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Let G be a linear algebraic group acting linearly on a vector space (or more generally, an affine variety) $ \mathcal {V} $ V , and let $ {\Bbbk [\mathcal {V}]^{G}} $ k [ V ] G be the corresponding algebra of invariant polynomial functions. A separating set $ S \subseteq {\Bbbk [\mathcal {V}]^{G}} $ S ⊆ k [ V ] G is a set of polynomials with the property that for all $ v,w \in \mathcal {V} $ v , w ∈ V , if there exists $ f \in {\Bbbk [\mathcal {V}]^{G}} $ f ∈ k [ V ] G separating $v$ and $w$, then there exists $ f \in S $ f ∈ S separating $v$ and $w$. In this article, we consider the action of $ G = \operatorname {GL}_2(\mathbb {C}) $ G = GL 2 ⁡ (C) on the $ \mathbb {C} $ C -vector space $ {\mathcal {M}}_2^n $ M 2 n of n-tuples of $ 2 \times 2 $ 2 × 2 matrices by simultaneous conjugation. Minimal generating sets $ S_n $ S n of $ \mathbb {C}[{\mathcal {M}}_2^n]^G $ C [ M 2 n ] G are well known and $ |S_n| = \frac 16(n^3+11n) $ | S n | = 1 6 (n 3 + 11 n). In recent work, Kaygorodov et al. [Kaygorodov I, Lopatin A, Popov Y. Separating invariants for $ 2 \times 2 $ 2 × 2 matrices. Linear Algebra Appl. 2018;559:114-124.] showed that for all $ n \geq ~1 $ n ≥ 1 , $ S_n $ S n is a minimal separating set by inclusion, i.e. that no proper subset of $ S_n $ S n is a separating set. This does not necessarily mean that $ S_n $ S n has minimum cardinality among all separating sets for $ \mathbb {C}[{\mathcal {M}}_2^n]^G $ C [ M 2 n ] G . Our main result shows that any separating set for $ \mathbb {C}[{\mathcal {M}}_2^n]^G $ C [ M 2 n ] G has cardinality $ \geq ~5n-5 $ ≥ 5 n − 5. In particular, there is no separating set of size $ \dim (\mathbb {C}[{\mathcal {M}}_2^n]^G) = 4n-3 $ dim ⁡ (C [ M 2 n ] G) = 4 n − 3 for $ n \geq ~3 $ n ≥ 3. Further, $ S_3 $ S 3 has indeed minimum cardinality as a separating set, but for $ n \geq ~4 $ n ≥ 4 there may exist a smaller separating set than $ S_n $ S n . We show that a smaller separating set does in fact exist for all $ n \geq ~5 $ n ≥ 5. We also prove similar results for the left–right action of $ \operatorname {SL}_2(\mathbb {C}) \times \operatorname {SL}_2(\mathbb {C}) $ SL 2 ⁡ (C) × SL 2 ⁡ (C) on $ {\mathcal {M}}_2^n $ M 2 n . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a linear algebraic group acting linearly on a vector space (or more generally, an affine variety) V , and let k [ V ] G be the corresponding algebra of invariant polynomial functions. A separating set S ⊆ k [ V ] G is a set of polynomials with the property that for all v , w ∈ V , if there exists f ∈ k [ V ] G separating v and w , then there exists f ∈ S separating v and w. In this article we consider the action of G = SL 2 (C) × SL 2 (C) on the C -vector space M 2 , 2 n of n -tuples of 2 × 2 matrices by multiplication on the left and the right. Minimal generating sets S n of C [ M 2 , 2 n ] G are known, and | S n | = 1 24 (n 4 − 6 n 3 + 23 n 2 + 6 n). In recent work, Domokos [8] showed that for all n ≥ 1 , S n is a minimal separating set by inclusion, i.e. that no proper subset of S n is a separating set. This does not necessarily mean that S n has minimum cardinality among all separating sets for C [ M 2 , 2 n ] G. Our main result shows that any separating set for C [ M 2 , 2 n ] G has cardinality ≥ 5 n − 9. In particular, there is no separating set of size dim ⁡ (C [ M 2 n ] G) = 4 n − 6 for n ≥ 4. Further, S 4 has indeed minimum cardinality as a separating set, but for n ≥ 5 there may exist a smaller separating set than S n. We also consider the action of G = SL l (C) on M l , n by left multiplication. In that case the algebra of invariants has a minimum generating set of size ( n l ) (the l × l minors of a generic matrix) and dimension l n − l 2 + 1. We show that a separating set for C [ M l , n ] G must have size at least (2 l − 2) n − 2 (l 2 − l). In particular, C [ M l , n ] G does not contain a separating set of size dim ⁡ (C [ M l , n ] G) for l ≥ 3 and n ≥ l + 2. We include an interpretation of our results in terms of representations of quivers, and make a conjecture generalising the Skowronski-Weyman theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let k be a number field and X a smooth, geometrically integral quasi-projective variety over k. For any linear algebraic group G over k and any G-torsor g: Z \to X, we observe that if the étale-Brauer obstruction is the only one for strong approximation off a finite set of places S for all twists of Z by elements in H^1_{\text {\'{e}t}}(k,G), then the étale-Brauer obstruction is the only one for strong approximation off a finite set of places S for X. As an application, we show that any homogeneous space of the form G/H with G a connected linear algebraic group over k satisfies strong approximation off the infinite places with étale-Brauer obstruction, under some compactness assumptions when k is totally real. We also prove more refined strong approximation results for homogeneous spaces of the form G/H with G semisimple simply connected and H finite, using the theory of torsors and descent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X and Y be nonsingular real algebraic varieties, dim ⁡ X ≥ dim ⁡ Y. Assume that the variety Y is malleable, compact and connected. Our main result implies that each regular map from X to Y is homotopic to a surjective regular map. The class of malleable varieties includes all homogeneous spaces for linear real algebraic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]