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Policy responses to the challenges associated with environmental change, including more frequent and severe climatic events, have interlinked environmental and social impacts. Less attention has been afforded to the latter, and specifically to the question of not just whether but how such responses create or entrench inequality. This paper examines policy responses to drought events in California, United States, and the Western Cape Province, South Africa, in terms of their effects on inequality, revealed in relationships to water access networks. We use concepts of water justice and hydraulic citizenship to evaluate how and why these policy responses reproduced water injustices in the two settings. We focus particularly on two mechanisms linking responses to widened inequalities: values‐reinforcement and strategic communication. Using interviews, policy documents, and media reports, we employ process tracing methods to illustrate these mechanisms through which drought policy impacts hydraulic citizenship experiences, manifesting water injustice. We contribute to emerging examinations of environmental policy responses and maladaptation by demonstrating how concepts of hydraulic citizenship and an emphasis on mechanisms can help us better understand and identify experiences of water injustice. We note policy implications and areas for future research, highlighting droughts as consequential policy sites for advancing social and environmental justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are critical for protecting agricultural crops, but the off-site transport of these materials via spray drift and runoff poses risks to surface waters and aquatic life. California's Central Coast region is a major agricultural hub in the United States characterized by year-round production and intensive use of pesticides and other chemical inputs. As a result, the quality of many waterbodies in the region has been degraded. A recent regulatory program enacted by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board set new pesticide limits for waterways and imposed enhanced enforcement mechanisms to help ensure that water quality targets are met by specific dates. This regulatory program, however, does not mandate specific changes to pest management programs. In this study, we evaluate the economic, environmental, and pest management impacts of adopting two alternative pest management programs with reduced risks to surface water: 1) replacing currently used insecticide active ingredients (AIs) that pose the greatest risk to surface water with lower-risk alternatives and 2) converting conventional arthropod pest management programs to organic ones. We utilize pesticide use and toxicity data from California's Department of Pesticide Regulation to develop our baseline and two alternative scenarios. We focus on three crop groups (cole crops, lettuce and strawberry) due to their economic importance to the Central Coast and use of high-risk AIs. For Scenario 1, we estimate that implementing the alternative program in the years 2017–2019 would have reduced annual net returns on average by $90.26 – $190.54/ha, depending on the crop. Increased material costs accounted for the greatest share of this effect (71.9%–95.6%). In contrast, Scenario 2 would have reduced annual net returns on average by $5,628.12 – $18,708.28/ha during the study period, with yield loss accounting for the greatest share (92.8–97.9%). Both alternative programs would have reduced the associated toxic units by at least 98.1% compared to the baseline scenario. Our analysis provides important guidance for policymakers and agricultural producers looking to achieve environmental protection goals while minimizing economic impacts. • Agricultural pesticide use in California has degraded surface water quality. • New regulations will require growers to adopt more sustainable practices. • We analyze impacts of two lower-risk pest management programs in three crops. • Both program scenarios reduce toxic unit contributions by over 98% versus baseline. • In contrast, the economic impact differs greatly between scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional energy and demand savings metrics for distributed energy resources (DER) do not accurately describe the value of DERs to meet future energy needs, minimize grid investments, maintain reliability, and reduce greenhouse gasses. This problem is exacerbated in an increasingly renewable grid in which DER impact varies significantly with time and location. Moreover, different DERs are also valued using disparate metrics; this fragmented DER valuation and procurement creates process and economic inefficiencies. A new path forward is the Total System Benefits metric (TSB); the TSB aggregates all electric system benefits, and relevant environmental externalities that accrue to DERs. The TSB is the only metric that comprehensively values DER's to meet future electric system needs and environmental policy goals. This common metric will enable electricity planners, regulators, utilities, and implementers to best deploy and track DER to meet electric grid and environmental policy needs. This paper explains why the TSB is the right metric to value all DER, data requirements to develop the TSB, how to express DER in terms of the TSB, and lessons learned so far from California's implementation of the TSB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]