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The article offers information on the racism challenges, along with discusses the media access and consumption in the civil rights era in the U.S. It mentions that media and information technologies are important during political change and social movements. It discusses U.S.'s most significant breakthrough in racial equality and justice since Reconstruction.

The alleged prevalence of anti-gay bias among Black communities in the United States has received ample popular and academic attention in recent decades. But just how consistent is the purported relationship between race and homophobia? In this paper, we use the American National Election Studies and the General Social Survey to show that public claims about "Black homophobia" have been dangerously overstated. Moreover, where racial differences in attitudes toward same-gender sexuality do occur, we find that the two most prevalent scholarly explanations for such gaps—religious institutions and gender ideologies—do not predict anti-gay bias for Black survey respondents. We thus derive an alternative explanation from scholarship on group threat: that perceived competition for political resources is what motivates racial differences in antagonism toward same-gender sexuality. Our results support that alternative and, in so doing, evince the importance of a relational approach to homophobia in academic and activist spheres alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the racial integration of schools in the southern United States, predominantly African American schools were staffed almost exclusively by African American teachers as well, and teaching constituted an extraordinarily large share of professional employment among southern Blacks. The large-scale desegregation of southern schools that occurred after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act represented a potential threat to this employment base, and this paper estimates how student integration affected Black teacher employment. Using newly assembled archival data from 759 southern school districts observed between 1960 and 1972, I estimate that a school district transitioning from fully segregated to fully integrated education, which approximates the experience of the modal southern district in this period, led to a 41.7% reduction in Black teacher employment. Additional results, including event-study specifications and models with extensive controls for concurrent policy changes, strongly suggest that these employment reductions were a causal effect of integration and not due to school district self-selection into desegregation. To study the broader impacts of reduced teaching employment, I estimate race-specific changes in occupations and earnings in the decennial Censuses and find that displaced southern Black teachers either entered lower skill occupations within the South or migrated out of the region to continue teaching and that integration-induced displacement led to substantial earnings reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better serve the growing population of interracial and interethnic parents raising children and adolescents, social workers must strive to understand their unique experiences. The authors analyzed 15 qualitative interviews with parents in interracial and interethnic marriages raising at least one child 11- to 18-years-old to understand their parenting practices and what they are confronting. Five racial-ethnic socialization strategies were found – cultural socialization, preparation for bias, promoting egalitarianism, imparting anti-racist messages, and teaching the strengths of Biracialism. In addition, three themes or challenges were found that the parents were faced with and to which they needed to respond. These included being affected by the current racial climate in the United States, their children's racial presentation, and the role the children's grandparents and extended family play. This paper includes recommendations for social worker practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the segregation and the initial provision of water in the U.S. It mentions that water and sewer infrastructure have historically played a crucial role in eliminating waterborne threats. It discusses that higher rates of residential segregation built their waterworks earlier but were slower to eliminate typhoid fever.

Professor Robert Cover is recognized as a leading scholar of law and literature; decades after his untimely passing, his works continue to be widely cited. Because of his interest in narrative, he is credited as a contributor to the development of Critical Race Theory. This essay proposes that in addition to narrative, some of his other, substantive works about race were also important precursors to a more sophisticated appreciation of U.S. race relations. Professor Cover is also entitled to credit for understanding racism as a pervasive system, and one which went beyond Black and White. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public perceptions of science and scientific institutions have become more negative in recent years, especially among individuals who identify as ideologically conservative in the United States. While there is much work investigating the origins and implications of this decline, we focus instead on understanding the ways in which symbols of scientific expertise, like the university, convey information in a politicized environment. Universities are seen as trusted scientific experts or biased propagandists, depending on individuals' ideological identification. Are individuals more likely to believe research coming out of universities that they perceive to reflect their own ideological biases? This project looks at the effect of the academic source cue – the university label – on individual assessments of the research that these universities produce. Drawing on results from two survey experiments focused on climate change and racial wealth disparity research, we find that while liberals are more likely to believe research that confirms their previously held beliefs, they are also more likely to believe incongruent information when it comes from a university that they believe shares their bias. Conservatives, on the other hand, remain skeptical of academic research despite the message or its' source. The findings point toward both "blind trust" and "blind skepticism" in academic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a dramatic increase in Asian-White biracial individuals in the US, there is still a lack of research on this population. Using phenomenology, the purpose of this study was to delve into the lived experiences of Asian-White interracial couples and their experiences raising their biracial children. A total of 10 couples participated, and they reported on their perception of their children's racial/ethnic identity, their children's understanding of race, the types of racial and cultural socialization practices in which they engaged, cultural differences within their family, and differential treatment based on their children's appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with mixed-race ancestry may experience connection with multiple ethnoracial groups, and ethnoracial discrimination may be associated with which ethnoracial groups individuals believe their fate is linked to. Using The Mixed-Race Ancestry Survey (2019), we examine the connection between people's reports of personal and group-level discrimination and their linked fate (believing what happens to a certain ethnoracial group impacts them) with various ethnoracial groups. Findings reveal that as personally experiencing ethnoracial discrimination increases, linked fate with all ethnoracial minorities increases. Thus, discrimination is strongly associated not only with linked fate with one's own ethnoracial minority group, but also the fate of other racialized minorities in the U.S. In addition, believing an ethnoracial group is discriminated against increases linked fate with said group in almost every case – including perceiving discrimination against Whites being associated with increased linked fate with Whites. Understanding the relationships between personal and group-level ethnoracial discrimination and linked fate strengthens our ability to predict outcomes and plan for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racially minoritized groups are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) degree programs and careers, warranting the need to examine students' racialized experiences in K‐12 settings that may influence their STEM persistence. In particular, the current study explored adolescent perceptions of school racial climate (SRC) as a potential contributor to pre‐college racial disparities in STEM. We used latent class analysis to group adolescents based on their SRC perceptions and explored group differences in their interest in a STEM career and their belonging, psychological needs satisfaction, and engagement in STEM courses. Adolescent participants (N = 412, 50.2% female, 36.9% male, 12.9% other/not reported, Mage = 15.72 years, standard deviation = 1.24) attending five high schools in the Southeastern United States, were grouped into five classes based on their perceptions of SRC: Critical SRC (CritSRC), Average SRC, Average with Stereotyping, Positive SRC (PosSRC), and Positive with Stereotyping. Latent class membership differed by race, age, and learning environment. Results revealed that students with more positive perceptions of SRC reported greater belonging, engagement, and needs satisfaction in their STEM courses and more interest in a STEM career compared to students with CritSRC perceptions. Findings also indicated that White students were more likely than Black students to perceive a PosSRC. Recommendations for areas of future research and policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many sites on the battleground of the United States in which racism and classism rage is the all-too-overlooked mental health industrial complex. Over the past four decades, the mental health industrial complex has used the biomedical explanation for mental suffering. This focus on diagnoses that result from problems of the brain and not from social factors has contributed to an exponential increase of consumed medications and total revenue earned from the mental health and addiction services provided in the United States. Moreover, this specific ontology of subjectivity—that humans are solely defined by their material brains—helps serve the interests of the dominant hegemony. It is the assertion of this article that today as persons are conditioned to understand mental illness as a result of a purely individual problem, they become unaware of the ways in which the structural problems of race and class contribute to their mental illness. As a therapist who works with marginalized populations, I have seen firsthand how the biomedical model can be used to reinforce the illnesses that it aims to treat. The following article will illustrate the complex dynamics of the mental health industrial complex by way of analyzing three case studies of Black, male patients who I treated while working at a mental health facility in the Northeastern United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the continued racism and oppression experienced by Black Americans in the United States, ethnic-racial socialization—explicit and implicit messages about the meaning and significance of race—remains a critical process among Black families. However, one aspect of the ethnic-racial socialization process about which there is limited research concerns the ways in which Black parenting couples navigate this process together. Building on our prior work exploring Black coparenting related to ethnic-racial socialization (Jones & Neblett, 2019), the purpose of this study was to explore whether distinct dyadic profiles of ethnic-racial socialization exist among Black couples. Using latent profile analysis of dyadic data from 59 Black mixed gender couples (42 married, 17 cohabiting), three patterns of Black couple socialization emerged. Balanced and Higher (N = 40) couples tended to have similar message delivered between mothers and fathers, with overall higher frequency. Among Low Mother Egalitarian (N = 15) couples, mothers were significantly less likely to deliver messages centering on equality among racial groups. Lastly, High Mother Socialization (N = 4) was characterized by mothers who reported greater racial pride and egalitarian messages relative to their male counterparts. In addition, sociodemographic and race-related correlates that distinguished these dyadic patterns were identified. Implications and future directions for supporting Black families in the ethnic-racial socialization process. Highlights: There appear to be distinct patterns of ethnic-racial socialization among Black, different gender parenting couples. Although in most couples mothers and fathers provide messages at a similar frequency, some couples are identified by either mothers of fathers providing greater messages. Dyadic patterns of ethnic-racial socialization are associated with a number of racially relevant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do social group boundaries evolve? Does the appearance of a new out-group change the in-group's perceptions of other out-groups? We introduce a conceptual framework of context-dependent categorization in which exposure to one minority leads to recategorization of other minorities as in- or out-groups depending on perceived distances across groups. We test this framework by studying how Mexican immigration to the United States affected white Americans' attitudes and behaviors toward Black Americans. We combine survey and crime data with a difference-in-differences design and an instrumental variables strategy. Consistent with the theory, Mexican immigration improves whites' racial attitudes, increases support for pro-Black government policies, and lowers anti-Black hate crimes while simultaneously increasing prejudice against Hispanics. Results generalize beyond Hispanics and Blacks, and a survey experiment provides direct evidence for recategorization. Our findings imply that changes in the size of one group can affect the entire web of intergroup relations in diverse societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Gallup survey data and online news from 2015 to 2020, this study explored the degree to which audiences "meld" agendas from a wide array of news sources for the five most popular issues in the U.S.: the government and politicians, immigration, the economy, race relations, and healthcare. Overall, audiences of varying ideology had agendas that were congruent. Media agendas also appeared congruent, except on the issue of the economy. Conservative news media had a strong influence on audience issue salience. Horizontal (all partisan) and vertical (nonpartisan) media were in a virtual tie for influence among audiences. Despite an erosion in media trust, conservatives were receptive to issue salience from news media of all types, including liberal media. Liberals did not mirror elite media issue saliences, but were influenced by all other types of media, including conservative media. Moderates were influenced by the entire media landscape, to a somewhat even degree. Four out of the five issues studied here showed varying news media influence with no one media group nor ideology owning the agendas of an issue. The exception observed here was the issue of healthcare, which was influenced exclusively by liberal media for all three ideological groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) disproportionately affects Black adults in the United States. This is increasingly acknowledged to be due to inequitable distribution of health-promoting resources. One potential contributor is inequities in educational opportunities, although it is unclear what aspects of education are most salient. School racial segregation may affect cardiovascular health by increasing stress, constraining socioeconomic opportunities, and altering health behaviors. We investigated the association between school segregation and Black adults' CVD risk.Methods and Findings: We leveraged a natural experiment created by quasi-random (i.e., arbitrary) timing of local court decisions since 1991 that released school districts from court-ordered desegregation. We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) (1991 to 2017), linked with district-level school segregation measures and desegregation court order status. The sample included 1,053 Black participants who ever resided in school districts that were under a court desegregation order in 1991. The exposure was mean school segregation during observed schooling years. Outcomes included several adult CVD risk factors and outcomes. We fitted standard ordinary least squares (OLS) multivariable linear regression models, then conducted instrumental variables (IV) analysis, using the proportion of schooling years spent in districts that had been released from court-ordered desegregation as an instrument. We adjusted for individual- and district-level preexposure confounders, birth year, and state fixed effects. In standard linear models, school segregation was associated with a lower probability of good self-rated health (-0.05 percentage points per SD of the segregation index; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.03; p < 0.001) and a higher probability of binge drinking (0.04 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.07; p = 0.04) and heart disease (0.01 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.15; p = 0.007). IV analyses also found that school segregation was associated with a lower probability of good self-rated health (-0.09 percentage points; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.02, p = 0.02) and a higher probability of binge drinking (0.17 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.30, p = 0.008). For IV estimates, only binge drinking was robust to adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing. Limitations included self-reported outcomes and potential residual confounding and exposure misclassification.Conclusions: School segregation exposure in childhood may have longstanding impacts on Black adults' cardiovascular health. Future research should replicate these analyses in larger samples and explore potential mechanisms. Given the recent rise in school segregation, this study has implications for policies and programs to address racial inequities in CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People in carceral institutions are at increased risk for COVID-19 infection. Applying critical race theory to the problem of COVID-19 provides tools to analyze the risk of infection and evaluate the public health response within the imprisoned, jailed, and detained population. On the surface, this is due to factors related to a lack of hygiene products, an inability to physically distance, a low quality and inaccessible health care, and poor health. However, at root, the increased risk for infection is directly linked to the legacy of slavery and colonization within the history of US prisons, jails, and detention centers. As a solution to the crisis of COVID-19 and prevention of future pandemics within prisons, jails and detention centers, a critical race orientation provides reason and direction for mass decarceration and racial justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines scholarly works on early 19th-century American literature. Topics discussed include the use of mass media and class protest by writers to comment on race relations in the U.S., the use of religious agency and celebrity by women writers to make their literary voices heard, scholars' analysis of the influence of urban life on author Edgar Allan Poe, and scholars' criticism of works by African American writers, like Frederick Douglass.

The article discusses race relations issues in the U.S., particularly the factors that stratify and divide American society. Also cited are how the COVID-19 pandemic showed the preexisting institutional and infrastructural vulnerabilities and inequalities in the U.S. and how systemic racism, white supremacy, and anti-African American sentiments were reflected in the killing of African Americans like Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, and Travis McMichael.

The girl protagonists in Jean Kwok's Girl in Translation and Kelly Yang's Front Desk embody and reinterpret the notion of guai (loosely translated as "good") in their struggle to adapt to life in America. Guai is the most important concept governing childhood in Chinese societies. The word, often used to praise children, denotes obedience, docility, the acceptance of authority and conformity to accepted norms of behaviour. This essay explores how familial, racial and institutional forces impinge on and reshape the protagonists' understanding of what it means to be a "good Chinese girl" to push beyond analyses of Asian American texts for young people as perpetuating or challenging the idea of the model minority. Given the significance of guai in the lives of Chinese American children, it is necessary to analyse how specific Asian cultural logics are adapted to the American context. Discussions about Asian American identities must not only explicate the "American-ness" of characters' choices but also consider the ways in which "Chineseness" shapes, constitutes and diversifies the "Asian" in what it means to be an Asian American. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]