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This study investigates the optimization of energy efficiency in robust visible light communication (VLC)—intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) systems through a novel resource allocation strategy based on coalitional game theory. By employing coalitional game theory, the proposed strategy optimizes LED power and IRS energy consumption within practical constraints. IRS elements form coalitions centered around a central unit or units, enhancing the system performance through coordinated element management. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in energy efficiency and signal quality compared to conventional methods, validating the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of smart cities and intelligent industries has accentuated the necessity for reliable indoor communication and precise indoor positioning. In response, this paper presents an innovative integrated system for indoor visible light communication and positioning, designed to facilitate robust communication and pinpoint accuracy in positioning for indoor applications. We incorporate multiband carrierless amplitude and phase (m $m$CAP) modulation to mitigate interference between communication and positioning subcarriers. Unlike the conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based subcarrier modulation (OFDM‐SCM), m $m$CAP demonstrates reduced out‐of‐band interference and a diminished peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR). Moreover, we introduce the frequency domain optical zero correlation zone (FD‐OZCZ) code, integrated within the m $m$CAP signal to optimize the distribution of positioning subcarriers. Simulation outcomes substantiate that our proposed m $m$CAP, augmented with FD‐OZCZ, outperforms OFDM‐SCM systems in delivering reliable communication and exceptional positioning accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel resource allocation scheme is proposed for the self-powered visible light communication and positioning (SPVLCP) system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). This scheme can balance the performance of communication, positioning, and energy harvesting by optimizing the power splitting (PS) at the receiver and power allocating on each subcarrier using the multi-verse optimization (MVO) algorithm. The performance of the SPVLCP system using the proposed resource allocation scheme is investigated through simulation and experiment for different constraint conditions and transmission rates. The results indicate that the SPVLCP system using the proposed resource allocation scheme has better performance compared with that using the uniform power allocation scheme. • Communication, positioning, and energy harvesting can be performed simultaneously. • Resource competition exists in the integrated system. • The scheme of resource allocation has better performance than uniform power allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a hybrid multiple access scheme for multi-user underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems is proposed and presented. The scheme combines the respective advantages of orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme to reduce the unfairness among users caused by the unique high-frequency fading characteristics of the underwater optical channel. Multi-verse optimizer (MVO) algorithm is further introduced for solving the nonlinear problem of user power allocation. Experimental results in different water quality environments demonstrate that the hybrid OFDMA/NOMA scheme with MVO effectively improves the communication performance of the established 4-user UWOC system compared to the pure NOMA scheme and the pure OFDMA scheme, and a system sum rate of 3.94 Gbit/s is achieved. • A hybrid OFDMA/NOMA scheme is proposed for UWOC system. • MVO algorithm is introduced for user power allocation. • A sum rate of 3.94 Gbit/s is experimentally achieved in a 4-user UWOC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]