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There are several Li-mica and spodumene deposits in Central Europe. The Cínovec deposit on the border of the Czech Republic and Germany is the largest known hard-rock Li deposit in Europe and is currently being explored. Weathering and mining of such deposits could release Li and F to the environment. Both elements are associated with potential health effects when ingested via drinking water, yet little is known about the aqueous geochemistry of streams and creeks around Li hard-rock deposits. In this study, we sampled surface waters (n = 47) near three Li-mica and one spodumene deposit to examine a potential public health risk resulting from the weathering of Li-minerals. At the Cínovec and Homolka (also in the Czech Republic) sites, several water samples have elevated Li contents relative to those in typical surface waters, but they are all below the U.S. EPA-recommended threshold of 0.7 mg/L. Three of the ten samples from Cínovec contain F in concentrations that are above World Health Organization's 1.5 mg/L drinking water limit, and thus these waters (max. concentration: 3.8 mg/L) may represent a public health hazard. Based on geochemical modeling and statistical analysis, the lithium in the water comes from Li-micas and the fluoride is derived from a combination of Li-micas and fluorite, depending on the specific site analyzed. Lithium seems to be scavenged by clay minerals. • Weathering of hard rock lithium rocks could release Li and F into the environment. • Lithium comes from Li-micas. • Li is likely scrubbed by secondary minerals in the streams. • Fluoride comes from a mixture of Li-micas and accessory fluorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]