for years 2006, 2010 and 2017. Performing a sensitivity analysis, the pay gap indicator was disclosed as the most relevant source of differences across European nations, for each of the three years considered. Subsequently the paper focuses on the temporal evolution of gender equality in three specific countries, i.e., Denmark, Germany and the Czech Republic, studying which elementary dimensions has the strongest impact on its dynamics. Interestingly it turns out that, in different countries, different indicators play the major role (related to women's political representation, for Denmark and Germany, and to care giving, for Czech Republic). These sensitivity analyses are performed using posetic tools, to avoid the possible information loss of an aggregative procedures, involving the computation of composite indicators. This constitutes a major methodological contribution of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Applied Ecology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Intellectual Property / Dusevne Vlastnictvo is the property of Industrial Property Office of the Slovak Republic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The European Small Claims Procedure was introduced by EU Regulation 861/2007 and applies between all Member States of the European Union except Denmark. This procedure can be used for claims up to the value of €5000 and is a written procedure, unless an oral hearing is considered necessary by the court. The European Small Claims Procedure is an alternative to national procedures. A judgment for this procedure is recognised and enforceable in another EU country and cannot be opposed (unless there are inconsistences with an existing judgment in the other EU country between the same parties). The purpose of the European Small Claims Procedure is to harmonize national litigation. Precisely because of this the subject of analysis of this paper are the basic features of the European Small Claims Procedure, benefits that this procedure offers and the Amendment of Regulation 861/2007 with Regulation 2015/2421. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy (RE) is one of the most popular public policy orientations worldwide. Compared to some other countries and continents, Europe has gained an early awareness of energy and environmental problems in general. At the theoretical level, free-market environmentalism indicates that based on the principle of private property rights, with fewer state interventionist and regulation policies, entrepreneurs, as the driving force of the market economy, can provide better services to meet the necessity of offering RE to protect the environment more effectively. Previous studies have revealed that Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom have made some progress in using the market to develop RE. However, this research did not analyze the three countries' RE conditions from the perspective of free-market environmentalism. Based on our review of the principles of free-market environmentalism, this paper originally provides an empirical study of how Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom have partly conducted free-market-oriented policies to successfully achieve their policy goal of RE since the 1990s on a practical level. In particular, compared with Germany and Denmark, the UK has maintained a relatively low energy tax rate and opted for more pro-market measures since the Hayekian-Thatcherism free-market reform of 1979. The paper also discovers that Fredrich A. Hayek's theories have strongly impacted its energy liberalization reform agenda since then. Low taxes on the energy industry and electricity have alleviated the burden on the electricity enterprises and consumers in the UK. Moreover, the empirical results above show that the energy enterprises play essential roles in providing better and more affordable RE for household and industrial users in the three sampled countries. Based on the above results, the paper also warns that state intervention policies such as taxation, state subsidies, and industrial access restrictions can impede these three countries' RE targets. Additionally, our research provides reform agendas and policy suggestions to policymakers on the importance of implementing free-market environmentalism to provide more efficient RE in the post-COVID-19 era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower structures are typically made of materials that are available in most parts of the world, such as steel, concrete, and—to a lesser extent—copper, and do not use critical materials. The weight of hydropower structures is an important input data, as it is used to perform Life Cycle Assessments and to estimate the cost and the economic value of materials, both during the design and in case of dismantling or retrofitting. The weight of material is of interest also for policy-making purposes and for strategic development planning, for example to estimate impacts on resources. In this study, available literature equations are, for the first time, applied at a regional scale (the European Union) to estimate the weight of the hydropower fleet's electro-mechanical (steel-made) equipment. The total weight of the electro-mechanical equipment (runner, distributor, generator, draft tube and casing) amounts to 877 ktons. The average ratio of weight to installed power is R = 5.7 ton/MW and it is lower in mountainous countries (R = 4–6 in alpine areas, R = 30 in Denmark), where hydropower plants exploit high heads and low discharges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores externalization schemes regarding asylum claims that have been proposed by Denmark and the United Kingdom in relation to Rwanda. Some of the details, issues and impediments that exist regarding implementing such schemes are examined here. It shall be seen that despite the fact that the countries in question are two independent states, their relationships to certain supranational and international structures means that there may potentially be complications and obstacles in their attempts to implement policies relating to border security and asylum which they believe are in their national interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Two recent transmission chains of PRRSV-2-associated cases were documented in this study using field epidemiological and molecular genetic tools. The investigation highlighted the risks associated with the free movement of livestock in the European Union. To minimize this risk of re-infection of PRRS-free herds with PRRSV through animal imports, it is recommended that pigs are transported directly from the exporting holdings without the involvement of transit stations. Alternatively, the transit stations could be converted so that pigs in transit avoid contact with each other, thus preventing exposure to PRRSV infection. This study reports on the molecular epidemiology of Ingelvac-PRRS-MLV-associated cases in Hungary for the period 2020–2021. Field epidemiology investigations led the experts to conclude that imported pigs, which were shipped through transit stations in Denmark, introduced the vaccine virus. The movement of fatteners and the neglect of disease control measures contributed to the spread of the virus to PRRS-free pig holdings in the vicinity. Deep sequencing was performed to genetically characterize the genes coding for the virion antigens (i.e., ORF2 through ORF7). The study isolates exhibited a range of 0.1 to 1.8% nucleotide sequence divergence from the Ingelvac PRRS MLV and identified numerous polymorphic sites (up to 57 sites) along the amplified 3.2 kilo base pair genomic region. Our findings confirm that some PRRSV-2 vaccine strains can accumulate very high number of point mutations within a short period in immunologically naive pig herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although European Union legal frameworks tend to conceive of sex and gender in binary terms, a growing number of countries in Europe and around the world have been increasingly allowing for third gender markers and non-binary possibilities in identity documents, passports, and public registries, of which the X marker in the sex or gender field has become the most common. However, initiatives like the X, which may initially signal trans-friendliness, must be considered alongside heightened border surveillance. As more and more European countries begin to follow this trend of expanding possibilities for registering (non-binary) gender (e.g. Malta, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands), we look here to some illustrative examples (e.g. Nepal, Canada, Pakistan) that have been at the forefront of non-binary legal recognition to interrogate the complications and conundrums that these developments may provoke in European contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many coordinated market economies have responded to internationalization by regulation that creates dualization between insiders and outsiders, the Nordic countries have opted for an embedded flexibilization in which strong unions and cooperative employers have combined flexibility and equality. However, in recent years, the Nordic countries have come under pressure from an EU‐induced dualization that has institutionalized mobile low‐wage workers as an outside group. This article presents case studies of how Denmark and Sweden have responded to these challenges. While political processes have been different in the two countries, pressure from EU regulation and changes in employers' incentive to compromise implies that there is now a specific category of low‐wage workers in both countries' otherwise egalitarian labor markets. The article, thus, contributes to the literature on dualization by highlighting the pressure coming from EU regulation rather than national policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article scrutinizes national political parties' organizational linkages with the European level. Such linkages not only provide parties with information from the European level, but also provide the EU with a source of democratic legitimacy. By applying an inductive research design and qualitatively reconstructing the organizational linkages of 15 parties in Flanders, the Netherlands and Denmark, this article shows that not only national parties' concrete organizational practices, but also their underlying strategies for engaging the European level differ notably. Importantly, parties' multilevel organizational strategies differentiate between an 'internal' dimension (linkages with their 'own' EU‐level agents) and an 'external' dimension (linkages with their Europarty). Building on these case studies, the article presents an original typology of multilevel party organization in an EU context, providing researchers with an empirically grounded and ideal‐typical benchmark for understanding the organization and behaviour of national parties in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been a number of indications of strong negative impacts of Covid-19 and the preventive measures associated with the pandemic for all food sectors. However, there is increasing evidence that the picture is quite nuanced where the Covid related measures are creating challenges for some and opportunities for others. In this paper we investigate the impacts of Covid-19 on the aquaculture sector in the European Union using two approaches; a survey where industry representatives and experts assess the impacts on key economic indicators allowing for positive as well as negative impacts, and recently published aquaculture production data for Denmark and Spain. Our findings show that surveys' results indicate that, on average, the impact of Covid-19 is negative on the income side, increasing cost and therefore negative with respect to profit. However, in every category the average covers both positive and negative answers suggesting that what was a challenge for some was a window of an opportunity for others. The production data for Denmark and Spain also indicate moderate to no impacts of the Covid-19. The strongest impacts appear on the turbot prices, a species where highly dependent on higher end restaurants. The lower price is a clear indication that there was a significant opportunity cost associated with getting access to other supply chains, particularly as the quantity was also moderately down. • This study point towards a more nuanced picture of the effects of Covid-19 lock downs on EU aquaculture. • Increasing evidence show that Covid-19 have created challenges for some but also created opportunities for others. • A survey assess the impacts on key economic indicators show on average a negative impact on the economy. • However, in every category in our survey, the average covers both positive and negative answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the impact of globalization and income on ecological footprint over the period of 1970 to 2018 in the five highly globalized countries of the European Union ranked by the KOF index. To this end, the study uses a Fourier autoregressive distributed lag cointegration and Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality methods. Studies that examine the effects of globalization on environmental degradation often neglect structural changes, which can lead to biased results. Using Fourier approximations, this study is the first to conduct an environmental assessment incorporating smooth structural changes for the five highly globalized countries of the European Union. The results show that (i) cointegration exists in Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Austria, and Denmark. (ii) The EKC hypothesis is valid for Switzerland and Denmark, while in Sweden and Austria, there is a U-shaped relationship between income and ecological footprint. (iii) The turning point at which income improves environmental quality is $68,191 for Switzerland and $46,600 for Denmark, and both countries have exceeded this per capita income level. (iv) Globalization is a factor that promotes environmental sustainability in Switzerland and the Netherlands. In order to regulate and manage environmental issues effectively, policy-makers should take advantage of economic development in Switzerland and Denmark as well as globalization in the Netherlands and Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the anti-corruption legislation in certain countries of the European Union, namely Denmark, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany and Poland. The authors describe the peculiarities of Denmark's anti-corruption policy. The key components of Denmark's anti-corruption system are outlined, and the value of civil officials adhering to codes of integrity and ethical guidelines is emphasised. The anticorruption legislation of Sweden and its features are analyzed. It is determined that there is no specialized anti-corruption body in Sweden, but an number of public organizations have been created that actively promote zero tolerance of corruption. It is determined that there is no special anti-corruption body in Germany, but the functions of combating corruption are performed by federal and state prosecutors. The authors analyze the anticorruption legislation of Poland. The experience of EU anti-corruption strategy is universal and can be applied to strengthen Ukrainian anti-corruption legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denmark is currently producing their first Maritime Spatial Plan, as required by the European Union's Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 2014/89. This article investigates the Danish approach to governing land-sea interactions, exploring the impacts of various institutional and procedural factors on the practice of planning at the land-sea interface in Denmark. We find that in Denmark, the MSP process has priority over the terrestrial planning system, that there is a complex institutional set-up with a lack of integration between the maritime and terrestrial planning systems, and that there exist differing perspectives about the importance of certain industries leading to conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to evaluate microeconomic aspects of the pork market including correlation matrices of its indicators and key developmental trends in the member states of the European Union. Pig breeding and pork production plays an important role in agribusiness of many EU countries. Production is geographically allocated very unevenly where more than two thirds of pigs are concentrated in Germany, Spain, Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Poland. Pig production and pork market are highly specialized across borders, such as Denmark for piglet breeding or Spain for fattening. Mixed producers such as Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands then form one of the main production areas of this commodity. There are also significant structural differences between pig farming in the established and the new member states of the European Union. The highly competitive market includes large enterprises using modern infrastructure with concentrated production enabling to widely benefit from economies of scale but also a high number of small farmers. High competitiveness of key producers is also reflected in international trade patterns. Nevertheless, the decline in the number of pigs in a number of countries can be attributed to low prices and lower profitability. The contribution of this article is to be found also in models of development trends in pork production and it revealed several correlations of pig breeding and other indicators that were calculated on the basis of relevant indicators from the member states of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inequality between genders is a problem virtually in all countries. A comparison among 28 nations of the European Union together with a data set corresponding to a population weighted average of all European Union nations is performed for the years 2006, 2010 and 2017, respectively. In order to compare the nations mutually, six indicators out of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal No 5 are scrutinized. Methods of Discrete Mathematics are applied as a tool to perform the comparisons methods. Partial order is an appropriate tool to inspect the role of all these six indicators to compare the nations. It is shown that an aggregation method is possible without the difficult task to introduce specific weights to the single indicators. Beyond this it is assumed that the data are associated with some uncertainty that should be taken into account. As a methodological result, we show that a special partial order is recommendable, the interval order; furthermore, a crude classification is found with Denmark at the top, Germany in the middle field and Czech Republic in a position which requires obviously some improvements. Further, applying an identical analytical methodology the development in gender equality over the period 2006 to 2017 for Denmark, Germany, and the Czech Republic was studied applying the population averaged data for the European Union as a reference point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current COVID-19 pandemic has come to impact all areas of life involving the health, psycho-social and economic wellbeing of individuals, as well as all stages of life from childhood to old age. Particularly, the frail elderly have had to face the gravest consequences of the disease; while reporting measures tend to differ between countries making direct comparisons difficult, national statistics worldwide point to a disproportionate and staggering share of COVID-19 related mortality coming from residential long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Still, the severity of the impact on the institutionalized elderly has not been uniform across countries. In an effort to better understand the disparities in impact on Europe's elderly living in LTCFs, we review data on mortality outcomes seen during the first wave of the pandemic (months March to June 2020). We then set out to understand the role played by the following two factors: (1) the infection rate in the general population and (2) member state adherence to policy recommendations put forth by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) targeting the LTC sector. Regarding the latter, we compare the content of national policy measures in six countries – Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Spain and Sweden – with those of the ECDC. Our findings establish that infection rates in the general population accounted for most of the variation in mortality among member states, however adherence to EU policy helped to explain the residual variation between cases. This suggests that in order to best protect the institutionalized elderly from infectious disease of this kind, countries need to adopt a two-pronged approach to developing measures: one that aims at reducing transmission within the general population and one that specifically targets LTCFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to protect the ecological status of coastal waters. To establish acceptable boundaries between good and moderate ecological status, the WFD calls for reference conditions practically undisturbed by human impact. For Denmark, the nitrogen (N) concentrations present around year 1900 have been suggested to represent reference conditions. As the N load of coastal waters relates closely to runoff from land, any reduction in load links to agricultural activity. We challenge the current use of historical N balances to establish WFD reference conditions and initiate an alternative approach based on parish-level land-use statistics collected 1896/1900 and N concentrations in root zone percolates from experiments with year 1900-relevant management. This approach may be more widely applicable for landscapes with detailed historic information on agricultural activity. Using this approach, we find an average N concentration in root zone percolates that is close to that of current agriculture. Thus, considering Danish coastal waters to be practically unaffected by human activity around year 1900 remains futile as 75% of the land area was subject to agricultural activity with a substantial potential for N loss to the environment. It appears unlikely that the ecological state of coastal waters around year 1900 may serve as WFD reference condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global surface temperature has increased by about 0.74°C over the past 100 years, and the frequency of extreme weather has increased as well. We used the state-of-the-art complex, dynamic, mechanistic model GOTM-FABM-PCLake to quantify the impacts of extreme summer warming on a summer-stratified temperate Danish lake. Simulated values of all calibrated parameters (water temperature, DO, NO3, NH4, TN, PO4, TP and Chl.-a) agreed well with observed values over the whole calibration and validation period and generally exhibited the same seasonal dynamics and inter-annual variations as the monitoring data. A series of climate scenarios with different summer heat wave frequencies and duration were set up to quantify the effects on the ecosystem state of the lake. Our simulations showed that summer surface mean TN will decrease with rising summer heat wave frequencies, while summer surface mean TP and Chl.-a and the biomass and proportion of cyanobacteria will increase. Following a summer heat wave, the lake approached baseline conditions in the autumn, but with increasing frequency of heatwaves the recovery period increased. Our results suggest that compliance with existing legislation, such as EU's Water Framework Directive, will become increasingly challenging in a future scenario with increased temperatures and more frequent heatwaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]