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Background: The International Classification of Diseases-10th revision (ICD-10) surrogates of the modified frailty index (mFI) have been defined in recent research. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of these ICD-10 surrogates and their association with hospital referral in an older population from Germany. Methods: The present sample included adults aged ≥65 years followed in German general practices between 2010 and 2021. The index date was the most recent visit date. There were 11 ICD-10 surrogates of the mFI, including a total of 52 diagnoses. These surrogates were assessed in the 12 months prior to the index date. Referral to the hospital was analyzed in the 12 months following the index date. Covariates included age and sex. Results: There were 1,406,038 patients included in the study (mean (standard deviation) age 77.0 (7.9) years; 56.2% women). The prevalence of the ICD-10 surrogates of the mFI ranged from 3.3% for a "history of transient ischemic attack or stroke without neurological deficit" to 68.1% for a "history of hypertension requiring medication". In addition, 24%, 37%, and 23% of participants had 1, 2–3, and >3 ICD-10 surrogates of the mFI, respectively. There was a positive and significant relationship between the number of ICD-10 surrogates and 12-month incident hospital referral (reference: 0 surrogate; 1 surrogate: HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.31–1.42; 2–3 surrogates: HR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.93–2.08; >3 surrogates: HR = 3.32, 95% CI = 3.19–3.44). Conclusions: ICD-10 surrogates of the mFI were relatively frequent and were significantly associated with 12-month incident hospital referral in this sample of older adults from general practices in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the compressive behavior of eco-friendly concrete containing glass waste (GW) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). In all mixtures, cement and water are stayed constant while fine and coarse aggregates were varied. The studied parameters are: utilizing fine recycled glass (FRG) instead of fine natural aggregate (FNA) at substitution levels of 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 %, performing coarse recycled glass (CRG) instead of coarse natural aggregate (CNA) at replacement ratios of 0, 10, 20 and 40 %, conducting both CRG at constant ratio (20 %) as well as RCA at varied levels (0, 16, 40 and 80 %) and replacing CNA by RCA at varied levels (0, 16, 40 and 80 %). The experimental results showed that replacing 10, 25, 50 and 100 % of FNA by FRG declined the compressive strength of concrete by 12.8, 18.5, 24.5 and 49.8 %, respectively. Also, the compressive strength of concrete decreased by 18.5, 23.3, and 32.83 % when 10, 20, and 40 % of CNA were substituted by CRG, respectively. Additionally, the current study investigates the efficacy of machine learning (ML) techniques in evaluating the compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete containing GW and RCA separately. Four tree-based ensemble methods—decision trees, random forest, gradient boosted regression trees, and extreme gradient boosting—were trained and tested using 241 and 319 datasets to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete containing GW and RCA, respectively. The data employed in constructing the ML model were gathered from both the current experimental study and previous studies. The findings indicate that the XGBoost model demonstrates exceptional accuracy. The impact of each parameter on the predicted outcomes was discussed. • Eco-friendly concrete with GW and RCA investigated using cube compression tests • Replacing FNA with FRG reduced f cu by 13–50 % at varying replacement levels • Replacing CNA with CRG reduced f cu by 18.5–33 % at varying replacement levels • Increasing FRG/CRG replacement lowers concrete density; enhances fluidity greatly • XGBoost ML predicts eco-friendly concrete's compressive strength accurately [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foothill areas of eastern Turkey are an arid and semiarid region with natural salinization, where calcareous alluvial saline soils (Calcaric Fluvisols) are circulated as a result of floods of the Aras River. In this study, the effects of salinity and alkalinity on soil aggregate size distribution and enzyme activities at different aggregate size were investigated. For this purpose, soil samples were collected with three replicates at saline, alkaline, saline-alkaline and non-saline–alkaline areas and passed through into different sieves (2, 1, 0.850, 0.425, 0.106 and 0.02 mm) by dry sieving method for determining aggregate weight distribution in each macro (2–0.45 mm) and micro (0.45–0.02 mm) aggregates. For determining aggregate size distribution, sieves were shaken using a horizontal shaking machine (Retsch, AS 200 basic, Haan, Germany). The soil enzymes were determined in these aggregate sizes (2–1, 1–0.850, 0.850–0.425, 0.425–0.106, 0.106–0.02 mm) for all soil types. All soils belonged to the clay loam with the carbon content in the range of 0.5–0.8%, while the percentage of exchangeable sodium for the non-saline–alkaline and alkaline–saline soils was from 3.5 to 22%, but the pH diapason from 8.3 to 8.9. Results showed that soil salinity and alkalinity decreased the weight of macro aggregates and increased the weight of micro aggregates, besides soil salinity and alkalinity decreased soil enzyme activities. But soil salinity decreased enzyme activity more than alkalinity. Furthermore, the highest urease and catalase activities were in macro aggregates (0.850–0.425 mm aggregate size) for all soil types. The reason may be that macro aggregates contain higher organic matter and organic carbon than micro aggregates. Consequently, the highest enzyme (urease and catalase) activities were detected in macro aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the twenty-first century, the Indo-Pacific region became the focal point of great power competition. In 2020, Germany published its 'Policy guidelines for the Indo-Pacific. Germany—Europe—Asia: shaping the twenty-first century together'. The publication of the Indo-Pacific guidelines and the deployment of frigate Bayern to the Indo-Pacific in early August 2021 offer a starting point for a discussion on a German grand strategy in the post-liberal world order. This article argues that the publication of the German Indo-Pacific guidelines and Germany's increased engagement in the region are a consequence of a change in how Germany perceives China. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the rise of China was seen as an opportunity for Germany, but this has changed, with China now increasingly seen as a threat to Germany's national interests. Consequently, Germany is strengthening its cooperation with like-minded countries in Asia and is engaging in soft balancing against China. Germany's Defence Minister Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer stops short of using the word alliance, calling for 'an international network of like-minded countries' and also stops short of declaring a containment strategy against China, saying that Germany works together with China where this is possible, but digs its heels in against China where it has to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simulated warming caused a rapid loss of OC in mountainous grassland soils rich in OM. • SOC loss was associated with a disruption of large-macroaggregates. • Intensive grassland slightly offset OC losses and promoted SM formation. • Soil perturbation effects have to be differentiated from climate change effects. Mountainous grassland soils are considered one of the most unique biological hotspots, rich in organic carbon (OC). At the same time, they are exposed to great threats, as climate warming is more pronounced in mountainous regions than in lowland areas. In this study, we assessed the effect of simulated warming (+1K, +2K, and + 3 K) on OC stocks and soil structure in grassland soils of the Northern Limestone Alps in Germany by translocating plant-soil mesocosms from high- (1260 m a.s.l., Rendzic Phaeozem) and mid- (860 m a. s. l., Haplic Cambisol) to low-elevation (600 m a.s.l). Plant-soil mesocosms were exposed to both extensive and intensive grassland management practices. Four years after translocation, we observed a rapid decrease of topsoil SOC stocks under intensive (−1.0 t C ha yr−1) and extensive management (-2.2 t C ha yr−1), under the highest temperature increase. Intensive management with about 1 t C ha−1 yr−1 higher manure C return than extensive management (1.6 vs. 0.8 t C ha−1 yr−1 intensive and extensive, respectively) may explain the difference in SOC losses between different management treatments. Under both management practices, the loss of SOC was mainly associated with a decrease of large macroaggregates, at both management practices. In addition, different aggregate specific OC loss rates resulted in an altered distribution of OC among the aggregate size classes. Our study provides evidence that simulated climate change induced a rapid and substantial decline of SOC in mountainous, OC-rich grassland soils, which may be attributed to decreased physical OC protection within large macroaggregates. Optimized grassland management in form of increased application of organic fertilizers could only partially offset the SOC loss by improved formation of small macroaggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In designed experiments, different sources of variability and an adequate scale of measurement need to be considered, but not all approaches in common usage are equally valid. In order to elucidate the importance of sources of variability and choice of scale, we conducted an experiment where the effects of biochar and slurry applications on soil properties related to soil fertility were studied for different designs: (a) for a field‐scale sampling design with either a model soil (without natural variability) as an internal control or with composited soils, (b) for a design with a focus on amendment variabilities, and (c) for three individual field‐scale designs with true field replication and a combined analysis representative of the population of loess‐derived soils. Three silty loam sites in Germany were sampled and the soil macroaggregates were crushed. For each design, six treatments (0, 0.15 and 0.30 g slurry‐N kg−1 with and without 30 g biochar kg−1) were applied before incubating the units under constant soil moisture conditions for 78 days. CO2 fluxes were monitored and soils were analysed for macroaggregate yields and associated organic carbon (C). Mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. For all soil properties, results for the loess sites differed with respect to significant contributions of fixed effects for at least one site, suggesting the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils to be made and showed that site:slurry:biochar and site:slurry interactions were not negligible for macroaggregate yields. The use of a model soil as an internal control enabled observation of variabilities other than those related to soils or amendments. Experiments incorporating natural variability in soils or amendments resulted in partially different outcomes, indicating the need to include all important sources of variability. Highlights: Effects of biochar and slurry applications were studied for different designs and mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects.Including an internal control allowed observation of, e.g., methodological and analytical variabilities.The results suggested the need for a general inclusion of different sites.Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils.The results indicated the need to include all important sources of variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Topsoil SOC stocks and soil structure recovered 26 years after topsoil removal. • Topsoil buried under the plough layer non-linearly lost 30–50% of SOC in 55 years. • Topsoil SOC recovery and stability of buried SOC was dependent on N fertilisation. Erosion of fertile topsoil means severe land degradation and yield loss. Here, we show that reformation of the fertile topsoil and crop yield increase is possible by good agricultural management within a few decades. Evidence relies on a unique long-term field experiment in NE Germany, where in 1964 the sandy soil (Luvisol) had been excavated to 52 cm and refilled with subsoil material of 52 cm thickness. Undisturbed trials served as controls, these were all combined with either no fertilisation, mineral fertilisation or a combined mineral and organic fertilisation. It took only 26 years until new topsoil had been formed. Its soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N stocks and the aggregate size distributions equalled that of the other treatments; SOC sequestration corresponded to 28 Mg SOC ha−1. The former topsoil buried below the plough layer lost 30–50 percent of its SOC during 5 decades in a non-linear manner. We conclude that our current agricultural tools can restore degraded arable land rather fast and contribute to climate change mitigation through a significant SOC sequestration as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]