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This paper aims to discuss the importance of the climate crisis and embodied carbon in the landscape architecture sector. The study was carried out in a multiprofessional team with the collaboration of the Landscape Institute (LI) Chartered Body of Landscape Architecture, UK, and experts in the field. Using the expertise and knowledge of professionals as well as existing landscape examples and pioneering tools on carbon, this review paper focuses on the importance of low/net-zero carbon landscapes for our cities and regions and the ways in which these can contribute to the broader health and wellbeing of our communities. Examining the current situation on carbon methodologies and the latest knowledge on carbon calculations through a landscape lens, the paper explores why embodied carbon is important for open spaces/landscapes and the necessary policies to support a more efficient implementation of these concepts. The intensity of recent environmental challenges demands action. This review highlights the need for holistic approaches that integrate embodied carbon calculations on large-scale landscape design. Using the innovative example of the Pathfinder App, a carbon calculation tool, as well as other similar software, this paper argues that more steps are needed towards the calculation and adaptation of CO2 emissions resulting from design, construction and materials in landscape schemes. The low availability of carbon calculation tools, specially developed for landscape schemes, is a major concern for the profession as it creates several issues with the sustainable development of the landscape projects as well as fragmented policies that exclude spatial and open spaces. Even though carbon calculation and embodied carbon are being calculated in buildings or materials, it is a relatively new area when it comes to land, the landscape and open and green space, and therefore, this study will present and discuss some of the pioneering carbon calculation tools focusing on landscape projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzes research trends related to tsunami education and mitigation through bibliometric analyses, and explores the level of contributions of Indonesian researchers in the Scopus database. A total of 1293 documents were identified by this analysis, with 201 originating from Indonesia. The results showed that scientific publications related to tsunami education and mitigation have increased significantly, and that United States has published most of such papers. At the same time, the institution that won a lead role was Tohoku University, in Japan. Three institutions from Indonesia are ranked seventh, fourteenth, and fifteenth, namely the Bandung Institute of Technology, the University of Indonesia, and the University of Gadjah Mada. The most prolific author on this topic is N. Tanaka. Visualization of research trends on tsunami education and mitigation resulted in four clusters: (1) Tsunami waves; (2) Tsunami problems and monitoring; (3) Tsunami early warning systems; (4) Preparedness in dealing with tsunamis, and in the post-tsunami recovery process. The present research can help in the identification of trends related to tsunami education and tsunami impact mitigation, as well as in worldwide development in providing an overview for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people with an intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) are biologically, socially, and economically/politically vulnerable to developing SARS‐COV‐2 (COVID‐19) compared to the general population. Most governments have developed public‐health policies and strategies to address the challenges that COVID‐19 has presented. These policies and strategies have been based upon the general population and in fact could be detrimental to the health and well‐being of people with IDD. This paper provides a review of the key learning points emerging from the COVID‐19 literature, together with guidance for the provision of services and government interventions for people with an IDD for future pandemics. Using guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute, a scoping review was used to explore the current literature (scientific and grey) on IDD and COVID‐19. Three core themes emerged from the review. Prevention/protection: User‐friendly accurate accessible information, handwashing and social distancing, Personal Protective Equipment, shielding, track and trace, testing, vaccine compliance/hesitancy, and training. Mitigation: Making reasonable adjustments both to where people live, and to community healthcare/clinical practice; and the use of technology as a pandemic‐response strategy. Treatment/Management: Access to acute hospitals and lifesaving equipment, using a suitable clinical fatality assessment instrument, stopping Do Not Resuscitate notices, individualised care plans and hospital passports, family/paid carers to support people in hospitals; and use of telehealth in clinical care. This is the first international scoping review that provides a narrative synthesis of emerging themes related to the COVID‐19 pandemic and people with an IDD. This paper highlights themes related to preventing, mitigating, and treating/managing the care of this population during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which can inform future public‐health policies. This paper also exposes the negative impacts of public‐health interventions in both High‐Income Countries and Low‐Middle Income Countries for this population including lapses in upholding human rights. These data provide a basis for learning from the COVID‐19 pandemic in planning for future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) remains a pressing issue in materials science and engineering, given its significant impact on the structural integrity of metals and alloys. This exhaustive review aims to thoroughly examine HE, covering a range of aspects that collectively enhance our understanding of this intricate phenomenon. It proceeds to investigate the varied effects of hydrogen on metals, illustrating its ability to profoundly alter mechanical properties, thereby increasing vulnerability to fractures and failures. A crucial section of the review delves into how different metals and their alloys exhibit unique responses to hydrogen exposure, shedding light on their distinct behaviors. This knowledge is essential for customizing materials to specific applications and ensuring structural dependability. Additionally, the paper explores a diverse array of models and classifications of HE, offering a structured framework for comprehending its complexities. These models play a crucial role in forecasting, preventing, and mitigating HE across various domains, ranging from industrial settings to critical infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the climate-development interface, research for development gained a strong interest in climate-smart agriculture and sustainable forms of intensification. Moreover, the urgency to respond to climate change stimulates a strong and sometimes exclusive focus on mitigation, driven by research-based agricultural practices. In the livestock sector, this materialises in strategies to lower emissions from livestock, which centralises the adoption question: what can we do to stimulate the use of best practices by smallholder farmers? This paper flags the risk that this outlook may overlooksmallholder farmers' capacities to navigate sub-optimal conditions of drought or scarcity. The paper applies an alternative lens for understanding 'agriculture-as-performance' and highlights smallholder cattle owners' agency and resourcefulness. It aims to create a conceptual space to examine how adaptive capacities are grounded in the rhythms of agriculture under suboptimal conditions. Empirically, the study focuses on the cattle-feeding practices of five farming households evolving through seasons and lifetimes in a sedentary agricultural system in Kenya. Our frame identifies diverse affordances, conceptualised as opportunities for actions, emerging and disappearing in the immediate material environment, and we portray cattle feeding as a networked response anchored in practices of giving, sharing, and receiving. We use our insights into the dynamics and performance of entangled socio-technical practices to sketch the contours of an alternative pathway for agriculture for development. We argue in favour of a shift from an exclusive focus on the adoption of predefined optimal solutions to a diagnostic and catalytic approach integrating situated adaptive performances through which farming households respond to action opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how e-procurement can reduce corruption in construction project delivery in Rivers State. The study followed a survey research design. We distributed one hundred and fifty-six questionnaires (156) to various professionals in both the public and private sectors, of which one hundred and twelve (112) returned and deemed valid for further analysis. The data collection and measurement instrument was a well-structured, standardised questionnaire based on Likert five-point scales and used to elicit responses from a variety of professionals. We analysed the major issues of the study using statistical tools (SPSS version 25.0) and Microsoft Excel software, which included factor analysis, mean item score (MIS), and relative importance index. According to the study's findings, there are several factors that contribute to corrupt practices in construction project delivery, including a lack of control mechanisms, poor record documentation, monopolies, and personal greed. The study also uncovered the use of various e-procurement tools and techniques, such as an internet-based tool, a web-based enterprise resource planning tool, an e-sourcing tool, an e-tendering tool, and others, to counteract corrupt practices in construction project delivery. Furthermore, the findings reveal that measures are in place to combat corrupt practices in construction project delivery, such as the government's commitment to open contracting, the establishment of a formal integrity framework, the implementation of construction work and process supervision throughout the project's lifecycle, and so on. The study recommends that the government, as a matter of policy, should be organizing periodic awareness and reorientation workshops and seminars via professional association platforms through web-based portals for both the public and private sectors, and enlightening them of the dangers of factors precipitating corrupt practices in construction project delivery. There is a need to implement all eprocurement tools and techniques in both public and private companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) like nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) are both emitted and removed by soils. Accurate worldwide allocations of carbon budget are essential for land use planning, global climate change, and climate-related research. Precise measurements, drivers, and mitigation strategies are necessary, given agricultural soil's significant potential storage and emission capacities. Different agricultural management practices cause greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere and contribute to anthropogenic emissions. Agricultural soils can generate 70% of the world's manmade N2O emissions and also behave as a CO2 sink and a source of organic carbon and as producers and consumers of CH4. When it comes to agronomic management, the source and sink of all these GHGs are distinct. Therefore, several approaches to measuring GHG emissions from agricultural soils are available and can be categorized into chamber systems and remote sensing approaches. Sustainable agriculture stands out as a viable and transformative approach to increase agricultural efficiency while addressing the challenge of GHG emissions. Incorporating advanced technologies, precise data analytics, and site-specific management practices can offer a pathway to mitigate GHG emissions, thereby reducing the global warming potential (GWP). Therefore, this review paper focuses solely on the drivers influencing and involving soil emissions and on quantification approaches for GHG emissions. In addition, mitigation practices aimed at optimizing GHG emissions from agricultural soils are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Instances of attacks from large carnivores that lead to human injury or death are increasingly reported worldwide. Ensuring human safety when people and carnivores co-occur is central to minimizing human suffering but is also essential to support sustainable carnivore conservation. Various interventions are available intended to alter either the behavior of large carnivores or people, in order to reduce the likelihood of a risky encounter and an attack. Collated evidence on best practices is still lacking, and this protocol outlines a systematic review of evidence for intervention effectiveness to reduce the risk or severity of direct attacks on humans by large carnivores. Specifically, the review seeks to answer the question: How effective are evaluated interventions in reducing large carnivore attacks on people? Methods: The bibliographic databases Zoological Record, BIOSIS Citation Index, and Scopus will be searched using a predefined search string. Grey literature will be requested through professional networks, contacts with relevant organizations, and searching selected websites. All returned titles and abstracts will be manually screened using Rayyan.ai. For inclusion, studies should describe the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) of the review research question and be written in English, Spanish, or Swedish. Review papers will be excluded. All records of data coding and extraction are documented in a purposely developed, and priorly piloted, data sheet. Critical appraisal of study validity will be done according to the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Critical Appraisal Tool prototype version 0.3. Review outcomes will be synthesized in a narrative, and if possible, a quantitative synthesis. The narrative synthesis will describe in text the carnivore population (species, location), context (target object, intervention model), as well as the design and reported results of each study. The quantitative synthesis will include a summary statistic, preferably logarithmic risk ratio, calculated for each original study. A forest plot will be created to visualize study outcomes, as well as judgments of critical appraisal. Provided that enough data is available and that it complies with its assumptions, a meta-regression analysis will be undertaken using metafor package for R software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. federal government manages many domestic and global operations, including environmental disasters. With the need to both mitigate and adapt to climate change, legislative and executive branches have spurred research efforts as the impacts of the Anthropocene accelerate around the country. The Army Corps of Engineers' overlapping interest in security and providing technological answers to mitigate weather disasters has led to recent research and development, including facilitating the federal mandate to convert military fleets to electric vehicles by 2027 while also building a hydrogen fuel cell emergency operations vehicle. The emergency vehicle, H2Rescue, has recently been tested in the field, and further refinements in the technology are leading towards a transition out of development and into production. However, the engineered solution must also attend to the social dimensions of disaster relief. This paper examines past environmental disasters in one location, the Navajo Nation, to describe how the vehicle could provide a combination of technological and societal future research possibilities for environmental anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this policy paper is to characterize the current situation of Tunisian municipalities in matters of climate change policies and actions and to understand the barriers and best practices. By surveying municipalities in Tunisia, we were able to provide an overview of the Tunisian municipalities in matters of climate change actions and strategies, as well as finding the main barriers and best practices. First, we found that most Tunisian municipalities are facing different effects of climate change. Second, the majority of municipalities do not have a strategy for mitigation and adaptation of climate change at the local level. Third, the main barrier that municipalities face in investing in climate change actions is the lack of financial resources and funding. Four, we have identified some of the best climate change mitigation and adaptation practices of surveyed cities, which should be taken into consideration and implemented also by the other cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method to mitigate subsynchronous torsional interaction detected during power system operation. This innovative method employs the delay reconstruction of the damping controller of a thyristor-controlled series compensator. This addresses the need to detect and manage stability and electromagnetic transients in power systems caused by the increasing use of fast-response power electronics. Previously, severe oscillation conditions could be avoided via analysis of the subsynchronous torsional interaction scenarios during the planning stage, enabling the suppression of oscillations. However, planning, modeling, and analysis for various scenarios becomes more difficult as the complexity of the power system increases, owing to the use of renewable energy and the incorporation of topology changes. Therefore, interest in measurement data-based real-time oscillation analysis has increased. The first step of the mitigation strategy proposed herein reconstructs nonlinear time-series data to detect subsynchronous torsional interaction in real time and generate alert signals. The second step of the strategy is that the controller mitigates oscillations by controlling the firing angle using the geometric feature extraction method. In this paper, the relaxation of the frequency oscillation in the subsynchronous region of about 22 Hz and about 18 Hz was verified through two simulation cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social science studies view community wellbeing to be a cumulative construct of multiple dimensions which include social, economic, environmental, physical, political, health, education indicators and more. The study of community wellbeing is compounded by climate change as it increases the frequency of disasters affecting all dimensions of community wellbeing. It becomes crucial for communities to build community resilience and address the impact on community wellbeing in the context of Disaster Risk Reduction and sustainable development. This systematic literature aimed to understand how community wellbeing is affected by climate change. It analysed 23 papers from Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Google Scholar, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, to address three research questions: (i) how do climate change scholars understand community wellbeing, (ii) how community wellbeing is affected by specific climate change factors/conditions and the nature of impact, and (iii) how the impact on community wellbeing as a result of climate change is being addressed. The study found that climate change scholars hold mixed and multiple views or understanding of community wellbeing and climate change led to mental stress decreasing community wellbeing. The solutions to improve community wellbeing in the context of climate change suggests that adaptation should be the main policy instrument supplemented by mitigation strategies and recommends building a vibrant research culture in wellbeing and climate studies, among others. This review provides insights into the complex relationship between community wellbeing and climate change and identifies areas for future research and policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world takes a more strategic approach to the climate crisis, carbon in its various forms has become a key factor in ascertaining the sustainability of the landscape. Landscape has been recognised as a resource and mechanism for addressing the role of carbon in the environment, with literature focused on the landscape's carbon capacity as interconnected systems of land, soil, water and organic life. It has, however, largely neglected the crucial role of the cultural, social and historical aspects of the landscape, particularly at the level of design. This paper acknowledges and explores the complexity of landscape as a natural-cultural system with the consequent difficulties this poses in legislating, calculating and measuring carbon for global, national and local targets for low/zero carbon and carbon offsetting. The discussion takes place in the arena of landscape architecture at regional/city/local scales and the life-cycle of a project including its integration into its wider social, cultural and environmental setting. This paper develops the discourse in three major areas: first, by examining how the complexity of landscape is obscured in the context of carbon-measuring tools used in landscape architecture; secondly exploring one such tool in practice to demonstrate how site-specific design decisions can impact carbon levels; and third by proposing how an integrated understanding of landscape can be built into projects to embrace complexity and operationalise low carbon visions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software defined networking (SDN) improves the flexibility and programmability of the network by separating the control plane and the data plane and effectively realizes the global control of the network infrastructure. However, the centralized structure design of SDN exposes the controller to potential threats. Attackers have used the active flow table delivery mode to launch distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on the SDN controller, resulting in the controller failure and seriously affecting the network performance. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a defense framework called CC-Guard. The framework consists of four modules: attack detection triggering, switch migration, anomaly detection, and mitigation. Among them, the attack detection trigger module improves the system's timely response to DDoS attacks. The switch migration module effectively unclogs the controller congestion problem and provides convenience for network flow transmission. The anomaly detection module uses a coarse-grained method for two-stage detection, which improves the detection accuracy. The mitigation module uses the idea of cross-domain cooperation of the controller to clear the abnormal flow in the blacklist. Experimental results show that our proposed CC-Guard has real-time DDoS attack defense capability and high detection accuracy, as well as efficient network resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the issue of wastewater due to oil spills and pollution in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which has led to significant environmental and socioeconomic consequences for local communities. The study employed a secondary data collection approach, drawing on various sources, including published research articles, reports, official records, and satellite imagery. Through a systematic review and synthesis of the available literature, the paper identified key challenges, mitigation and remediation strategies, policy recommendations, and areas for future research. The findings of this study revealed that the existing regulatory framework has not been fully effective in preventing and addressing oil spills and pollution in the Niger Delta region due to factors such as weak enforcement, inadequate resources, and overlapping responsibilities among regulatory agencies. Moreover, existing measures for oil spill response, clean-up, compensation, and remediation have had limited success, leaving affected communities to continue suffering from the impacts of oil spills and pollution. Short conclusion: The paper highlights the potential of innovative approaches and technologies, such as advanced oil spill detection and monitoring technologies, bioremediation, and renewable energy, to enhance the effectiveness of mitigation and remediation efforts. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of collaboration and cooperation among various stakeholders, including government agencies, oil companies, local communities, civil society organizations, and international partners, in addressing the challenges posed by oil spills and pollution in the Niger Delta region. Based on the findings, the paper presents several policy recommendations, such as strengthening the regulatory framework, enhancing transparency and accountability, promoting community participation and empowerment, and encouraging investment in sustainable development and clean technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This short paper compiles some potential disasters that might not have happened in 2021 even though a major hazard occurred. No definitive statements are made of what did or did not transpire in each instance. Instead, the material offers a pedagogical and communications approach, especially to encourage deeper investigation and critique into what are and are not labelled as disasters and non-disasters—and the consequences of this labelling. Design/methodology/approach: This short paper adopts a subjective approach to describing situations in 2021 in which a hazard was evident, but a disaster might not have resulted. Brief explanations are provided with some evidence and reasoning, to be used in teaching and science communication for deeper examination, verification and critique. Findings: Examples exist in which hazards could have become disasters, but disasters might not have manifested, ostensibly due to disaster risk reduction. Reaching firm conclusions about so-called "non-disasters" is less straightforward. Originality/value: Many reports rank the seemingly worst disasters while research often compares a disaster investigated with the apparently worst disasters previously experienced. This short paper instead provides possible ways of teaching and communicating potential non-disasters. It offers an approach for applying lessons to encourage action on disaster risk reduction, while recognising challenges with the labels "non-disaster", "success" and "positive news". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper derives an efficient allocation rule of adaptation aid from a donor to the recipient nations, which is different from the traditional development aid literature. The design of the allocation rule takes care of the optimum reaction of the nations on receipt of the aid. It suggests that the allocation rule must take care of (i) distributional weight of the recipients on the donor's welfare, (ii) their vulnerability to climate change, (iii) their efficiency in using the aid and (iv) their mitigation response to the aid. It discusses the way these factors can be incorporated in an implementable rule by use of the available data. The score of a nation derived from the first three factors requires an upward/downward adjustment if the adaptation aid leads to an increase/decrease of the mitigation effort of the country. A nation receiving a higher score is rewarded with higher allocation of aid. The paper suggests as a rule of thumb that the aid in the form of technical assistance requires a downward adjustment and the aid in monetary form requires an upward adjustment in the score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of modal verbs with dynamic meaning for the expression of possibility in the tourism research article in the introduction and conclusion sections of the article. The main aim of this paper is then to analyse these dynamic modal verbs in a corpus of scientific journals in the discipline of tourism. It is understood in this study that dynamic modal verbs contribute to defining the speaker's point of view. In this sense, this analysis will determine which section has the highest frequency of dynamic modal forms. Furthermore, the functions that these modal verbs fulfil in the sections under study will be highlighted, according to the context in which these forms are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber-attacks have adverse impacts on DC microgrid systems. Existing literature shows plenty of attack detection methods but lacks appropriate mitigation and prevention approaches for cyber-attacks in DC microgrids. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a novel solution based on a nonlinear controller to mitigate the adverse effects of various cyber-attacks, such as distributed denial of service attacks and false data injection attacks, on various components of a DC microgrid system consisting of a photovoltaic power source, a permanent magnet synchronous generator-based variable speed wind generator, a fuel cell, battery energy storage, and loads. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, single and repetitive cyber-attacks on specific components of the microgrid have been considered. An index-based quantitative improvement analysis for the proposed control method has been made. Extensive simulations have been performed by the MATLAB/Simulink V9 software. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear controller-based method in mitigating the adverse effects of cyber-attacks. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the proportional-integral controller. Due to the simplicity of the proposed solution, it can easily be implemented in real practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has become a global challenge due to its critical impact on the natural as well as the human environment. This article focuses on the effects of climate change in the Middle East (ME) region and the strategies suggested to combat its impacts. The research involves reviewing and analyzing published articles from major databases in this domain. The literature shows that countries in the ME region, with a particular focus on the Arab countries, have also realized that urgent actions should be taken to decrease climate change threats. Several countries are committing to international principles, supporting the global effort against climate change, such as adopting renewable sources for efficient energy production. Moreover, some of the ME region countries are considered a hub for emitting CO2 because of their hot climate, which requires the use of energy for air-conditioning, highwater desalination demands due to water scarcity, and the dependence on energy-exhaustive industries. Recently, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates have proposed strict measures to reduce their energy consumption and move towards renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy. Some countries have also funded projects for developing green buildings to create a sustainable environment. However, this paper emphasizes the need to establish strict regulations to impose policies and practices to achieve the global temperature rise limit below 1.5oC. Moreover, all ME countries must invest in renewable energy sources by promoting education, research, and implementing carbon pricing mechanisms. Nevertheless, as part of the Paris Agreement and other international commitments, there is a growing need to develop more socioeconomic policies to meet this vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planetary defense is an emerging field among the aerospace community. As the rate of near-Earth object (NEO) discoveries increases, so too does the probability that we will discover a NEO on a collision course with Earth. This paper documents a planetary defense mission campaign design to defend against the hypothetical Earth impactor 2023 PDC. At its 90th percentile mass estimate, the asteroid could have a diameter of approximately 1120 m. The asteroid makes no close approaches until Earth impact and has the potential to affect over a billion people, depending on its actual size. This paper describes a mission campaign consisting of both reconnaissance and mitigation missions that will be deployed to neutralize the threat posed by the asteroid. The reconnaissance orbiter named THEO (Terrestrial Hazard Exploration Orbiter) will survey the asteroid to clarify its morphological, gravitational, and dynamical properties. This information will be used to inform the design of the subsequent mitigation mission. THEO will be designed to have a mission lifetime of 12 years which will enable it to observe the mitigation mission and confirm its success. Two 21-day launch periods have been identified that minimize post-launch Δ V requirements and include current launch vehicle capabilities. For the purposes of this paper, the mitigation mission has been designed assuming a geocenter impact for the 90th percentile mass estimate of the asteroid because a precise impact location and an accurate mass estimate will not be available until THEO reconnoiters 2023 PDC. The mitigation mission, named MUFN (Mitigation Using a Fission Nuclear device), will send three spacecraft to rendezvous with 2023 PDC and alter the asteroid's trajectory prior to Earth impact through a series of standoff nuclear detonations. The MUFN spacecraft are identical in design, each employing a hypergolic bi-propellant thruster. Each MUFN spacecraft launches on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy Expendable launch vehicle between 2028 and 2030 and carries four 340 kt nuclear explosive device (NED) equipped orbiters, named BELA-Os ("Bull's Eye, Later Asteroid" Orbiters). The BELA-Os are designed to sequentially deploy, maneuver to an optimal standoff distance anti-parallel to the asteroid velocity vector, and detonate the NED to impart a change-in-velocity to the asteroid. After arrival at 2023 PDC, each MUFN spacecraft will station-keep above the asteroid. The NED-equipped BELA-Os will deploy from the MUFN spacecraft and maneuver 180 degrees out of phase from MUFN to the 'front' of the asteroid. Once there, each BELA-O will detonate and impart 2.32 mm/s of velocity change to the asteroid. After the ablation debris has cleared, MUFN will complete a single orbit around the asteroid to survey the blast site and assess the effectiveness of the detonation. After MUFN has completed its survey, it will release another BELA-O. This process will repeat until all BELA-Os have been released by all MUFN spacecraft. All denotations will occur between 2029 and 2031. After all BELA-Os have detonated their NED payloads near the 2023 PDC asteroid to deflect its orbit, the asteroid will safely fly by Earth at a minimum altitude of 3500 km instead of colliding on October 22, 2036. • A planetary defense mission campaign design is presented to defend the Earth against the hypothetical Earth impactor 2023 PDC. • A reconnaissance mission design with a 12-year lifetime is presented. • A mitigation mission design using nuclear devices is presented. • The use of nuclear devices is favorable due to the large size of the hypothetical impactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As wind turbine generator systems become more common in the modern power grid, the question of how to adequately protect them from cyber criminals has become a major theme in the development of new control systems. As such, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms have become major contributors to preventing, detecting, and mitigating cyber-attacks in the power system. In their current state, wind turbine generator systems are woefully unprepared for a coordinated and sophisticated cyber attack. With the implementation of the internet-of-things (IoT) devices in the power control network, cyber risks have increased exponentially. The literature shows the impact analysis and exploring detection techniques for cyber attacks on the wind turbine generator systems; however, almost no work on the mitigation of the adverse effects of cyber attacks on the wind turbine control systems has been reported. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes implementing an AI-based converter controller, i.e., a multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) method that can mitigate any adverse effects that communication delays or bad data could have on a grid-connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine generator or wind farm. The performance of the proposed DDPG controller has been compared with that of a variable proportional–integral (VPI) control-based mitigation method. The proposed technique has been simulated and validated utilizing the MATLAB/Simulink software, version R2023A, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Also, the performance of the proposed DDPG method is better than that of the VPI method in mitigating the adverse impacts of cyber attacks on wind generator systems, which is validated by the plots and the root mean square error table found in the results section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increased use of internet services for various public and private purposes, the threat of cyber-attacks is also increasing. Machine learning methods are effective against these threats. This paper aims to review these methods in terms of their utility for the detection, identification, and mitigation of cyber-attacks now and in the future. Many reviews described and discussed various machine learning methods and how each method can be used against specific types of cyber threats. However, empirical evidence did not show any clear superiority of one method over the others. The differences in research contexts and methodologies could have contributed to this uncertainty. However, deep learning methods might have an edge over shallow learning methods. Emerging new trends of cyber-attacks demand renewed research on the problem. The invention of an entirely new concept to deal with various cybersecurity issues cannot be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Tea Science is the property of Journal of Tea Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Producao Online is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Engenharia de Producao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reducing the effect of unwanted vibrations is an important topic in many engineering applications. In this paper we describe some recent developments in the area of passive vibration mitigation. This is based on a new device called the inerter which can be exploited in a range of different contexts. In this paper we consider two recent examples; (i) where a flywheel inerter is combined with a hysteretic damper, and (ii) in which a pivoted bar inerter is developed for a machining application. In both cases, experimental test results show that the devices can outperform existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fireworks industry (FI), many accidents and explosions frequently happen due to human error (HE). Human factors (HFs) always play a dynamic role in the incidence of accidents in workplace environments. Preventing HE is a main challenge for safety and precautions in the FI. Clarifying the relationship between HFs can help in identifying the correlation between unsafe behaviors and influential factors in hazardous chemical warehouse accidents. This paper aims to investigate the impact of HFs that contribute to HE, which has caused FI disasters, explosions, and incidents in the past. This paper investigates why and how HEs contribute to the most severe accidents that occur while storing and using hazardous chemicals. The impact of fireworks and match industry disasters has motivated the planning of mitigation in this proposal. This analysis used machine learning (ML) and recommends an expert system (ES). There were many significant correlations between individual behaviors and the chance of HE to occur. This paper proposes an ML-based prediction model for fireworks and match work industries in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu. For this study analysis, the questionnaire responses are reviewed for accuracy and coded from 500 participants from the fireworks and match industries in Tamil Nadu who were chosen to fill out a questionnaire. The Chief Inspectorate of Factories in Chennai and the Training Centre for Industrial Safety and Health in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India, significantly contributed to the collection of accident datasets for the FI in Tamil Nadu, India. The data are analyzed and presented in the following categories based on this study's objectives: the effect of physical, psychological, and organizational factors. The output implemented by comparing ML models, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and Naïve Bayes (NB) accuracy is 86.45%, 91.6%, and 92.1%, respectively. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) has the optimal classification accuracy of 94.41% of ML models. This research aims to create a new ES to mitigate HE risks in the fireworks and match work industries. The proposed ES reduces HE risk and improves workplace safety in unsafe, uncertain workplaces. Proper safety management systems (SMS) can prevent deaths and injuries such as fires and explosions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the aggravation of climate change, various weather and climate extreme events (abbreviated as climate extremes) are becoming more frequent. During the transition to the use of clean energy, the power system will show increasingly prominent features such as high ratio of clean energy, high ratio of electrification, and a high proportion of electric and electronic equipment, coupled with summer and winter load peaks. Against this backdrop, this paper studies the impacts of climate extremes on the power system using the Texas power outage as an example, and proposes general adaptation measures to cope with climate extremes. For a start, this paper reviews the power outage in Texas caused by an extreme cold wave across the North America in 2021, and conducts an in-depth analysis of its causes. Then, based on the theoretical framework of disaster risk management, this paper analyzes the weather and climate disaster risks, extreme events, exposure, and vulnerability faced by the power system in the context of climate change and extreme events. Finally, in order to build a new power system, this paper establishes an overall framework for the power system to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and summarizes the key techniques involved in power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, as well as key technologies in the fields of power supply, power grid, power load, and energy storage, and the strategies and measures for addressing climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa is vulnerable to a diverse range of climate change hazards that have significant impacts on food security, biodiversity loss, water crises and prevalence of infectious diseases. With much of the continent’s population reliant on ecosystems to sustain their livelihoods, degradation of ecosystems caused by both climatic and non-climatic stressors is increasing vulnerability, reducing adaptation potential and limiting progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) presents a critical opportunity to address complex climate change vulnerabilities and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions across Africa. This study examines both the proposed extent of EbA actions across Africa and assesses alignment with existing research on EbA actions. A quantitative assessment of 52 Nationally Determined Contributions together with a review of available academic literature is undertaken. Results show that out of the 713 individual adaptation actions, 36.2% can be classified as EbA. The four sectors of agriculture, environment, forestry/land use and land use change, and water contribute ~ 82.5% of the total number of EbA actions identified across the continent. The meta-analysis revealed that 58% of EbA-focused research papers explicitly address or reference mitigation co-benefits. However, research on EbA actions focuses on mitigation and adaptation independently with little focus on integration of these outcomes. Understanding the current status of EbA and its integration of mitigation and adaptation provides a solid foundation for scaling up efforts to adapt to the current and impending impacts of climate change across Africa. Limited resources necessitate a structured and programmatic approach towards scaling up the implementation of EbA mitigation synergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented rate of urbanisation has changed the South African urban landscape. The densification of the population in cities has resulted in high consumption of electricity, waste production, a reduction of greenery, and traffic congestion, all of which contribute to climate change. South Africa promulgated legislations and acts such as the Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management Act (SPLUMA), the National Urban Development Framework (NUDF), and the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) to guide climate change adaptation and mitigation aspirations. These frameworks and plans are important for the management of urbanisation, which potentially contributes to climate change. Complexity theory is a lens for reviewing complex systems like urbanisation and cities. Complexity theory gives a thorough account of cities, urbanisation, and urban planning. The method that was adopted for the paper is a mixed-method approach. The data were collected by interviewing and administering questionnaires to municipal officials and residents of four urban areas (Legae la Batho, Emdo Park, Serala View, and Flora Park). Results show that the local municipality continues to be plagued with a lack of qualified personnel to implement policies that affect programme implementation, such as energy mix. Additionally, the City of Polokwane has been experiencing a reduction of green spaces, which has a negative impact on the climate change aspiration. The paper concludes that there are still challenges to a fully capacitated workforce within the Polokwane Local Municipality. The inability to implement policies has deleterious effects on climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies to combat climate change may be based on mitigation of the phenomenon or on adaptation to its consequences. This paper aims to identify the driving factors of the choice between these two categories of strategies in the context of urban climate plans. The fight against climate change being characterized by a logic of free riding, the situation tilts the balance towards adaptation strategies in an urban context, to the detriment of mitigation. This hypothesis is tested here through a review of the existing literature on urban climate strategies. This study shows that, counterintuitively, mitigation prevails over adaptation in urban climate strategies up to now. This paper explores the explanations for this seemingly paradoxical situation. We argue that a big part of the explanation has to do with the institutional context of urban climate strategies, specifically the decision-making capacities of municipalities, or the fact that they take part in international networks promoting mitigation over adaptation. Other explanations rely on the cost/benefit impact of adopting mitigation or adaptation, like the collateral local/private benefits of urban climate strategies that are often bigger with mitigation than adaptation. Another finding is that there is no systematic planning making it compulsory to choose between mitigation and adaptation strategies, as they are in some instances complementary, providing co-benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel starvation severely affects the performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. In this paper, the individual voltage characteristics of a 40-cell proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack under different load currents were studied in detail. The cell voltage oscillation, plunge and polarity reversal were observed. To alleviate the hydrogen concentration loss, an effective and simple hydrogen supply method, dual-path hydrogen provision (DHP), was proposed. In the proposed method, high-pressure hydrogen could be fed to the stack from the anode outlet in addition to the anode inlet. An experiment with identical conditions was carried out. It was found that the proposed mitigation measure could significantly alleviate voltage degradation and delay the polarity reversal. The overall output performance of the PEMFC stack was improved by 13.7%, and the maximum improvement of the individual cell was 664%. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the voltage behavior of fuel cells under fuel starvation and provides an effective, practical and low-cost migration measure for most of the commercial PEMFC stack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Asia is one of the continents that is the most affected by the impacts of climate change. Asian countries need to take climate actions and mitigate emissions from the urban passenger transport sector. Despite some progress in improving urban mobility in Asian cities, greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector continue to rise. Policy makers who are responsible for managing mobilities must play a major role in decarbonizing the transport sector. In this context, this paper reviews the efforts of selected Asian countries and cities towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the urban transport sector. It will analyze their pledges in the Nationally Determined Contributions submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and will review their relevant transport sector strategies, policies, and practices. It will also look at trends in transport sector emissions and air pollution in different cities, including the short-term impacts of COVID-19. Lastly, it reviews governance issues and the roles that institutions should play to implement polices to decarbonize transport. Based on this analysis, this paper offers policy suggestions to accelerate actions, enhance cross-sectoral coordination, and move towards carbon neutrality in the transport sector in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores farmers' perceptions of climate change and their preferred adaptive and mitigatory strategies within Slovakia's Nitra region, aiming to devise recommendations for climate change-oriented agricultural policies. Our methodology incorporates an analysis of perspectives gathered from a regional survey using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SuperDecisions software, complemented by a risk-attitude assessment using the modified Multiple Price Lists (MPL) method. A subsequent heterogeneity analysis correlates these preferences with respondents' socio-economic status and risk attitudes. Our findings underscore the use of improved, resilient seeds as a favored adaptation measure and reveal a correlation between farmers' socio-economic attributes and their climate change strategy preferences. Based on this, we propose inclusive, micro-level agricultural policies that prioritize the unique climatic needs of the Nitra region and strongly consider the priority viewpoints of farmers within this region, aiming to promote sustainable agriculture under changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is a current concern, particularly in Africa, where it is expected to continue and increasingly threaten the effectiveness of plant biodiversity, natural carbon sinks, and the sustainability of cities. This paper investigates the structural parameters and carbon storage potential of trees in the land use units of the city of Cotonou in southern Benin. A total of 149 plots at 2500 m2 each were randomly generated, and trees with a diameter ≥ 10 cm were inventoried. ANOVA revealed that the means of structural parameters (diameter and height classes) and carbon stock rate varied significantly (p < 0.001) across land use units in the city. Tree basal area is estimated at 4.52 ± 5.24 m2 ha−1, with an average of 12.72 (13) feet ha−1. The average diameter of the trees is estimated at 57.94 ± 29.71 cm. Approximately 1000 kg ha−1 (0.94 × 103 kg ha−1) of carbon is stored in the city of Cotonou. Green spaces (1.21 × 103 kg ha−1) and roads (1.19 × 103 kg ha−1) are the units that recorded the highest carbon stocks. Khaya senegalensis, Mangifera indica, and Terminalia mentally lead the top ten species with high stock potential. This study demonstrates the contribution of urban trees to global atmospheric carbon reduction, which varies by species, land use units, and tree density. Future research could investigate an i-Tree Landscape approach for urban carbon estimation. This could reinforce urban carbon data availability for urban ecological planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal (HM) stress poses a global risk to crops, ecological systems, and human health. It disrupts cellular ionic equilibrium, cell membrane integrity, metabolic balance, and the activities of enzymes and proteins, severely impacting physiological processes, plant development, and agricultural productivity. Although plants naturally activate defense mechanisms to mitigate the adverse effects of HM stress, they cannot completely prevent them. Phytohormones counter HM toxicity, aiding growth. External application and internal regulation via signaling/biosynthesis genes offer defense against HM-induced damage. A pivotal signaling molecule in plant adaptive responses to environmental stressors, including HM toxicity, is abscisic acid (ABA). Despite ABA's role in abiotic stress responses such as drought and salinity, its function and crosstalk with other phytohormones under HM stress remain poorly understood. Nonetheless, exogenously applied ABA serves as a strategic approach to enhancing plants' resistance to HM toxicity by promoting osmolyte accumulation and reinforcing antioxidant activity. ABA significantly regulates various plant growth and metabolic activities under diverse environmental conditions. This review highlights the effects of HM stress on plants and explores ABA involvement in production, signaling, catabolism, and transport within plant tissues. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the complex interplay between the metabolism of ABA, its signaling, and its interactions with other phytohormones (e.g., auxins, gibberellins, and ethylene) during HM exposure. Furthermore, we delve into the function of ABA to mitigate HM stress and elucidate its interactions with other phytohormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a methodological analysis of the Brillouin precursor formation to understand the impairments undergone by like-noise and random noise waveforms propagating through naturally dispersive media commonly found in radar applications. By means of a frequency-domain methodology based on considering the frequency response of the medium under study, the effect of these dispersive media on the evolution of an input signal can be seen as frequency filtering. The simulations were performed at a center frequency of 1.5 GHz and for a signal bandwidth of 3 GHz. Four random noise signals were considered: Barker codes, PRBS codes, Frank codes, Costas codes and additive white Gaussian noise. The experienced impairments were assessed in terms of cross-correlation function (CCF) degradation. The differences in the behavior of each type of phase and frequency coded signal to face the dispersive propagation have been demonstrated in terms of parameters used for information retrieval: peak amplitude decay, CCF secondary sidelobe level and multipath detectability. Finally, a frequency filtering approach is proposed to mitigate the impairments due to dispersive propagation under multipath conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most vulnerable facilities to tsunami impacts are ports, harbours and marinas. The ability of maritime infrastructure to withstand a disaster and resume operations quickly plays a major factor in the recovery of the local community and economy in the short and long term. Despite this, little established guidance exists to assist the maritime community with addressing their tsunami risk in an actionable, site-specific manner. To close this gap and improve the resilience of its maritime community, Washington State has begun developing tsunami maritime response and mitigation strategies for major ports, harbours and marinas along its 3,200 miles of coastline. These strategies include detailed information about the location's specific tsunami risk, recommended guidance for vessel operators in the area, and tsunami mitigation and response recommendations ranked by their implementation feasibility for the maritime entity in question. Most importantly, the strategies are created through close collaboration with local key stakeholders, subject matter experts, local emergency management and state agencies to ensure a final deliverable that is accurate, thorough and, above all, useful to the local maritime entity and its tenants and users. As this paper will discuss, the lessons learned during the planning and delivery of these strategies provide valuable insight for professionals in the maritime, business continuity and emergency management fields, including how to conduct effective and inclusive stakeholder engagement, identify gaps and opportunities in resilience planning, and establish a deeper understanding of tsunami maritime risk and hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the application and future vision of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based techniques in microgrids are presented from a cyber-security perspective of physical devices and communication networks. The vulnerabilities of microgrids are investigated under a variety of cyber-attacks targeting sensor measurements, control signals, and information sharing. With the inclusion of communication networks and smart metering devices, the attack surface has increased in microgrids, making them vulnerable to various cyber-attacks. The negative impact of such attacks may render the microgrids out-of-service, and the attacks may propagate throughout the network due to the absence of efficient mitigation approaches. AI-based techniques are being employed to tackle such data-driven cyber-attacks due to their exceptional pattern recognition and learning capabilities. AI-based methods for cyber-attack detection and mitigation that address the cyber-attacks in microgrids are summarized. A case study is presented showing the performance of AI-based cyber-attack mitigation in a distributed cooperative control-based AC microgrid. Finally, future potential research directions are provided that include the application of transfer learning and explainable AI techniques to increase the trust of AI-based models in the microgrid domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: African trypanosomiasis is a tsetse-borne parasitic infection that affects humans, wildlife, and domesticated animals. Tsetse flies are endemic to much of Sub-Saharan Africa and a spatial and temporal understanding of tsetse habitat can aid surveillance and support disease risk management. Problematically, current fine spatial resolution remote sensing data are delivered with a temporal lag and are relatively coarse temporal resolution (e.g., 16 days), which results in disease control models often targeting incorrect places. The goal of this study was to devise a heuristic for identifying tsetse habitat (at a fine spatial resolution) into the future and in the temporal gaps where remote sensing and proximal data fail to supply information. Methods: This paper introduces a generalizable and scalable open-access version of the tsetse ecological distribution (TED) model used to predict tsetse distributions across space and time, and contributes a geospatial Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) prediction model trained by TED output data to forecast where, herein the Morsitans group of tsetse, persist in Kenya, a method that mitigates the temporal lag problem. This model facilitates identification of tsetse habitat and provides critical information to control tsetse, mitigate the impact of trypanosomiasis on vulnerable human and animal populations, and guide disease minimization in places with ephemeral tsetse. Moreover, this BME analysis is one of the first to utilize cluster and parallel computing along with a Monte Carlo analysis to optimize BME computations. This allows for the analysis of an exceptionally large dataset (over 2 billion data points) at a finer resolution and larger spatiotemporal scale than what had previously been possible. Results: Under the most conservative assessment for Kenya, the BME kriging analysis showed an overall prediction accuracy of 74.8% (limited to the maximum suitability extent). In predicting tsetse distribution outcomes for the entire country the BME kriging analysis was 97% accurate in its forecasts. Conclusions: This work offers a solution to the persistent temporal data gap in accurate and spatially precise rainfall predictions and the delayed processing of remotely sensed data collectively in the − 45 days past to + 180 days future temporal window. As is shown here, the BME model is a reliable alternative for forecasting future tsetse distributions to allow preplanning for tsetse control. Furthermore, this model provides guidance on disease control that would otherwise not be available. These 'big data' BME methods are particularly useful for large domain studies. Considering that past BME studies required reduction of the spatiotemporal grid to facilitate analysis. Both the GEE-TED and the BME libraries have been made open source to enable reproducibility and offer continual updates into the future as new remotely sensed data become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very-high-voltage (VHV) underground cables are often used to transport electrical energy in densely populated zones. This paper presents a two-dimensional computational method based on the formulation of Biot–Savart's law to evaluate the magnetic induction levels generated by a VHV underground power cable of 275 kV and to apply an optimized shielding system for the magnetic induction using the compensating active and passive loops. The grey wolf optimizer algorithm is applied to find the optimal position of the geometric coordinates of the conductors of both passive and active loops and the capacitance value of the passive compensation. Generally, the study shows that the shielding with the compensation procedure using conductive and ferromagnetic materials can effectively reduce the magnetic induction values along the right-of-way corridor, in particular in the case of an active loop with ferromagnetic material. The simulation results obtained by the adopted method are compared with those obtained by the magnetization ellipse method. A good agreement was obtained, which can ensure the validity of the adopted method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NovAtel has recently leveraged its expertise in both receiver design and anti-jam technology to develop solutions for space- and weight-constrained applications in challenged GNSS environments. Robust Dual-Antenna Receiver (RoDAR), is based on a commercial dual-antenna receiver, originally designed for attitude determination, and employs special firmware to mitigate jammers and spoofers without an increase in size or power consumption. With RoDAR, the multi-frequency, multi-constellation dual-antenna receiver is capable of null-steering at two different frequency bands (e.g., L1 and L5). In September 2022, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration hosted JammerTest, a live, over-the-air broadcast jamming and spoofing test. This paper presents the jamming and spoofing detection and mitigation performance of RoDAR during this live broadcast test. The interference detection provides spectrum monitoring and jamming characterization on all GNSS bands. The mitigation is carried out by steering a null formed on-board the receiver towards a jamming/spoofing source at GPS L1 and L5 bands. The null steering performance is characterized as a function of signal and position availability compared to a non-protected NovAtel receiver. The effectiveness of the anti-jam and anti-spoofing technology is demonstrated using representative complex spoofing and jamming test cases during this event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference poses an increasing threat for civil aviation, and the detection and mitigation of interferences can help to make the sector more robust. This paper focuses on the detection and mitigation capabilities of a software-based Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) as part of a wider study in which different detection and mitigation methods are tested and compared. The proposed CRPA uses eigenvalue decomposition to determine the weight vector and is combined with MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) for detection purposes. Simulations are used to test the software CRPA for its robustness against different types of interference in static and dynamic scenarios. The test method and processing pipeline are described. Initial results show the CRPA algorithm under test is capable of detecting and mitigating different types of interferences, and mitigation can help a receiver to maintain a position velocity time (PVT) solution for higher levels of interference power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second homes are essential resources for tourism and recreation. Climate change is projected to transform tourism geographies and threaten economic and recreational activities. Based on building and housing register data and national models for climate change hazards, this paper investigates whether second homes in Denmark are potentially affected. Five different hazards are used to describe climate risk based on the RCP8.5 scenario: sea level rise, storm surge events, coastal erosion, flooding from watercourses, and terrestrial groundwater. It is estimated that between 2020 and 2070 a significant number of second homes will potentially be affected by one or more of these hazards, with terrestrial groundwater being the most frequent. GIS-analysis shows the detailed geographical distribution of the affected second homes, while regional grouping highlights the most affected regions. A compound risk analysis demonstrates that a significant proportion (approximately 25%) of the Danish second homes will be affected by either one or more hazards. The analysis thereby highlights how amenity rich geographies are threatened by climate change, which could cause these areas to become risk prone. This provides a background for discussing the implications for land use policy of transforming geographies. The article highlights a need for strategic planning and active engagement with second to protect the recreational potential of second homes and local economies in coastal zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In flight operations, the workload settings refer to the shift work, duty time, flight time, number of sectors, rest periods, time of day, duty patterns, number of time-zone transitions, number of consecutive duty days, and changes in the schedule. Workload factors, together with the biological mechanisms (the circadian rhythm, homeostatic sleep pressure, sleep inertia), can lead to the appearance of fatigue. Fatigue affects numerous tasks, such as performing inaccurate flight procedures, missing radio calls, missing or being too slow to pick up system warnings, forgetting or performing routine tasks inaccurately, and others. The focus of this paper is to determine which flight crew workload settings elements impact the appearance of fatigue. The process of collecting data regarding flight crew workload settings and fatigue is conducted on a sample of four airline pilots using an electronic CRD system of standardized chronometric cognitive tests and subjective self-assessment scales. Causal modeling tools of the IBM SPSS Statistics were used to detect correlations among flight crew workload settings, indicators of the subjective perception of fatigue, and measured fatigue indicators. In the final step, a set of simulations was created using simulation tools of the IBM SPSS Statistics to show how modifications of flight crew workload settings, such as modified duty time, number of days off, and others, can impact the level of fatigue. The obtained results can help improve the future planning of flight crew workload set-up and mitigate or prevent the appearance of fatigue in flight operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]