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Introduction. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is usually associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The limited number of NAFLD treatment options is well known. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved to treat T2DM, is crucial for obtaining a healthy weight. Additionally, may constitute a cutting-edge therapy option for T2DM patients with NAFLD. In this study, liver steatosis and fibrosis in T2DM patients are measured using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Material and Methods. Fifty-seven consecutive patients with T2DM and NAFLD receiving oral semaglutide were enrolled from September 2022 to February 2023 and evaluated by VCTE with CAP. Clinical and analytical data for every subject were recorded. Oral semaglutide was initiated at a dose of 3 mg once daily and subsequently increased to 7 mg at 4 weeks, and 14 mg at 8 weeks in accordance with the diabetologist's recommendations. Results. VCTE analysis showed that 40 diabetic people (70.2%) had significantly lower CAP levels after 24 weeks compared to baseline. Only 14 (24.5%) diabetic patients experienced a significant decrease in liver fibrosis. Regarding body mass index (BMI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), have improved significantly compared to the baseline (mean BMI 28.72±5.43 kg/m2 to 25.67 ±6.11 kg/m2, mean AST 58.17 ± 16.33 IU/L to 34.54 ± 13.8 IU/L, mean ALT 63.31 ± 12.66 IU/L to 39.17 ± 14.3 IU/L). The mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value reduced significantly from baseline to 24 weeks (from 8.9% to 7.4%). A significant correlation existed between changes in CAP values and fasting plasma glucose (p=0.31, p=0.52), as well as AST (p=0.188, p=0.48), and BMI (p=0.274, p=0.44). Nausea and diarrhea were the most often reported side effects. Conclusion. In individuals with T2DM with NAFLD, oral semaglutide therapy has improved glycemic control, liver enzymes, body weight, and liver steatosis. These findings suggest that semaglutide may be useful in the treatment of NAFLD patients, therefore more studies concerning liver fibrosis are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MS) patients are at increased risk for severe liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, there aren't any recommendations until this moment for screening MS patients. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic precision of non-invasive tests in identifying advanced liver fibrosis (F3) and cirrhosis (F4) in MS patients using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) as a standard quantification method. Materials and Methods. Between September 2022 to March 2023, we prospectively enrolled MS patients at the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institute Iasi who had undergone evaluation using noninvasive tests like the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) score, fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS). When compared to liver stiffness measures (LSM), we assessed the specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) for each of these indicators in the identification of at least advanced liver fibrosis (=F3). Results. Of the 116 MS patients included in this study, who had a mean BMI of 27.82±4.62 kg/m2 and at least three metabolic conditions, 69 individuals (59.5%) were females. Using a cut-off of 9.7 kPa, 35 (30.2%) patients had at least advanced fibrosis (=F3) according to LSM measurements. VCTE examinations present a higher correlation with the FIB-4 index (r=0.566), NFS (r=0.585), and APRI score (r=0.624) (p< 0.001). The NPV for the FIB-4 index was the highest (90.38%), followed by the NPV for the NFS score (87.84%). The main result of our research showed that all the biomarkers had reasonably high NPV (>85%) and accuracy (>83%) for predicting advanced liver fibrosis, with moderate specificity (80%) and PPV (75%). Conclusion. To prevent progressive fibrosis in MS patients, the FIB-4 index and NFS score seem to be the most suitable surrogate VCTE biomarkers. It may be necessary to take action and further evaluation of liver fibrosis in a tertiary care center for populations at risk after these non-invasive and affordable screening tests are used in primary care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are caused by a dysregulated immune response in the hosts, favored by genetic susceptibility. In addition to symptoms related to the digestive tract, about 40% of patients with IBD also experience extraintestinal manifestations. Although, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been frequently associated with IBDs, the relationship between these two pathologies remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of NAFLD among IBD patients, as well as the factors that connect these two conditions. Material and methods. From January 2022 to November 2022, consecutive IBD patients were enrolled from a tertiary care center hospital in Iasi. Patients' demographic information, clinical characteristics including blood pressure, biological parameters, and anthropometric measurements were collected. Following informed consent, participants underwent a fibroscan evaluation for liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Results. 93 patients with IBD were enrolled (65,3% men, 55,6% with ulcerative colitis). 45 (48,3%) of them were diagnosed with NAFLD, with a mean CAP score of 283 ± 33.4 vs. 215 ± 23.7 in patients with IBD only. Regarding liver fibrosis, mean LSM value in the NAFLD group was 6.8 ± 1.9 kPa vs. 5.7 ± 2.3 kPa in the non-NALFD group. Subjects with NAFLD exhibited higher body mass indexes than those with IBD only (26.2 vs. 33.1, p<0.05). In addition, the prevalence of diabetes was much greater among this group (27.5% vs. 0%; p=0.0001), as was the prevalence of elevated HbA1c levels in the absence of a diabetes diagnosis (14% vs. 7.35%; p=0.23). They also had a non-significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure and greater incidences of hypertension. Compared to those without NAFLD, the NAFLD cohort had higher rates of diagnosed hypercholesterolaemia, were older with a higher mean disease duration and had a higher nonsignificant level of triglycerides. The 10-year risk of myocardial infarction or death estimated by the Framingham risk scores for hard coronary heart disease was higher in the NAFLD group (2.32% vs. 4.27%, p=0.0024). Conclusions. NAFLD is a multifaceted condition that is becoming more common in IBD patients. Although the present evidences in the literature suggest a small risk for the advance of liver fibrosis, the cardiovascular risk seems to be of a greater interest. Considering the above data, patients with IBD should be evaluated with a multidisciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity are independently related to an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the primary cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Even though many subjects with NAFLD are normal weight, it still remains uncertain whether their ASCVD risk is of major importance. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the ASCVD risk between lean and obese patients with NAFLD. Methods. Normal weight and obese patients were evaluated between January 2020 and February 2023 and their data was analyzed. NAFLD was diagnosed by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines was used to evaluate the ASCVD risk. Results. In the obese group, 104 (63.8%) patients were diagnosed with NAFLD, compared to 32 (12.3%) in the lean population. In comparison to those with obese NAFLD, subjects with lean NAFLD had significantly higher ASCVD scores (mean 15.3% vs 22.7%, p<0.001). Moreover, subjects with lean NAFLD and significant liver fibrosis had a higher risk of ASCVD events, compared to their obese counterparts (OR, 2.51 vs 1.95, p=0.034). Regarding the presence of the components of the metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher the obese group, while changes in the lipid profile and higher systolic blood pressure were more frequently found in lean subjects. Conclusions: Subjects with lean NAFLD had an ASCVD score that were significantly higher than those with obese NAFLD. In both study groups, the presence of significant liver fibrosis was an essential risk factor associated with an ASCVD event, but the effects were more pronounced in lean individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation is frequently diagnosed in patients with liver cirrhosis, especially in those with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or alcoholic etiology. Anticoagulant treatment is recommended for thromboembolic protection in patients with atrial fibrillation. Considering the impaired coagulation balance in liver cirrhosis, predisposing patients to bleed or thrombotic events, the anticoagulant treatment is still a matter of debate. Although patients with liver cirrhosis were excluded from the pivotal studies that confirmed the efficacy and safety of the anticoagulant treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation, data from real-life cohorts demonstrated that the anticoagulant treatment in patients with liver cirrhosis could be safe. This review aimed to evaluate the recent data regarding the safety and efficacy of anticoagulant treatment in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Direct oral anticoagulants are safer than warfarin in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. In Child–Pugh class C liver cirrhosis, direct oral anticoagulants are contraindicated. New bleeding and ischemic risk scores should be developed especially for patients with liver cirrhosis, and biomarkers for bleeding complications should be implemented in clinical practice to personalize this treatment in a very difficult population represented by decompensated liver cirrhosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are frequently associated with extraintestinal manifestations, hepatic injury being of concern in these patients. Current literature reports an increased prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis in subjects with IBD and the pathophysiology is yet to be completely understood. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with IBD, as well as to determine the factors that connect these two disorders. Methods: From September 2021 to June 2022, 82 consecutive IBD patients were enrolled from a tertiary care center hospital in Iasi. Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography with Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) was used to assess the presence of NAFLD, with a cut-off score for CAP of 248 dB/m. Significant liver fibrosis was considered at a cut-off for liver stiffness measurements (LSM) of 7.2 kPa. Results: In total, 82 IBD patients (54.8% men, mean age of 49 ± 13 years) were included, 38 (46.3%) of them being diagnosed with NAFLD, with a mean CAP score of 286 ± 35.4 vs. 203 ± 29.7 in patients with IBD only. Age (β = 0.357, p = 0.021), body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.185, p = 0.048), disease duration (β = 0.297, p = 0.041), C—reactive protein (β = 0.321, p = 0.013), fasting plasma glucose (β = 0.269, p = 0.038), and triglycerides (β = 0.273, p = 0.023) were strongly associated with the presence of liver steatosis. The multivariate analysis showed that older age, BMI, and disease duration were strongly associated with significant liver fibrosis in our group. Conclusions: NAFLD is a multifaced pathology with growing prevalence among IBD patients. Additional studies are needed to completely understand this problem and to create a solid evidence-based framework for more effective preventative and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common finding among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Between NAFLD and T2DM exist a bidirectional relationship. Patients with T2DM are at high risk for NAFLD, and evidence suggests that T2DM is linked to progressive NAFLD and poor liver outcomes. NAFLD promotes the development of T2DM and leads to a substantial increase in the risk of T2DM complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with T2DM from north-eastern Romania by using Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography (VCTE) with Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP), which is a non-invasive method and can assess simultaneously liver steatosis and fibrosis. In total, 424 consecutive patients with T2DM were enrolled and evaluated using VCTE with CAP from January 2020 to January 2022. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded in all patients. For the CAP score, we used the following cut-offs: mild steatosis (S1)—274 dB/m, moderate steatosis (S2)—290 dB/m, and severe steatosis (S3)—302 dB/m. For liver fibrosis, to differentiate between fibrosis stages, the cut-off values were F ≥ 8.2 kPa for significant fibrosis (F2), F ≥ 9.7 kPa for advanced fibrosis (F3), and F ≥ 13.6 kPa for cirrhosis (F4). In total, 380 diabetic patients (72.6%) had liver steatosis (51.3% females, the mean age of 55.22 ± 10.88 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 29.12 ± 5.64 kg/m2). Among them, 26 (8.4%) patients had moderate liver steatosis (S2) and 242 (78.5%) patients had severe hepatic steatosis (S3). According to VCTE measurements, 176 (57.14%) patients had liver fibrosis, 36 (11.7%) of them had advanced fibrosis (F3), and 42 (13.6%) diabetic patients had cirrhosis (F4). Univariate analyses showed that severe steatosis was significantly associated with ferritin (β = 0.223, p = 0.022), total cholesterol (β = 0.159, p = 0.031), and HDL-cholesterol (β = −0.120, p = 0.006). In multivariate analyses, BMI (β = 0.349, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (β = 0.211, p = 0.006), and triglycerides (β = 0.132, p = 0.044) were predictors of S3. Patients with T2DM have a high prevalence of severe steatosis and advanced fibrosis which can lead to the development and progression of complications with high morbidity and mortality rates. Hence, it is necessary to implement screening strategies to prevent advanced liver disease in patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between heart and liver cirrhosis was recognized decades ago, although much data regarding atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease are still missing. Ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease (CAD) and liver cirrhosis could be associated with characteristic epidemiological and pathophysiological features. This connection determines increased rates of morbidity and all-cause mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. In the era of a metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pandemic, primary prevention and early diagnosis of coronary artery disease could improve the prognosis of liver cirrhosis patients. This review outlines a summary of the literature regarding prevalence, risk assessment and medical and interventional treatment options in this particular population. A collaborative heart–liver team-based approach is imperative for critical management decisions for patients with CAD and liver cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has had, over the past few decades, a progressively growing prevalence among the general population all over the world, in parallel with metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, and obesity. However, NAFLD is also detected in 10–13% of subjects with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 kg/m² (lean-NAFLD), whose major risk factors remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to characterize the clinical features and associated risk factors of lean-NAFLD in comparison with obese-NAFLD patients. Consecutive patients diagnosed with NAFLD by vibration-controlled transient elastography and controlled attenuation parameter were prospectively enrolled. Biological and clinical data obtained from the participants were stratified according to their BMI in two groups: lean-NAFLD and obese-NAFLD. In total, 331 patients (56.8% males) were included in the final analysis. Most of the subjects were obese-NAFLD (n = 258, 77.9%) and had a higher prevalence of T2DM, dyslipidemia, and components of the metabolic syndrome, together with abnormal biological parameters. Regarding liver stiffness measurements, the proportion of subjects with at least significant fibrosis (≥F2) was approximately twofold higher among obese-NAFLD (43.81%) in comparison with lean-NAFLD patients (23.29%). Moreover, obese individuals had a higher risk for liver fibrosis (OR = 2.6, 95%, CI 1.5–4.42, p < 0.001) than lean individuals. Although associated metabolic conditions and at least significant liver fibrosis were present in approximately one-quarter of the patients, these were more frequent among obese-NAFLD patients. Therefore, individualized screening strategies for NAFLD should be established according to BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the most severe form of liver disease consisting of malignant processes following fibrotic and cirrhotic damage. Despite there are several validated scores for assessing the overall risk to develop HCC in patients diagnosed with chronic liver diseases, most of these are designed for patients with viral hepatitis B and C and subsequently rely on specific measurements, such as viral load or viral profiling. PAGE-B is commonly used to predict HCC risk in patients with viral hepatitis B. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the applicability of PAGE-B in different liver diseases predisposing to HCC. On a series of 104 consecutive patients, PAGE-B was calculated according to standard guidelines. Based on the collected data, the applicability of PAGE-B was evaluated in several liver pathologies predisposing to HCC, such as alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis C, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The mean age of the patients was 67,65 ± 1,15 years, while the sex distribution was 57,28 % males to 42,72 % females. The selected cohort consisted of 11 patients with alcoholic liver disease (10,57 %), 54 patients with chronic viral hepatitis C (51,92 %), and 39 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (37,5 %). We found that the patients with alcoholic liver disease patients scored highest for PAGE-B (20,09 ± 0,45), while non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients score lowest (17,89 ± 0,47), significantly different from one another (p = 0,021). In conclusion, our results suggested that PAGE-B could be useful in evaluating HCC risk in chronic liver diseases, but further studies are needed to find a suitable scoring system to predict the overall risk to develop HCC in patients that are diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]