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In this paper, we forecasted the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) over the region of China using the bidirectional convolutional gated recurrent unit (BiConvGRU) model. We first generated the China Regional Ionospheric Maps (CRIMs) using GNSS observations provide by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC). We then used gridded TEC maps from 2015 to 2018 with a 1 h interval from the CRIMs as the dataset, including quiet periods and storm periods of ionospheric TEC. The BiConvGRU model was then utilized to forecast the ionospheric TEC across China for the year 2018. The forecasted TEC was compared with the TEC from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016), Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM), Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit (ConvGRU), Bidirectional Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (BiConvLSTM), and the 1-day Predicted Global Ionospheric Map (C1PG) provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). In addition, indices including Kp, ap, Dst and F10.7 were added to the training dataset to improve the forecasting accuracy of the model (-A indicates no indices, while -B indicates with indices). The results verified that the prediction accuracies of the models integrated with these indices were significantly improved, especially during geomagnetic storms. The BiConvGRU-B model presented a decrease of 41.5%, 22.3%, and 13.2% in the root mean square error (RMSE) compared to the IRI-2016, ConvGRU, and BiConvLSTM-B models during geomagnetic storm days. Furthermore, at a specific grid point, the BiConvGRU-B model showed a decrease of 42.6%, 49.1%, and 31.9% in RMSE during geomagnetic quiet days and 30.6%, 34.1%, and 15.1% during geomagnetic storm days compared to the IRI-2016, C1PG, and BiConvLSTM-B models, respectively. In the cumulative percentage analysis, the BiConvGRU-B model had a significantly higher percentage of mean absolute error (MAE) within the range of 0–1 TECU in all seasons compared to the BiConvLSTM-B model. Meanwhile, the BiConvGRU-B model outperformed the BiConvLSTM-B model with lower RMSE for each month of 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is important data for ionospheric morphology, and also an important parameter for ionospheric correction in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise positioning, navigation, and radio science. In this study, we present a data assimilation model for regional ionosphere based on a local ensemble Kalman filter (LEnKF) with the International Reference Ionosphere 2016 (IRI-2016) model as the background, to assimilate ionospheric TEC observations from GNSS. To demonstrate the results, the TEC estimates from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), which is about 260 stations in China, are applied as observation. The assessments are performed against the TEC estimates from BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) geostationary earth orbit (GEO) and against the final products from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). The assimilation results are in good agreement with BDS GEO TEC and the CODE TEC on a quiet or disturbed day. The correlation coefficient after assimilation is increased by about 17% compared with that before assimilation, and the RMSE after assimilation is decreased by about 42% compared with that before assimilation. Furthermore, the assimilated method is also evaluated in the single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP). The experimental results indicate that the PPP/Assimilated method can improve the GNSS positioning accuracy more effectively in comparison to the PPP/CODE. These results reveal that the LEnKF method can be considered as a useful tool for ionospheric assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco foreign material eliminating is an important step in the process of cigarette production. Through combing the research progress of tobacco foreign material eliminating technology in cigarette processing in China, it was pointed out that there were significant differences of tobacco foreign material in threshing and redrying, tobacco primary processing, rolling and wrapping process and waste cigarette treatment process. The tobacco foreign material eliminating methods in domestic cigarette processing included air purification removal, photoelectric impurity removal, laser impurity removal, etc. Different impurity removal methods had their advantages, disadvantages and applicable conditions. However, these impurity removal methods and technologies for tobacco were basically used alone, which made it difficult to meet the impurity removal efficiency while taking into account other index requirements. In the future, it should focus on in-depth research from three aspects: clarifying the characteristics and service conditions of various impurity removal methods, optimizing and upgrading the existing commonly used impurity removal methods, and carrying out research on multiple impurity removal and integrated composite impurity removal technologies. This would comprehensively improve the level of tobacco foreign material eliminating technology in the cigarette processing process, and then improve the cigarette product processing quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart energy plays an important role in alleviating energy poverty in China in the context of the new technological revolution and industrial change. This paper uses China's smart pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment, employing China's provincial panel data from 2011 to 2022, measuring energy poverty indices based on a projection pursuit evaluation model, and conducting a quasi-natural experiment using a synthetic control method to assess the effect of smart energy on energy poverty and specific mechanisms of action. The study found that smart energy has a specific and significant impact on energy poverty, but the effect differs in different regions depending on the construction cycle and energy endowment. In the mechanism test, smart energy significantly alleviates energy poverty through the mechanisms of improving energy supply capacity, improving energy payment capacity, and improving energy cleanliness. The results of the study provide empirical references for regional solutions to energy poverty and the planning of smart energy construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamprophyre is one of the most important probes to understand the enrichment and depletion processes of the lithospheric evolution. Determining the age and petrogenesis of lamprophyres could provide critical data for deducing the timing and process of lithospheric revolution of the Sulu Orogenic Belt (SOB) and North China Craton (NCC). In this study, the Taolin lamprophyre in SOB was delineated by zircon U–Pb dating with the ages of 126 Ma. This lamprophyre is characterized by high contents of SiO2 and total alkali contents (Na2O + K2O), low Mg# value, low contents of total Fe2O3, MgO, and compatible elements, enriched in LREE and LILE but strong depleted in HFSE, as well as enriched Sr–Nd and depleted Pb isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.707757 to 0.708048, εNd(t) = – 13.0 to – 12.7, 206Pb/204Pb(t) ratios of 16.934 to 17.000, 207Pb/204Pb(t) of 15.435 to 15.442, and 208Pb/204Pb(t) of 37.682 to 37.706). Interpretations of whole-rock elemental data suggest the Taolin lamprophyre was derived from 1% to 5% partial melting of spinel peridotite; and MELTS modelling indicates fractional crystallization of ~16.7% orthopyroxene and ~16.6% clinopyroxene under 1.5 Gbar. Based on the analyses of Neoproterozoic relic zircons and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic components of the Taolin lamprophyre and adjacent lamprophyres, we put forwards that there are several subducted crustal materials were trapped into the SOB lithospheric mantle, and the magma source of these lamprophyres might have experienced metasomatic processes not only by the hydrous fluids derived from the subducting Paleo–Pacific oceanic crust in the Jurassic, but also by melts derived from partial melting of the subducting South China continental crust in the Triassic. A geodynamic trigger for generation of the Taolin lamprophyre is proposed to be related to lithospheric thinning coupled with asthenospheric upwelling beneath the North China Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is nationwide multicenter epidemiological research, aimed at investigating the distribution changes and seasonal patterns of various airborne allergens among preschool children with allergic rhinitis (AR) in different regions of China, and analyzing the clinical correlation between sensitization to various airborne allergens and AR symptoms in children. Information on children was collected through standard questionnaires, and total IgE (tIgE) and specific IgE (sIgE) for 11 inhalant allergens were tested. The results showed that dust mites are the primary allergens for preschool AR children (39%). Among pollen allergens, Amb a had the highest positivity rate (8.1%), followed by Art v (7.8%). The sensitization rates for two mites peaked in May (46.9% and 40.6%). Art v peaked in August (21.5%), while Amb a had peaks in May (12.7%) and August (17.8%). The sensitization peaks for various tree pollens mainly occurred in August. In the Eastern monsoon region, the sensitization rate to mites was significantly higher than in the Northwest arid and semi-arid regions; whereas, for pollen allergens, the sensitization rates to Amb a, Pla a, Pin a, Pop d, and Bet v were significantly higher in the Northwest arid and semi-arid regions than in the Eastern monsoon region. The correlation among various tree pollens, specifically between Pla a, Pin r, Pop d, and Bet v was strong (0.63 ~ 0.79), with a cross-overlapping percentage of 53.9%. Children with multiple pollen sensitizations had higher cumulative nasal symptom scores than those negative for pollen (P < 0.01). Children with only pollen sensitization had higher cumulative rhinitis symptom scores than the all-negative group (P < 0.0001) and the mite-only sensitization group [P < 0.05], while the mite-only sensitization group also had higher scores than the all-negative group [P < 0.05], and the group sensitized to both pollen and mites had lower scores than the pollen-only group [P < 0.05]. This study indicates that sensitization to mites and grass pollens exhibits significant regional differences, with grass pollen allergies primarily occurring in autumn, sensitization to pollens in general exhibits a pronounced seasonal pattern. Moreover, pollen sensitization aggravates nasal and ocular symptoms in AR children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auricularia is a genus of edible jelly fungi whose highly plastic fruiting bodies lack differentiation between stalks and caps, making accurate identification of similar species difficult. Auricularia villosula (A. villosula) is a wild edible mushroom that is also used in traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we sequenced and assembled its mitochondrial genome using Illumina short reads. The complete sequence is 230,069 bp in length with a GC content of 30.1%. It harbors 41 genes (25 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 14 protein-coding): 2 on the N strand (−) and 29 on the J strand (+). Analysis of nucleotide composition revealed positive GC (0.027) and AT (0.002) skews. The mitochondrial genome included a very large intergenic region (22,840 bp) between cytochrome b (CytB) and tRNATyr, lacked overlapping nucleotides between genes, and used non-standard start codons for some genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. villosula was distant from other species of Polyporales, Agaricales, and Russulales. The A. villosula mitogenome sequence will be useful for future taxonomic and genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kangaroo mother care has reduced mortality and morbidity in preterm and low birth weight infants and has many benefits, such as promoting breastfeeding. Based on the current evidence in China and international, we developed a clinical practice guideline for kangaroo mother care in preterm and low birth weight infants using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation and proposed 34 recommendations for 20 key questions. Our goal is to promote the appropriate implementation of kangaroo mother care in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing nonpoint-source pollution and improving soil quality by applying best management practices (BMPs) on sloping farmland are essential for ensuring water environmental safety and sustainable agricultural development. However, little is known about the accumulative effect of the long-term application of BMPs on reducing pollution and improving soil quality in major land use types of sloping farmland in watersheds. We conducted a nine-year field experiment for citrus orchard and cropland of sloping farmland in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China. The treatment settings for the citrus experimental plots were as follows: (1) citrus intercropped with white clover (WC), (2) citrus orchard soil mulched with straw (SM), (3) citrus intercropped with Hemerocallis flava contour hedgerows (HF) and (4) conventional citrus planting pattern (C-CK). The treatment settings for the crop experimental plots were as follows: (1) wheat-peanut rotation intercropped with Toona sinensis contour hedgerows (TS), (2) wheat-peanut rotation intercropped with alfalfa contour hedgerows (AF), (3) ryegrass-sesame rotation (RS) and (4) conventional wheat-peanut rotation (W-CK). We found that compared with C-CK and W-CK, (1) runoff, sediment, total nitrogen and total phosphorus losses were reduced by 18.0 %, 66.1 %, 35.6 % and 40.2 %, respectively, in WC; by 22.4 %, 61.2 %, 43.9 % and 52.4 %, respectively, in SM; by 25.4%, 69.5 %, 52.0 % and 58.1 %, respectively, in HF; by 45.1 %, 73.7 %, 64.6 % and 66.0 %, respectively, in TS; by 41.8 %, 67.4 %, 59.3 % and 60.8 %, respectively, in AF; and by 24.1 %, 42.9 %, 39.3 % and 40.3 %, respectively, in RS; (2) the soil quality index values of the BMP treatments increased; and (3) the application of these BMPs did not significantly affect yield or product value. We suggest the application of these BMPs on sloping farmland to (1) efficiently reduce total runoff, total sediment, and soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus losses; (2) improve soil quality; and (3) have no significant effect on output, of which the BMP HF applied to citrus orchard and the BMP TS applied to cropland are the most effective. • Clarified accumulative effects of long-term application of best management practices for two major land use types. • Best management practices reduce the runoff, sediment, and soil nutrient losses of the land use types. • Best management practices improve the soil quality without reducing the output of the land use types. • The optimal best management practices for the two major land use types in the watershed are selected. • This study is essential for identifying the optimal best management practices for watershed sloping farmland use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the changes in allergen sensitization in China secondary to the environmental variations over the past decade. We aimed at investigating the variations in sensitization among asthma and/or rhinitis patients in China between 2008 and 2018. Methods: This study analyzed cross‐sectional data from national surveys conducted in China in 2008 and 2018. After finishing the questionnaire, participants underwent serum specific IgE measurements. A total of 2322 and 2798 patients were enrolled in 2008 and 2018, respectively. The significance of differences in sensitization rates among four regions of China were assessed. Correlation analysis was used to identify the associations of sensitization with climate change and planting of Artemisia desertorum between the two surveys. Results: Compared with 2008, the general sensitization rate to mites significantly increased in 2018, which ranked highest among all tested allergens. Sensitization to pollens, especially Artemisia vulgaris, showed the greatest increase in the north. The annual mean temperature, rainfall and relative humidity in all four regions, and the Artemisia desertorum coverage in the northeastern area, increased significantly in 2018 as compared with 2008. From 2008 to 2018, an increase in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus sensitization was significantly associated with an increase in relative humidity (r = 0.54, p = 0.037). The increase in A. vulgaris sensitization was significantly associated with the increase in the A. desertorum planting area (r = 0.67, p = 0.006) and with a decrease in rainfall (r = −0.59, p = 0.021). Conclusions: House dust mites remain the most important allergen in Chinese individuals with asthma and/or rhinitis. Pollen sensitization dramatically increased in northern China. Increases in sensitization to dust mites and Artemisia were related to the increases in humidity and planting area of A. desertorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between dyslexia and anxiety/depressive symptoms among children in China is unclear. Besides, the pathways to explain the risks are also undefined.Methods: 3993 primary school students from grade 2 to 6 were recruited in this study. The Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children and the Pupil Rating Scale-Revised Screening for Learning Disabilities were used to filter the dyslexic children. The Chinese perceived stress scale, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and the Children's Depression Inventory-Short Form were used separately to assess stress, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms of the children. Time spent on homework was obtained by asking their parents: "How long does it take the children to complete the homework every day?". The chain mediation models were examined using SPSS PROCESS macro 3.3 software.Results: Dyslexic children spend more time on homework (2.61±1.15), and have higher scores for depression (4.75±3.60) and stress (26.55±7.40) compared to normal children (1.87±0.77, 3.25±3.32, and 23.20±8.43, respectively). The differences are statistically significant (all P<0.01). There is no direct association between dyslexia and anxiety symptoms, while dyslexia has a direct link with depressive symptoms. Dyslexia could affect anxiety/depressive symptoms via the independent mediating effect of stress and the chain mediating effect of time spent on homework and stress. The total indirect effect is 0.21 and 0.25, respectively.Limitations: The data used in our study is self-reported and this is a cross-sectional study.Conclusions: Time spent on homework and stress could mediate the association between dyslexia and anxiety/depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Comparative investigation of Paeonia ostii stamens in different regions of China. • Bioactive constitutes were analyzed through integrated metabolomics approach. • Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) platform enhanced metabolite identification. • Eight predominant chemical markers were selected for quality control. • Unveiled the antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-neuroinflammation potentials. Paeonia ostii is a widely cultivated medicinal and oilseed crop in China. The stamens of P. ostii are important by-products of this crop and conventionally used as tea with putative beneficial effects on human health. However, the in-depth understanding of P. ostii stamens is scarce. In this study, comparative analysis was carried out to systematically characterize the bioactive constituents and biological activities of P. ostii stamens from different geographical regions of China. Seventy-seven secondary metabolites were tentatively identified through untargeted metabolomic analysis based on MS/MS molecular similar networking and other approaches. Targeted metabolomics conjugated with principal component analysis revealed that eight bioactive compounds, including oxypaeoniflorin, pentagalloyl glucose (PGG), paeoniflorin, and albiflorin, were the primary chemical markers for quality control. Habitats substantially affected the content of PGG, and geographical factor of Nujiang (Southern China) significantly promoted the accumulation of PGG. The extracts from peony stamens across all geographical regions exhibited potent antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-neuroinflammation properties, which were strongly correlated with bioactive compounds. Our results provide new insights into P. ostii stamens to be used for pharmaceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfed agriculture is important to meet the increasing demands of food production. However, there is a lack of knowledges for the rainfed wheat systems in abundant rainfall areas, where the erratic rainfall may constrain the wheat yield and increases N losses from wheat fields with excessive fertilizer inputs. In the present study, a 6 consecutive years field experiments were conducted to investigate the wheat yield and N losses responses to different N fertilizer rates in the Taihu Lake region. Despite the fluctuations in the wheat yield, a 10–30% reduction of the district average N input sustained the current-level of wheat yield for the 6 consecutive years. The N rate of 168 kg ha−1 might be the threshold N application rate, because if it was exceeded, it was no longer the predominant factor determining the wheat yield, but significantly increased the N losses fluxes. The seasonal total N losses fluxes were 69.2 kg N ha−1, which accounted for 28.8% of district averaged N input. Runoff was the predominant pathway of N loss from the wheat field, followed by ammonia volatilization and leaching. Nitrate was the predominant form in the runoff and leakage water. Seasonal cumulative nitrate losses via runoff and ammonia volatilization averaged 25.2 and 20.1 kg ha−1 per wheat season, respectively, corresponding to 10.5% and 8.38% of the regional N application rates. However, the seasonal nitrate loss via leakage was the lowest, less than 8.98 kg ha−1. Reducing the fertilizer N rates significantly decreased the N losses via runoff and ammonia volatilization, but not by leaching. Our findings indicated that reducing N fertilizer was impressive for the sustainable development of agriculture in Eastern China and 168 kg N ha−1 was recommended for the rainfed wheat. [Display omitted] • Reducing N inputs (168–216 kg ha−1) sustained current-level of wheat yields for 6 years in rice-wheat rotation. • N loss (kg ha−1) was affected by, in order, N runoff (30.7) > ammonia volatilization (20.1) > nitrate leaching (11.0). • Precipitations, solar radiations and sunshine durations were the critical factors determining wheat yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]