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Most of the studies on the impact of debt on Pakistan economy are backdated to a decade and hence the need to re‐investigate the impact to ascertain the level of effect is encouraged. To investigate the target research, the neoclassical growth equation was expanded by augmenting the equation with other variables of interest (Trade openness and FDI) with the intent of proffering solution in reviving the economy via policy implication. Pakistan's annual data of 1970–2016 were estimated with ARDL and Granger causality approaches for both short‐ and long‐run effects. The main variable external debt is negatively and significantly related to Pakistan's GDP both in the short and long run; Trade openness has a positive and significant impact on the GDP; FDI also has a negative and significant relationship with GDP in the short run but a positive and significant impact on GDP in the long run; and investment has a significantly positive impact on GDP in the short run. Basically from the findings, it is observed that the debt swelling is of hurting effect to the economy. The policy implication should be framed around encouraging the trade openness, but with care, as the first lag is depicting negative impact, FDI must be encouraged with an eye on its long‐term impact on the economy and finally, investment should be given maximum attention in order to crowd out the effect of external debt in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is dual analysis of Turkish sustainable development amidst some high industrial and economic activities. Turkey is currently prioritizing the economic growth to the environmental sustainability and trying to achieve its 2023 goals and place in top 10 economies by date. This action might spark increase in emission level and decrease the environmental quality for both term. For effective and clear analysis, we apply the empirical analyses with both symmetric (dynamic ordinary least square-DOLS) and asymmetric (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL) approaches in short run and the long run periods for policy inferences through forecast. We apply the economic features (entrepreneurs, FDI, technological innovation proxy by R&D, renewable energy and economic growth) of Turkey that are important in determining both economic and environment development of the country to investigate its ability to achieve its climate goals. Turkey's data of 1985–2018 were adopted. Findings from both approaches (symmetric and asymmetric) show that carbon emission can be reduced and good environmental quality obtained through the instruments of renewable energy, technological innovation, FDI and entrepreneurial activities. A nexus is established among the instruments (renewable energy, technological innovation, entrepreneur activities and FDI) pointing towards carbon mitigation for Turkey, and this gives support to the findings from both symmetric and asymmetric approaches. Also, from symmetric analysis with dynamic ordinary least square, EKC is found for the case of Turkey which shows the ability of Turkey achieving its climate goal if right policies are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the effect caused by potential shock arising from the Australia's 'Direct Action' policy in renewable energy, fossil fuel energy, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Considering the Australia's stake in the energy industrial chain system (production, distribution and marketing) that is majorly fossil fuel-based (coal and gas), it can be said that Australia is occupying a strategic position in the global climate development. For effective investigation and discussion of the findings from this study, we utilized the country's national data of 1996Q1-2018Q4 with different scientific approaches (such as structural break test and short- and long run asymmetric relationships). Emphasis on the findings and discussions is based on both the short run and long inferences arising from positive and negative shocks. The result informed that economic growth and FDI are found to negatively affect environmental quality in Australia by increasing the country's carbon emissions. This observation is inherent when there are positive and negative shocks on economic growth while only a positive shock on FDI creates an environmental effect. Further into the findings is the mitigating power of Australian renewable energy sources in its economic and environmental development. This is confirmed with positive shocks to renewable energy reducing carbon emission at the level of 23 percent while the negative shock increases carbon emissions by 16 percent. The findings imply that the economic activities and FDI penetration in Australia are done in energy cum carbon intensive ground. Additionally, evidence shows that energy transition policy is vital towards the achievement of Australian climate goal of 2030 as such a negative shock on alternative energy development such as limited energy financing and reduction or discontinued clean technology subsidies should be discouraged. • Australia's carbon neutrality ambition is examined. • Economic growth and FDI spur environmental damage. • Positive and negative shocks on economic growth hampers environmental quality. • Positive shock on FDI creates an environmental degradation. • Positive (negative) shocks to renewable energy mitigates (spur) carbon emission by 23% (16%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of Brazil's sustainable development with respect to its environmental performance amidst its great emission and renewable energy potentials. Brazil has striking features of large renewable sector and at the same time identified as among the highest carbon emission countries in the likes of India and Russia. Following the position of Brazil in both emissions ranking and its potentials in curbing the emission through renewable source, we utilized Brazil data of 1970–2018 for a scientific research into the possibility of achieving sustainable development in Brazil. Instruments such as renewable policies (renewable energy consumption and fossil fuels), foreign direct investments (FDI) and income growth (GDP per capita, 2010) are utilized in this study. We adopt scientific methods like structural break test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test and granger causality in this study. This will give a clear and holistic insight into the best strategy for achieving sustainable development in Brazil. Findings from both ARDL short run and long run established a U-shape environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) instead of the popular inverted U-shape EKC. A negative and significant relationships are found between renewable energy consumption, FDI and carbon emission (CO 2), while a positive and significant association is established between fossil fuels and carbon emissions. This points that renewable energy and FDI are impacting positively on Brazil's environment quality while fossil fuels are impacting negatively on the environment. Findings from granger causality support the findings from ARDL by establishing both two ways and one way nexus among the energy policies (renewable and fossil fuels, FDI and income growth). The findings show that policies to curb carbon emission and achieve sustainable development should be framed around the energy policies (energy transmission to more clean energies). • This is a time series study of Brazil's environmental performance. • Energy (Renewables) and FDI policies were applied. • U-shape EKC was established instead of Inverted U-shape. • Renewable energy and FDI are mitigating Brazil's carbon emission. • Conclusion is based on policy framing on Renewable energy and FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]