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Recent progress in submerged liquid hydrogen (LH 2) cryopump technology development offers improved hydrogen fueling performance at a reduced cost in medium- and heavy-duty (MDV and HDV) fuel cell vehicle refueling applications at 35 MPa pressure, compared to fueling via gas compression. In this paper, we evaluate the fueling cost associated with cryopump-based refueling stations for different MDV and HDV hydrogen demand profiles. We adapt the Heavy Duty Refueling Station Analysis Model (HDRSAM) tool to analyze the submerged cryopump case, and compare the estimated fuel dispensing costs of stations supplied with LH 2 for fueling Class 4 delivery van (MDV), public transit bus (HDV), and Class 8 truck (HDV) fleets using cryopumps relative to station designs. A sensitivity analysis around upstream costs illustrates the trade-offs associated with H 2 production from onsite electrolysis versus central LH 2 production and delivery. Our results indicate that LH 2 cryopump-based stations become more economically attractive as the total station capacity (kg dispensed per day) and hourly demand (vehicles per hour) increase. Depending on the use case, savings relative to next best options range from about 5% up to 44% in dispensed costs, with more favorable economics at larger stations with high utilization. • New submerged cryopumps offer improved performance for hydrogen refueling stations. • Economic analysis tools have been adapted to model stations with new cryopump. • Cost is mainly driven by hourly fueling demand and station daily capacity. • Liquid pump-based stations are most attractive at larger stations with high utilization. • Up to 44% reduction in dispensing cost is possible with new cryopump for heavy-duty truck stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precooling gaseous hydrogen fuel to a cold temperature before refueling a heavy-duty (HD) hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (HFCEV) is essential to avoid overheating the vehicle tank, as well as achieving a high state of charge (SOC). Because a large volume of hydrogen is dispensed during each fill, the need for a shorter fill time amplifies the need to precool each load for refueling a HFCEV. Thus, the design and operation of a precooling unit (PCU), as well as the associated capital and operating costs, plays a pivotal role in any plans for heavy-duty hydrogen refueling stations. In this paper, we present a thermodynamic and technoeconomic analysis of a PCU in a gaseous hydrogen refueling station (HRS) for HD HFCEVs. By employing Argonne National Laboratory's hydrogen station cost optimization and performance evaluation (H2SCOPE) model, the refueling of 50 kg of hydrogen on-board type IV tank at ambient temperatures of 15–45 °C and varying fill rates is simulated. The required degree of precooling temperature to obtain either 100% or the maximum possible SOC is obtained from the simulation. Additionally, the simulation results demonstrate that the average flow rate of hydrogen is approximately 40% lower than the maximum flow rate during a typical fill; which motivates further evaluation of the instantaneous hydrogen mass flow rate profile and suggests the scope of improving precooling unit design. Accordingly, a hybrid strategy of precooling hydrogen has been proposed to address the cooling load by sizing the refrigeration unit for the average flow rate of hydrogen, while supplementing the above average peak hydrogen flow cooling load through thermal buffering. The combined technique enables the downsizing of the original PCU capacity by 25–40% and demonstrates a potential cost reduction of the PCU by approximately 30%, which translates to an installed cost reduction of ∼$125,000 per dispenser. • Hydrogen fill rate during refueling has a strong influence on the precooling load. • Bell-shaped profile of the fill rate advises a scope of improving precooling. • Hybrid strategy of on-demand cooling aided with partial thermal buffer is proposed. • The hybrid precooling approach downsizes the refrigerator capacity by 25–40%. • A potential reduction in the capital cost of precooling unit is 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]