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Control laws can be constructed in systems design by introducing parameters to obtain good system performance or robustness. Cai et al., in their paper 'Design of LPV controller for morphing aircraft using inexact scheduling parameters', establish a linear parameter-varying model for a morphing aircraft by Jacobian linearization. With such a model, Cai et al. investigate the design problem of gain-scheduled output-feedback controllers by using inexact scheduling parameters for morphing aircraft during the wing transition process. [Extracted from the article]

The random fluctuation of renewable power generation output makes the frequency and voltage of distribution network fluctuate frequently. And the stable operation performance of the system is decreased. Therefore, the sliding mode control (SMC) strategy of grid-forming (GFM) energy storage converter with fast active support of frequency and voltage is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control possessing the superior GFM performance is applied to single-stage neutral point clamped (NPC) converter of energy storage system. Meantime, the improved comprehensive equivalent circuit model of lithium iron phosphate battery and equivalent model of converter are constructed by means of ampere-hour method and Kirchhoff's law. Then, the SMC with fast response and strong robustness is utilized into the current inner-loop controller. Combined with VSG control, the SMC strategy of GFM energy storage converter is proposed, so that the converter could play an active supporting role by quickly adjusting the output power while the frequency and voltage are reduced. Finally, the simulation model of GFM energy storage converter SMC system is established. Through the simulation analyses, it can be seen that the response time of the proposed strategy to complete the active support is about 0.65 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of today's society, the traffic environment has become more and more complex. As an essential part of intelligent vehicles, trajectory tracking has attracted significant attention for its stability and safety. It is prone to poor accuracy and instability in extreme working conditions like high speed. In this paper, a trajectory tracking control strategy to ensure lateral stability at a high speed and low attachment limit conditions is proposed for distributed drive vehicles. The model predictive controller (MPC) was used to control the front wheel angle, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was designed to optimize the MPC control parameters adaptively. The sliding mode controller controls the rear wheel angle, and the vehicle instability degree is judged by analyzing the β − β ˙ phase plane. The controllers of different instability degrees are designed herein. Finally, a torque divider is designed to consider the actuation anti-slip. The designed controller is verified by Carsim and MATLAB-Simulink co-simulation. The results show that the trajectory tracking controller designed in this paper effectively improves the tracking accuracy under the premise of ensuring stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of automated vehicles, researches related to automated vehicle platoon (AVP) have received more and more attention. AVP is considered one of the effective means to alleviate traffic congestion and reduce vehicle energy consumption. This paper studies a three‐layer method of avoiding obstacle vehicles in traffic by switching the formation for the automated heavy vehicle platoon. In the decision‐making layer, a decision‐making system based on the finite‐state machine is established for formation switching. In the second layer, the lane‐changing trajectory is optimized based on the quantic polynomial curve fitting for vehicles that need to change lanes. In terms of vehicle control layer, each vehicle has a longitudinal controller based on sliding mode control and a lateral controller based on model predictive control to track the planned trajectory to complete the target formation. Finally, the proposed method is simulated in MATLAB/TruckSim. The simulation results show that the proposed method could effectively avoid the obstacle vehicles by switching the formation and has a small average value of errors in speed tracking and trajectory tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper [[21]] proposes an analytic solution for state-constrained optimal tracking control problems for continuous-time linear time-invariant (CT-LTI) systems based on model-based prediction, quadratic penalty function, and a variational approach. Special Issue Topics This Special Issue has received several submissions, out of which 13 contributions passed the review process and have been published. In recent years, research into the control of robotic and mechatronic systems has led to a wide variety of advanced paradigms and techniques, which have been extensively analysed and discussed in the scientific literature. Overall, the accepted papers illustrate a wide variety of alternative approaches and methods for improving the performance of mechatronic and robotic systems, with possible additional applications in related emerging fields, such as biomechanics. [Extracted from the article]

The paper reports the detection performance based on standard databases and the results are compared with other algorithms to bring out the efficacy of the overall algorithm. The algorithm performance is reported in terms of several measures that are also compared with other meta-heuristic optimization algorithms. The performance is also tested for optimization problems in power engineering area for micro-grid with renewable energy resources to show the efficacy of the algorithm for specific optimization tasks. [Extracted from the article]

In response to the challenges in mobile robot path tracking using model predictive control, where the predictive model weakens the controller’s ability to respond to sudden changes in the reference path curvature and heading, this paper proposes a composite control strategy suitable for agricultural robots. The strategy combines the maximum torque per ampere control and an Extended State Observer (ESO). The paper initially establishes a mathematical model for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) considering aggregated disturbances. It designs a position tracking controller based on a non-singular terminal sliding mode and convergence law. This controller, employing a non-cascaded structure, replaces traditional position and velocity loop controllers and is proven to be stable with finite-time convergence through Lyapunov’s theorem. To enhance the system’s disturbance rejection capabilities further, the paper introduces an ESO to estimate system disturbances and applies it for feedforward compensation. The paper concludes by providing stability proof for the overall PMSM servo system in agricultural robots. Finally, the paper conducts simulations and experimental verifications based on the designed controller, demonstrating that the controller exhibits excellent path tracking performance, fast convergence, and robustness against external disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal objective of the paper is to show the importance of the Hamiltonian in control theory. Instead of using the Lagrangian formulation of electromechanical or robotic systems, our work is focused on robot dynamics by its Hamiltonian. Using the iterative Newton–Euler, we generate the local Hamiltonians and the derivative of the moments at each joint of the robot manipulator. Thus, we can apply decentralized controllers at each joint. We compare and discuss the efficiency of the controllers. We show that the performance of the sliding modes controller is more robust than that of the PD or Bang–Bang controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new disturbance observer concept based on the information of the estimated and measured signals for a micro-electro-mechanical system. First, the sliding-mode observer based on the linear matrix inequality was designed to estimate the states of a micro-electro-mechanical system gyroscope. Second, a new disturbance observer was proposed for estimating perturbations of the T-S fuzzy micro-electro-mechanical system gyroscope. Third, the double phase's fixedtime sliding-mode control was designed to control the positions and velocities of the MEMS system. The proposed disturbance observer input signals were taken into account from the measured and estimated signals. Two cases of high magnitudes and high frequencies disturbances were used to test the power of the proposed disturbance observer. Fourth, the Lyapunov condition was used to verify the corrections of the proposed controller and observer. Finally, the simulation by using MATLAB software was used to show the power of the proposed methods. The achievements of the small reachingtime, small tracking error, and stable steady-states under the vibration form outside of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonholonomic constrained wheeled mobile robot (WMR) trajectory tracking requires the enhancement of the ground adaptation capability of the WMR while ensuring its attitude tracking accuracy, a novel dual closed-loop control structure is developed to implement this motion/force coordinated control objective in this paper. Firstly, the outer-loop motion controller is presented using Laguerre functions modified model predictive control (LMPC). Optimised solution condition is introduced to reduce the number of LMPC solutions. Secondly, an inner-loop force controller based on adaptive integral sliding mode control (AISMC) is constructed to ensure the desired velocity tracking and output driving torques by combining second-order nonlinear extended state observer (ESO) with the estimation of dynamic uncertainties and external disturbances during WMR travelling process. Then, Lyapunov stability theory is utilised to guarantee the consistent final boundedness of the designed controller. Finally, the system is numerically simulated and practically verified. The results show that the double-closed-loop control strategy devised in this paper has better control performance in terms of complex trajectory tracking accuracy, system resistance to strong interference and computational timeliness, and is able to realise effective coordinated control of WMR motion/force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel hybrid type-2 fuzzy sliding mode control approach for regulating active and reactive power exchanged with the utility grid by a doubly-fed induction generator in a wind energy conversion system. The main objective of this hybridization is to eliminate the steady-state chattering phenomenon inherent in sliding mode control while improving the transient delays caused by type-2 fuzzy controllers. In addition, the proposed control approach has proven to be successful in coping with varying generator parameters and exhibited good reference tracking. An in-depth comparative study with state-of-the-art advanced control techniques is also the focus of the present paper. The comparative study has three objectives, namely: a qualitative comparative study that aims to compare response times and reference tracking capabilities; a quantitative evaluation that takes into account time-integrated performance criteria; and finally, robustness capabilities. The simulation results, carried out in the Matlab/Simulink environment, have demonstrated the effectiveness and best performance of the proposed hybrid type-2 fuzzy sliding mode control with respect to other advanced techniques included in the comparison study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addressed the challenging problem of distributed optimization for nonlinear singular perturbation multi-agent systems. The main focus lies in steering the system outputs toward the optimal points of a globally objective function, which was formed by the combination of several local functions. To achieve this objective, the singular perturbation multi-agent system was initially decomposed into fast and slow subsystems. Compared to traditional methods, robustness in referencetracking signals was ensured through the design of fast-slow sliding mode controllers. Additionally, our method ensured robustness against errors between reference signals and optimal values by employing a distributed optimizer to generate precise reference signals. Furthermore, the stability of the entire closed-loop system was rigorously guaranteed through the application of the small-gain theorem. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach, a numerical example was presented, providing empirical validation of its effectiveness in practical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of this paper is to propose an adaptive fast terminal sliding mode controller that ensures exact predefined time stability of aerial manipulation tracking control based upon the nonlinear disturbance observer.The proposed control strategy is continuous and provides reliability in the situation of model error and nonvanishing disturbance.The adaptive parameter can adapt to the states of a system aimed at increasing the robustness of an aerial manipulator while reducing system chattering. Furthermore, the proposed nonlinear disturbance observer provides a scheme where the estimation of the observer can converge to the actual value within a given predefined time for the sake of enhancing robustness of the aerial manipulation system. Simulation results show the viability of the proposed controller in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, nonsingular prescribed-time control is studied based on periodic delayed sliding mode surfaces. Different from the existing sliding mode control, where either singularity problems may appear or the convergence time depends on the initial state, the proposed sliding mode control approaches can achieve prescribed-time convergence without singularity. The proposed nonsingular sliding mode control approaches can be applied to both second-order and high-order nonlinear systems with prescribed-time convergence. As applications of the proposed sliding mode control approaches, the control of hypersonic vehicle systems is revisited. Numerical simulations on the nonlinear model of the hypersonic vehicle system show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a nonsingular sliding mode fault-tolerant control method with fixed-time convergence for a class of robot manipulators with uncertainties, external disturbances, and actuator failures. We estimate self-friction and external disturbances by designing a disturbance observer. Furthermore, based on the disturbance observer, we propose a sliding mode control method for the considered uncertain robot manipulator. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the importance of control schemes in improving the performance and reliability of actuators. It provides an overview of various control schemes, including Model Predictive Control, Fuzzy Logic Control, and Neural Network Control, among others. The choice of control scheme depends on the system's characteristics, desired performance, and environmental conditions. The article also summarizes specific research papers that explore different control schemes in depth, covering topics such as fault diagnosis and control strategies for electric vehicles, friction compensation control for robot manipulators, and trajectory control for precision linear stages. The summary concludes by acknowledging the authors and reviewers for their contributions to the special issue. [Extracted from the article]

The modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) is a dynamic power balancing system. The control system of MMC generally adopts a dual closed-loop vector control strategy based on the traditional instantaneous power model under asymmetric grid state, which has complex control structure and low control accuracy. This paper introduces a flexible instantaneous power model and establishes a general power equation with active power and new reactive power as control objects. Based on this, an improved sliding-mode MMC-HVDC direct power control strategy based on the new instantaneous power model is proposed which combines the flexible instantaneous power model and the improved sliding-mode control method to eliminate the twice grid-frequency ripples in both active and reactive power under asymmetric grid states. Furthermore, it omits the inner-loop controller and power compensation terms while optimizing the control structure. Simulation results show that the proposed method has better dynamic responsiveness, control accuracy and robustness under operating conditions such as asymmetric grid state and parameter perturbation which can better exploit the advantages of the flexible instantaneous power model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate a novel impact time control guidance (ITCG) law based on the sliding mode control (SMC) for a nonmaneuvering target using the predicted interception point (PIP). Design/methodology/approach: To intercept the target with the minimal miss distance and desired impact time, an estimation of time-to-go is introduced. This estimation results in a precise impact time for multimissiles salvo attack the target at the same time. Even for a large lead angle, the desired impact time is achieved by using the sliding mode and Lyapunov stability theory. The singularity issue of the proposed impact time guidance laws is also analyzed to achieve an arbitrary lead angle with the desired impact time. Findings: Numerical scenarios with desired impact time are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed ITCG law. Comparison with the state-of-art impact time guidance laws proves that the guidance law in this paper can enable the missile to intercept the target with minimal miss distance and final impact time error. This method enables multiple missiles to attack the target simultaneously with different distances and arbitrary lead angles. Originality/value: An ITCG law based on sliding mode and Lyapunov stability theory is proposed, and the switching surface is designed based on a novel estimation time-to-go for the missile to intercept the target with minimal miss distance. To intercept the target with initial arbitrary lead angles and desired impact time, the authors analysis the singular issue in SMC to ensure that the missile can intercept the target with arbitrary lead angle. The proposed approach for a nonmaneuvering target using the PIP has simple forms, and therefore, they have the superiority of being implemented easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the current complex problem of the mechanized high-quality picking of tender tea buds, this paper designs a tender tea bud-picking manipulator. In the picking process, the quality of the petiole and leaf blade of the tender tea bud is crucial, as the traditional cutting picking method destroys the cell structure of the tender tea buds, resulting in rapid oxidation of the cuts, thus losing the bright green appearance and pure taste. For this reason, this paper draws on the quality requirements of tender tea buds and traditional manual picking technology, simulating the process of the manual picking action, putting forward a 'rotary pull-up' clamping and ripping picking method, and designing the corresponding actuating structure. Using PVDF material piezoelectric thin-film sensors to detect the clamping force of the tender tea bud picking, the corresponding sensor hardware circuit is designed. In addition, the finite element analysis method is also used to carry out stress analysis on the mechanical fingers to verify the rationality of the automatic mechanism to ensure the high-quality picking of tender tea buds. In terms of the control of the manipulator, an SMC-PID control method is designed by using MATLAB/Simulink 2021 and Adam 2020 software for joint simulation. The way to control the closed-loop system angle and angular velocity error feedback is by adjusting the PID parameters, which quickly converts the sliding mode control to the sliding mode surface. The simulation results show that the SMC-PID control method proposed in this paper can meet the demand in tender tea bud picking and simultaneously has high control accuracy, response speed, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies an improved super-twisting sliding mode controller (IST-SMC) for the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) voltage loop to improve the anti-disturbance capability of the system. Compared to conventional voltage controllers, the control algorithm provides advantages in terms of system resistance to load disturbances. Conventional voltage controllers have significant voltage fluctuations and long recovery times during sudden load changes. To solve this problem, a voltage loop controller based on a super-twisting sliding mode (ST-SMC) is designed to enhance the immunity of the system. Also, the ST-SMC was improved to further increase the convergence rate of the system and enhance the dynamic performance. The convergence of the system away from the balance point is accelerated by introducing an exponential term, which in turn provides an improvement in the dynamic performance of the system. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme was verified on a PMSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the model (m:n), to improve the autonomous collaborative interception capability for air vehicle, a new autonomous cross-collaborative interception algorithm based on GTSMC (Global Terminal Sliding Mode Control) and real-time virtual geometry is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the conception of an autonomous cross-collaboration is defined and the multi-air vehicle for the multi- object interception problem is formulated. Then, this paper presents the dynamic situation assessment function, which considers the real-time flight status and cooperative status of the air vehicle during the interception of the object. At the same time, this paper states the condition of whether the air vehicle is in a cooperative state and proves it. After completing the dynamic situation assessment, and considering the dynamic of the air vehicles, a new controller is designed by using GTSMC and the idea of backstepping method. Simultaneously, this paper gives a stability analysis of the closed-loop system by using Lyapunov theory. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, several simulation cases which consider different interception scenarios are given. The simulation results show that the new collaborative interception algorithm can provide better autonomous cross-collaborative interception capability and higher accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic inverters are widely utilized in microgrid systems working as the key equipment for converting solar energy into usable electricity. This paper presents a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) method for the photovoltaic inverter in a microgrid. The inverter module uses voltage control to achieve stable AC output voltage. Moreover, to deal with system uncertainty and non-linearity in the photovoltaic inverter, a fuzzy controller was designed to realize real-time adaptation of the gains of the constant term and the reaching term in the sliding mode control law, which serves as a compensating controller for traditional sliding mode control. The gains of the exponential reaching law can be adjusted according to the system state instead of fixed gains, which can effectively reduce the chattering phenomenon and improve the robustness of the photovoltaic microgrid. Finally, the Lyapunov stability theory was used to ensure the stability of the entire control system, achieving a high-performance independent power supply for loads in a microgrid. Simulation results show that the designed control system is more robust to load disturbances and has superior dynamic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of technology, social media has become an integral part of people's daily lives. This has resulted in the emergence of a new group of individuals known as "professional operation people". These individuals actively engage with social media platforms, taking on roles as content creators, influencers, or professionals utilizing social media for marketing and networking purposes. Therefore, in this article, we designed a six-dimensional fractional-order social media addiction model (FOSMA) in the sense of Caputo, which took into account the professional operations population. Initially, we established the positivity and boundedness of the FOSMA model. After that, the basic regeneration number and the equilibrium points (no addiction equilibrium point and addiction equilibrium point) were computed. Then, the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points were proved. In order to investigate the bifurcation behavior of the model when R 0 = 1 , we extended the Sotomayor theorem from integer-order to fractional-order systems. Next, by the frequency analysis method, we converted the fractional order model into an equivalent partial differential system. The tanh function was introduced into the scheme of sliding mode surface. The elimination of addiction was achieved by the action of the fractional order sliding mode control law. Finally, simulation results showed that fractional order values, nonlinear transmission rates, and specialized operating populations had a significant impact on predicting and controlling addiction. The fractional-order sliding mode control we designed played an important role in eliminating chatter, controlling addiction, and ensuring long-term effectiveness. The results of this paper have far-reaching implications for future work on modeling and control of fractional-order systems in different scenarios, such as epidemic spread, ecosystem stabilization, and game addiction. With the advancement of technology, social media has become an integral part of people's daily lives. This has resulted in the emergence of a new group of individuals known as "professional operation people". These individuals actively engage with social media platforms, taking on roles as content creators, influencers, or professionals utilizing social media for marketing and networking purposes. Therefore, in this article, we designed a six-dimensional fractional-order social media addiction model (FOSMA) in the sense of Caputo, which took into account the professional operations population. Initially, we established the positivity and boundedness of the FOSMA model. After that, the basic regeneration number and the equilibrium points (no addiction equilibrium point and addiction equilibrium point) were computed. Then, the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points were proved. In order to investigate the bifurcation behavior of the model when we extended the Sotomayor theorem from integer-order to fractional-order systems. Next, by the frequency analysis method, we converted the fractional order model into an equivalent partial differential system. The tanh function was introduced into the scheme of sliding mode surface. The elimination of addiction was achieved by the action of the fractional order sliding mode control law. Finally, simulation results showed that fractional order values, nonlinear transmission rates, and specialized operating populations had a significant impact on predicting and controlling addiction. The fractional-order sliding mode control we designed played an important role in eliminating chatter, controlling addiction, and ensuring long-term effectiveness. The results of this paper have far-reaching implications for future work on modeling and control of fractional-order systems in different scenarios, such as epidemic spread, ecosystem stabilization, and game addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While maintaining the stability of a nonlinear system is a difficult and complicated issue, it becomes even more complicated when considering the uncertainty of system parameters. To accomplish robust stability of such systems and satisfactory performance, it is required to continuously monitor the system measurements and provide periodic control actions, which is impractical in systems with limited communication bandwidth or processing capacity. This paper considers the use of event-triggered sliding mode control (ET-SMC) in controlling a nonlinear system that has the appealing property of updating the computed control action only if an event indicates that the control error exceeds a tolerable limit. Which notably saves computations in the control task while ensuring equivalent performance. First, the ET approach is used in combination with continuous time sliding mode control (CT-SMC). Next, the ET approach is used in combination with discrete time sliding mode control (DT-SMC). Then, a comparison is held between the two controllers to show the superiority of adding the ET technique to the designed controllers (CT-SMC and DT-SMC). In both cases, the well-known Zeno Phenomenon is a possible challenge that should be avoided. In this paper, waiting for a fixed amount of time after each sampling instant and checking a state-dependent criterion is the technique used in the transmission conditions to prevent the occurrence of the Zeno phenomenon. The simulation results demonstrate the effect of adding the ET strategy to the SMC in both continuous and discrete cases. The ET-based controllers developed in this study reduce the number of samples required to generate control action by approximately 98% as compared to the classical sliding mode control schemes. In addition to maintaining robust stability and satisfactory system performance in the presence of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction motors are used in a wide range of industrial applications, especially as variable speed drives and for motion control. These motors have complex dynamic performance and nonlinear characteristics. The torque ripples in steady state operation, particularly at low speeds limits their application. Although the field orientation control principle provides an effective algorithm but due to its complexity, a novel direct torque control (DTC) approach is proposed in this paper. The control approach's simplicity and novel control characteristics were minimally negatively affected by significant torque and flux ripples. There are a wide range of applications for space vector modulation with the proposed DTC approach. Though some of the drawbacks of the conventional DTC have been addressed, which include issues such as robustness to parameter variation and load disturbance still remain unresolved. As a result, to mitigate these disadvantages, sliding mode DTC was applied to an induction motor control to reduce torque ripple. Therefore, in this paper, a novel space vector modulation (SVM) based fractional order sliding mode control (FOSMC) of induction motor is proposed. For this purpose, a fractional order proportional integral sliding surface was designed. To improve the control performance of the system, the speed control loop was implemented using super twisting sliding mode control (SMC). Furthermore, to estimate the stator flux, torque, and flux angle, neural networks has been employed. The proposed controller's stability was examined using the Lyapunov stability analysis. The simulation results confirm the proposed control method's effectiveness and validity. The sliding mode torque (SMT) control and estimators were found to be unaffected by parameter variation and load disturbance. A super twisting algorithm-based speed SMC, in conjunction with a fractional order proportional integral sliding surface was found to effectively reduce the torque ripples. Furthermore, chattering was reduced by using a super twisting algorithm for speed control. The torque ripple band was modified by ±6 Nm using the fractional SMC and the flux ripple band was modified by ±0.04 Wb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively suppress the effects of uncertainties including unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances in the vehicle stabilization system, a nonlinear robust control strategy based on a multilayer neural network is proposed in this paper. First, the mechanical and electrical coupling dynamics model of the vehicle stabilization system, considering model uncertainty and actuator dynamics, is refined. Second, the lumped uncertainty of the vehicle stabilization system is estimated by a multi-layer neural network and compensated by feedforward control. The high robustness of the system is ensured by constructing the sliding mode feedback control law. The proposed control method overcomes the limitations of sliding mode technology and the neural network and is naturally applied to the vehicle stabilization system, avoiding the adverse effects of high-gain feedback. Based on Lyapunov theory, it is demonstrated that the proposed controller is able to achieve the desired stability tracking performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by co-simulation and comparative experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests a new dynamic sliding mode controller incorporating a disturbance observer for controlling integrating processes with time delay. Here, a new reaching law has been introduced to expedite the system response without evoking chattering. The convergence of this law is also studied. Additionally, the whole system stability is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory. This paper also proposes a new disturbance observer to improve the disturbance rejection and to help suppress chattering further. The suggested observer has only one parameter to be designed. Therefore, this observer can easily be implemented. Several simulation examples and a real-time application are considered to prove the superiority of the suggested controller over the reported controllers in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, most of the works are based on electric vehicle usage for sustainable transportation using traditional energy storage device, such as battery. Usage of batteries in electric vehicles is having several disadvantages, for example, life span, temperature, and charge estimation. In this paper, a novel control scheme for battery and supercapacitor- (SC-) based hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using hybrid proportional and integral- (PI-) sliding mode control (SMC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications is introduced and implemented. This HESS with hybrid controller proves the usage of batteries in EVs to its fullest potential. The conventional control strategy for HESS follows two-loop voltage and current PI controllers with low-pass filter (LPF) and involves tuning of multiple control parameters with variations of source and load disturbances. Performance of the system is affected by tuning PI controller constants. A slow response time with linear PI controllers is long which is not advisable for starting and sudden jerk conditions of EVs. Moreover, the PI controller performance is affected by the system parameter variations during load changes. And these parameters are dynamic in nature due to nonideal conditions. In this paper, a hybrid PI-sliding mode controller (SMC) scheme is designed to control the bidirectional DC-DC converters to overcome the drawbacks of aforementioned issues. The combined PI-SMC controller reduces the tuning effort and reduces the effect of shift in operating point in controller performance. Linear modeling is done using small signal analysis for each subsystems. Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is used as electric vehicle. The entire system and its controllers are simulated using MATLAB-Simulink, and detailed comparison is carried between conventional PI and proposed hybrid PI-SMC scheme to regulate the DC link voltage. The results are tabulated and show that the hybrid PI-SMC scheme outperforms in transient and steady-state conditions than the traditional PI controller. A scaled hardware prototype of 48 W set-up is developed using dSPACE-1104, and the experimental results have been carried out to verify the proposed system's feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of an integrated Buck-Boost converter and Sliding Mode Control (SMC) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system for optimizing photovoltaic energy conversion. The study focuses on enhancing solar energy extraction efficiency, regulating output currents, and ensuring effective battery utilization. Through a systematic analysis of converter component sizing and operational modes, the paper delves into the intricacies of the Buck-Boost converter. The unique contribution lies in the innovative integration of SMC with the traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, providing robust and adaptive MPPT under varying environmental conditions. Additionally, the paper introduces a battery management system with three distinct modes, namely, Charging, Direct, and Discharging, offering intelligent control over critical scenarios. Simulation results underscore the robustness of the proposed system under diverse conditions, demonstrating its effectiveness in managing power distribution based on battery charge levels, even in scenarios of insufficient solar power. Overall, this research significantly contributes to advancing the understanding of PV/battery systems and offers a practical, sustainable solution for optimizing energy production, distribution, and storage, marking a substantial stride towards a more efficient and sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]