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The Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model can be applied to simulate hydrological processes. This model has been widely used in recent days because it is openly accessible to the public. The search result from this study identifies 180 cases discussing the model applications in Indonesian watersheds in peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers. The model has been used in Indonesia since 2005, but the highest application is in 2020 with 42 articles. In the context of application distribution, Java Island ranks first place with 123 scientific publications. However, the HEC-HMS model is predominantly used to simulate the "Small" and "Very Small" watershed size categories. The availability of insufficient field data is huge obstacle for hydrological modeling in Indonesia. Furthermore, the model may be extended to address the issues in Indonesia's eastern watersheds. Moreover, the model also can be used to assess the impact of climate change on streamflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is situated within the discussion of mega-urbanization, a particular urbanization process that entails a large-scale agglomeration. In this paper, our focus is on urbanization in Java, Indonesia's most dynamic region. We add to the literature by investigating the change and prediction of the land use/land cover (LULC) of mega-urbanization in Java. This research uses a vector machine approach to support the classification of land cover change dynamics, cellular automata-Markov (CA Markov), and the Klassen typology technique. This paper indicates that major metropolitan areas are still expanding in terms of built-up areas, generating a larger urban agglomeration. However, attention should be also given to the urbanization process outside existing metropolis' boundaries given that more than half of the built-up land coverage in Java is located in non-metropolitan areas. In terms of future direction, the projection results for 2032 show that the Conservative scenario can reduce and slow down the increase in built-up land on the island of Java. On the other hand, the Spatial Plan (RTRW) scenario facilitates a rapid increase in the LULC of built-up land from 2019. The urban spatial dynamics in Java raises challenges for urban and regional planning as the process is taking place across multiple administrative authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper re-examines the influence of urban development on the number of flood events in Java from 1970 to 2020. This paper aims to prove development policies in Indonesia in the last 50 years and to analyze the correlation between flood events, population growth, and urbanization on a broader regional scale. The Moran-I spatial autocorrelation analysis method is applied to measure its spatial autocorrelation between urbanization and flood events. The dynamic urbanization illustrated by spatial–temporal analysis from the 1970 to the 2020s using Landsat data; in this case, urbanization is measured using the parameters of population concentration and built-up area growth in urban areas of Java. In more detail, the results of hot-spot clusters show development from "lower-low" dispersion in the 70 s to areas with a majority of "higher-high" clustered in 2000–2020. It proves that the development burden in Java is in high category impact, so solutions for population distribution, land development, and spatial planning are needed to ensure environmental sustainability in Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the country with the largest archipelago in the world, with a total of seventeen thousand islands. The term 'maritime nation' has actually been surging through stories of local wisdom (culture), but during the colonial period, the term lost its original significance and Indonesia came to be treated as if it were an agrarian country. This paper shows that Indonesian maritime society contains various inherited values of religiosity, including myths, legends, folklore, and oral traditions about marine cosmology. Folklore, myths, and legends have an important position in society, not only referring to cultural traditions but also containing religious or theological values that are closely related to the identity of the Indonesian nation. This paper studies the mythical figure of Nyi Roro Kidul who is considered the sea guardian. The legend surrounding the figure of Nyi Roro Kidul can serve as an important trope to develop a contextual Javanese eco-pneumatology [Holy Spirit] and help address some of the contemporary ecological issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since colonial times, substantial regional income disparities have been reported for Indonesia. However, in spite of a wide variety of available data and indicators, so far published data on Indonesian per capita GDP in colonial times are limited to macro-estimates for the entire archipelago or are confined either to Java or to the Outer Islands. In this paper we provide a first attempt to arrive at estimates of diverging income and living standards at a regional level. We implement the Geary and Stark method on a large body of data collected by the colonial government, to estimate GDP for ten macro-regions and five benchmark years between 1870 and 1930. Our findings, corrected for prices, confirm the image arising from the existing literature of major divergences within the Indonesian archipelago in general, and of a higher per capita GDP in most of the Outer Islands (all islands of the Indonesian archipelago except for Java and Madura) compared with Java in particular. This was definitely the case in 1870 and still the case in 1920, but the picture is less clear for 1930, which was the final year before Indonesia's commodity exports started to collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to identify variables that determine the differing levels of environmental quality on Java and other islands in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach: Using a quantitative approach, secondary data were sourced from the Central Statistics Agency and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The data were obtained through the collection of documentation from 33 provinces in Indonesia. The analytical approach used was discriminant analysis. The research variables are Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), industry, HDI and population growth. Findings: The variables that distinguish between the levels of environmental quality in Indonesian provinces on the island of Java and on other islands are Industry, HDI, FDI and population growth. The openness variable is not a differentiating variable for environmental quality. The most powerful variable as a differentiator of environmental quality on Java Island and on other islands is the Industry variable. Research limitations/implications: This study has not classified the quality of the environment based on the Ministry of Environment and Forestry's categories, namely, the very good, good, quite good, poor, very poor and dangerous. For this reason, further research is needed using multiple discriminant analysis (MDA). Practical implications: Industry is the variable that most strongly distinguishes between levels of environmental quality on Java and other island, while the industrial sector is the largest contributor to gross regional domestic product (GDRP). Government policy to develop green technology is mandatory so that there is no trade-off between industry and environmental quality. Originality/value: This study is able to identify the differentiating variables of environmental quality in two different groups, on Java and on the other islands of the Indonesian archipelago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the temporalities and emotions of youth left-behind by migrant parents by using Jennifer Lois' temporal emotion work as an analytical lens to foreground youth's management of conflicting feelings by reworking particular experiences of time. We extend Lois' concepts of 'sequencing' (strategic ordering of emotions and time) and 'savouring' (intentional maximizing of specific times) to include a contextualized, gendered angle, while also engaging with the additional concept of 'supressing'. The work draws on qualitative interviews conducted in 2017 with left-behind youth from migrant households from rural migrant-sending villages in two districts in Java, Indonesia. By highlighting youth's shifting temporal emotions and how aspirations and experiences of left-behindness are affected, our research reveals gendered strategies of temporal emotion work. Young women enact 'sequencing' and 'savouring', aspiring to stay as a means of restorative, temporal-emotional justice for their families. Conversely, young men are more inclined to enact the 'suppressing' of emotions while aspiring for migration. Among a generation that has grown up in the wake of parental migration, most youth conform to traditional gendered scripts within an older culture of masculinized circular migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to design a research model and analyze the relationship between open innovation and cleaner production. The paper maps and characterizes the conditions of open innovation against cleaner production in Indonesian batik small and medium enterprise (SME), particularly in Java and Madura. The mapping process is executed by classifying the batik SME into four quadrants. The diagram is a quadrant in which there are four parts to distinguish each of the ability of batik SMEs in understanding and achieving cleaner production through open innovation. This research will obtain a new method or model that can be applied by organizations to achieve cleaner production through an open innovation. The data is obtained from 182 batik SMEs located in Laweyan, Madura and Lasem (in Java Island, Indonesia). Design/methodology/approach: One of the problems in batik SME is the waste management from the dyeing and wax removal process. In the first stages of this research, a number of initial models were elaborated as a reference, then the results of the elaboration became a new research model. The research model that has been produced is then tested using data from respondents. Based on the test results, the model can be stated valid or not. In this study, the model is valid after testing data from 182 respondents, because all outer loading for all indicators is above 0.7. The composite reliability and AVE values of all constructs were above 0.7 and 0.5. Based on the validated research model, the data is statistically processed by using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). By using the SEM method and statistical software SMART PLS 3.0this research can be supported to achieve the research objectives. Findings: Based on data testing and processing, open innovation climate could predict a sustained relationship to open innovation with an accuracy rate of 0.466 and influence rate of 0.427, whereas open innovation could predict a sustained relationship to cleaner production with an accuracy rate of 0.183 and influence rate of 0.324. The relationships between open innovation climate and open innovation; including open innovation toward cleaner production, are statistically significant because all prediction values and accuracy in the model have met the criteria for measurement parameters based on the value of R2, p value and T-statistics to be stated as a significant relationship. Research limitations/implications: This research provides an overview of the influence and importance of open innovation in creating an environmentally friendly production process in the context of cleaner production. Cleaner production on batik SMEs can be achieved through open innovation, both for inbound open innovation and outbound open innovation. Open innovation comprehensively provides support for batik SMEs in achieving cleaner production. Open innovation can be run well and optimally if it gets support from a conducive climate open innovation. Furthermore, the implementation of cleaner production could be a guideline for the owner to minimize the waste from batik SME production, both for natural and synthetic dyes. Some limitations in these study include the absence of influence from the existing stakeholders on batik SMEs on the implementation process of open innovation; the use of the cross-sectional approach that results in the unavailability of further analysis regarding the dynamics or improvements that occur in attaining cleaner production through open innovation; and finally providing no analysis of the differences in characteristics at each location of batik SMEs. Originality/value: The implementation of cleaner production model is considered as one of the new methods and references in conjunction with reducing the negative impact of waste toward the environment, particularly in the traditional textile industry which is limited in waste management capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to reframe the whistleblowing process by examining the individual and situational factors that have been overlooked by prior studies. Ethical climate, public service motivation (PSM), organisation identification and psychological safety are inquired. Design/methodology/approach: The present study sample was drawn from a population of Indonesian local governments located in east Java, Indonesia. Particularly, self-administered questionnaires were hand-distributed to the employees in the four local governments. Of 2,169 questionnaires distributed to the employees, 1,687 questionnaires were returned to the researcher. However, the researcher removed 33 returned questionnaires because of poor data quality, such as incomplete answers. Thus, only 1,654 questionnaires were analysed in this study. Findings: The findings support the idea of an ethical climate that can encourage the individual to blow the whistle. However, its effect is indirect. The predictive power of ethical climate on the individual's whistleblowing intentions depends on the meditating roles of PSM, psychological safety and organisation identification. Interestingly, the mediating effects of PSM, psychological safety and organisation identification are extremely acknowledged when individuals have an opportunity to choose internal or external disclosures. Originality/value: This study produces a different approach to understanding people's intentions to report any wrongdoings. This study is dissimilar from prior studies in terms of the theoretical paradigm and research design. Previous studies mostly used students as their experiments. In contrast, the current study recruited employees who work in local governments. This situation fundamentally affects the understanding of the impact of an ethical climate on the individual intention to blow the whistle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The stomachs and spiral valves of sharks and rays were examined for their trypanorhynch (Cestoda) parasite fauna and dietary items to infer feeding ecology. In Indonesia, sharks and rays have been experiencing increasing awareness and conservation in the recent years due to high fisheries activities and to avoid future species extinction. Methods: The samples were collected in 2009 from two different sampling sites at the southern coasts of Java and Bali in Indonesia. The parasite fauna was studied for 41 elasmobranch fishes. Amongst these, three shark species, Carcharhinus sorrah, Carcharhinus sp. I and Squalus megalops and seven ray species, Brevitrygon heterura, B. cf. heterura, Gymnura zonura, Maculabatis gerrardi, Mobula kuhlii, Neotrygon cauruleopuncatata and Rhinobatos penggali were studied. Four additional specimens, belonging to the shark species Carcharhinus sp. II and Mustelus cf. manazo and the ray species Maculabatis gerrardi were studied from the waters of South Bali. Results: Analyses of the feeding ecology of the ray M. gerrardi revealed distinct differences between both sampling sites, indicating the presence of ecological differences between the geographically independent regions. A total of 11 different trypanorhynch species/taxa belonging to the five families Eutetrarhynchidae (5), Gilquiniidae (1), Lacistorhynchidae (1), Pterobothriidae (1) and Tentaculariidae (3) were found. Ten trypanorhynch species from Penyu Bay and four species from South Bali could be identified. Two taxa that might represent new species were collected: Dollfusiella sp. from Brevitrygon heterura and Prochristianella sp. from Maculabatis gerrardi. Conclusions: The present paper gives insights in using the trypanorhynch cestode community in combination with feeding ecology analyses to support conservation of elasmobranchs in Indonesian waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kampung is a historical form of vernacular urbanism in Indonesia with similar typologies occurring across Southeast Asia. As an urban form, it plays a crucial role in absorbing rural–urban migration symptomatic of not only postcolonial urbanisation in the Global South, but also precolonial and colonial trade networks. Kampung's adaptability in accommodating diverse aspirations and cultural influences makes it no less cosmopolitan than the formally planned cities it was situated in. This paper examines kampung's urbanism in contemporary Indonesia and theorises it as a form of subaltern cosmopolitanism. It reveals the interlaces of a localised regional practice of bottom-up urbanism with subnational and transnational professional design networks on the fringe of Indonesia's most rapidly "worlding" urban centre outside Java: Makassar. It reveals how urbanity is produced through a coalescence of sub-national diversity, mobile intellectual actors, and transnational network of design activism that spans the developing urban region of the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayesian analysis was applied to small area models with overdispersed response variables. The benefits of implementing this strategy by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods make inference straightforward and computationally feasible. In this paper, we apply the strategy into area-level modeling to predict the under-five mortality rate at the district level in Java Island, the most populated region in Indonesia. The result shows that the zero-inflated negative binomial model yields the reduced relative standard error and relative mean squared error when compared to district estimates, the zeroinflated generalized Poisson and Poisson models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In now days, character is to be something very important in a technological era. If the materialistic advantages and benefits obtained from the advancement of the industrial era are not followed by the adequacy of immaterial factors, it will certainly bring about chaos in personal and social lives. Furthermore, the impact of the two sides disharmony will at least trigger three things. First, moral decline in community, second, the decreasing sense of togetherness and unity, third, interpersonal interaction has changed. So, human being needs identity and character in order to not experience disorientation in life. This paper aims to describe the characteristics of the disciples of Tarekat Naqsabandiyah-Kholidiyah in central Java, Indonesia and to analyze how the values of character education formed within the disciples of Tarekat Naqsabandiyah Khalidiyah. The methods used in collecting data were in depth interview, observation, and documentation. Having collected, they would be analyzed by steps like collecting, reduction, displaying data and drawing conclusion. The result showed internalization of the values were performed by integrated ways which combined either internal or external factors. Internal factors were started by pure motivation in each disciples' inner heart. The external factor consisted of family, tarekat teaching, mursyid model, and jama'ah. The educational character along with the jama'ah tarekat can be categorized into three major characters namely; wisdom, keep avoiding the bad deed, and courage. These characters are also contained in educational character, and the most important thing is how the formal education can imitate the method used in building that character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symptomatic samples were taken from five districts in Yogyakarta and Central Java provinces of Indonesia to survey the genetic diversity of Begomovirus, α and β satellites. Fourteen samples tested positive by PCR for infections of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus, mungbean yellow mosaic India virus, and ageratum yellow vein China virus. For the first time, the Ageratum yellow vein alpha satellite (AYVA) was identified in Indonesia and the tomato leaf curl Java beta satellite (ToLCJaB) was detected in different hosts. The partial genome sequences of begomoviruses and complete sequences of the α and β satellites were obtained and deposited in NCBI GenBank (OP846592-OP846615). The phylogenetic study revealed that AYVA and ToLCJaB each had two separate lineages. Coherent with the other reports, the polymorphism and diversity analyses confirmed that the βC1 coding region of the ToLCJaB genome is highly conserved. The comparison of phylogroups 1 and 2 of ToLCJaB produced a high Fixation index (FST) value, indicating genetic isolation between them. This report could serve as a basis for future work on the poorly studied genetic variation of α and β satellites in Indonesia and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of information and communication technology changed mail delivery services in various parts of the world in the twenty centuries. In Java, the increase in postal services as Dutch East Indies government infrastructure) grew along with the construction of the Postweg line (postal road) in 1809-1811. The road networks pass through Jakarta - Semarang, Surabaya, and another small-town facility and now the postal networks became a heritage. The networks of post building in Semarang are unique compared to other big cities in Java. The Dutch East Indies government anticipated the geography of Semarang when they developed the expansion of the town to the south and utilized it by postal services. The government has issued a cultural heritage regulation for buildings and areas, but has not touched the conservation network of heritage. Based on that problem, this paper aimed to reveal Semarang city pattern used post office and infrastructure as a tool for analysing city morphology and suggested to conserve the heritage network. The method used was urban design with the historical approach, the post office location, settlements, road networks, and geographic conditions. The research findings showed that the postal infrastructure formed the sustainability of Semarang city from local-Dutch Indies rule in triangle form. The city's geographical factor also influenced the city's layout. The local and colonial city character in this triangle area is still preserved, although some minor changes in the area postweg road. The sustainability city layout from the era of local government - the Dutch East Indies in Semarang by making the city centre of the local government (in the top of the triangle) as the centre of urban design should be input on the heritage regulation as areas conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two new species of subgenus Amphidromus Albers, 1850 and a new subspecies of subgenus Syndromus Pilsbry, 1900, all came from southern Sumatra, Indonesia; and a new fossil species of Amphidromus s.s. from Central Java, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, it is known that extreme climatic conditions such as El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD+) cause prolonged drought in Indonesia's tropical peatlands so that groundwater levels (GWL) drop and peat is prone to fire. However, 27 years of GWL measurements in Central Kalimantan peat forests show the opposite condition, where the lowest GWL occurs several weeks before El Niño and after IOD+ reaches its peaks. We show that the dropped sea surface temperature anomaly induced by anomalously easterly winds along the southern Java-Sumatra occurs several weeks before the GWL drop to the lowest value. Local rainfall decreased, and GWL dropped sharply by 1.0 to 1.5 m, during the super El Niño events in 1997/98 and 2015, as well as remarkable events of IOD+ in 2019. It is suggested that the tropical peatland ecohydrological system (represented by the GWL), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and IOD+ are teleconnected. Hence, monitoring GWL variability of peatland over the IMC is a possibility an alert for extreme climate events associated with El Niño and/or moderate IOD+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the discovery of hominin fossils at Trinil (Java, Indonesia) in 1891 and 1892, Eugène Dubois named a new species, now known as Homo erectus. Although the main historical events are well-known, there appears to be no consensus regarding two important aspects of the naming of the species, including what constitutes the original publication of the name, and what is the name-bearing type specimen. These issues are addressed in this paper with reference to original sources and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Our review confirms earlier studies that cite the published quarterly fieldwork report covering the 3rd quarter of 1892 as the original publication naming the species erectus. However, until recently, the correct publication year of 1893 has consistently been cited as 1892, and it has rarely been recognized that the author of the publication was anonymous, even though the author of the species is specifically named. Importantly, Dubois assigns all three hominin fossils found at Trinil up to that moment to the new species, explicitly stating that they belong to a single individual. The three fossils, a molar, a calotte, and a femur, therefore jointly constitute the original holotype. However, the femur most likely derives from younger strata than the other hominins and shows fully modern human-like morphology, unlike subsequently discovered H. erectus femora. Moreover, there is no consensus over the affinities of the molar, and if it is H. erectus rather than an extinct ape, there is no evidence that it belongs to the same individual as the calotte. Excluding these two fossils from the holotype, the calotte is the appropriate fossil to retain the role as name-bearing specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrozoobenthos communities play significant ecological roles in coral reef ecosystems. However, they are frequently overlooked due to their cryptic appearance, and their diversity remains undiscovered, particularly in Indonesia. This comprehensive review of publications on the macrozoobenthos in the coral reef ecosystems of Java - the most populated island in Indonesia, was conducted to compile a species list and gain an overview of its community composition. We also assessed the existence of species that are frequently reported, endemic, protected, and threatened. Data analysis was performed with data from 53 publications appearing from the 1980s to 2022. In total, 482 species belonging to 4 phyla and 9 classes have been recorded. Mollusca is the most speciose phylum (n = 321), followed by Echinodermata (n = 106), Arthropoda (n = 49), and Platyhelminthes (n = 6). Generally, the northern part of Java is well studied and has larger numbers of recorded phyla and species. The highest species number (n = 266) has been recorded off the northern coast of West Java, while there are around 25–99 species in other regions. Echinoderms species such as Culcita novaeguineae, Diadema setosum, Echinothrix calamaris, and Holothuria atra had relatively higher occurrences than other taxa. We also noted the occurrence of giant clam Hippopus hippopus, which is protected by Indonesian law. This review provides fundamental knowledge of macrozoobenthic diversity in the coral reefs of Java, making it available to global audiences. However, it revealed a lack of research on benthic fauna in several areas with moderate to good coral cover conditions. Further research is needed to explore macrozoobenthic species richness in this region thoroughly, and periodic monitoring is essential to provide early warnings of possible changes and biodiversity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Neosimnia P. Fisher, 1884, is reported for the first time from Indonesia in the form of several fossil species, recovered together from the Miocene deposits of Tasikmalaya, West Java. The species described closely resemble their current Atlantic counterparts, of which they exhibit all the modern characteristics. Nevertheless, they are undoubtedly new to science, as no living or fossil specimens of this genus are known from the Indian Ocean or the Western Pacific Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baduy people of the Banten Province in Western Java are one of many peoples that make up the larger Sundanese ethnic group in Indonesia. The life of the Baduy Dalam (the Inner Baduy people) is interestingly bound to their customary rules and norms including those regulating their naming system. This research discusses the Baduy naming system which has a unique concept of naming a child using part of his/her parents' byname. In the research, 493 people and their bynames were selected from a total population of 1,202. The names were collected from the Family ID Cards of those living in three Baduy Dalam villages -- Cibeo, Cikeusik, and Cikartawana. The study also utilized interviews with informants who have considerable knowledge about the bynames of the Baduy people. These interviews were conducted to see when and how the names of Ayah, Ambu, Ki, and Ni were formed. In Baduy tradition, parents are called Ayah (male) and Ambu (female) followed by the name of their child. Similarly, grandparents are called Ki (male) or Ni (female) followed by their grandchild's name. It is not always the first child or a male child whose name is taken for his/her parents' or grandparents' byname. The choice is taken based on agreement among family members. The research was informed by the study of personal names known as anthroponomastics, and more specifically, by Eva Brylla's anthroponomastic theory of the byname (Brylla, 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the Islamic ruwat tradition as a manifestation of the encounter between Islam and local culture in Java within the framework of the Islam Nusantara discourse. This study begins with a literature survey enriched with qualitative field research. Informants in this research are religious leaders as well as community leaders who have knowledge and experience about ruwatan. The data that has been collected is then analyzed qualitatively according to the research focus. The results of this study found that ruwat islami tradition is a form of harmonization between Islamic teachings and Javanese culture that is still sustainable today. The practice of ruwat islami rituals requires various types of dishes (sajcn) as a form of alms that contain symbolic meanings in the form of Islamic values, teachings/doctrines, and history. The meeting point between the two resulted in the ruwat islami tradition which is one of the heritage of the Islam Nusantara tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of plastic pollution in the marine environment is a matter of great concern. Our research presents pioneering findings on sub-surface microplastics in the Indonesian archipelagic waters. Data on microplastic presence in sub-surface water in the Indonesian Archipelagic Water is crucial for expanding our understanding of microplastic distribution from the surface to the bottom layers of the ocean, a research area that has been relatively overlooked. We discovered microplastic particles at 5 m depth below the surface through simultaneous pump method. The highest concentration of microplastics was discovered in Ambon, followed by North Java and North Sulawesi. In contrast, the lowest abundance of microplastics was detected in the Maluku Sea. These findings are consistent with prior studies establishing a relationship between human activity-as indicated by population density-and microplastic pollution. However, our results indicate that levels of microplastics in Ambon were significantly higher than those found in other sampled areas, particularly compared to North Java, which boasts the highest population density in Indonesia. This disparity is likely due to a faster seawater flushing rate and shorter water residence time in North Java relative to Ambon. The origins and pathways through which these microplastics are introduced into Indonesian archipelagic waters remain uncertain. Based on particle composition (52.73% fibers and 51.38% size <500 µm), it appears that they may result from either larger plastic items being broken down during transportation over long distances by prevailing currents from input from coastal areas or as a byproduct of local activities. Additional research is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of microplastic in water columns. This includes investigating the fate of microplastics and examining their impact on marine organisms within this treasured ecosystem. Moreover, it is important to develop methods for mapping the worldwide distribution of microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Java Island holds the highest record of landslide events in Indonesia. In 2021, the Bogor area, consisting of the city and regency of Bogor, recorded the highest number of landslides. These events further impact the fatalities, damage, and loss to society. Landslide mitigation should be considered to reduce the risk caused by landslide hazards. In this regard, a landslide susceptibility analysis is one of the fundamental steps in mitigation measures that can support policymakers in response to landslide disaster risk reduction. The location of landslide possibilities can be identified by mapping landslide susceptibility. Therefore, this study aims to produce a landslide susceptibility map (LSM) using a statistical frequency ratio method and logistic regression. The number of landslide inventories used in the model is about 822 events. To apply the model, the present study evaluates 13 influencing factors consisting of elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), distance to river, lithological, distance to fault, soil type, annual rainfall, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land use land cover (LULC), and road distance. The model performance is further evaluated using Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC). The frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) models produce satisfactory results and have high predictions of future landslide occurrences with a score of 0.8317 and 0.8817, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Bistolida Cossmann, 1920 is described fromthe Miocene of theCibalong area, Tasikmalaya Regency of western Java, Indonesia. Morphological analyses of theshell dimensions, outline, extremities, aperture shape, and apertural teeth shows a combinationofcharacters that are typical of the genus Bistolida. Although the genus has not previouslybeenreported from Java, its presence in the Miocene fossil record is supported by the six specimens that are shown here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geospatial analysis is useful for mapping the potential of renewables like solar PV. However, recent studies do not address PV's bankable potential for which project financing can be secured. This paper proposes a framework that incorporates project finance into geospatial analyses to obtain the bankable potential of renewables. We demonstrate our framework for Indonesia, and compare the bankable potential with the socio-economic potential mostly used in literature. Using average inputs On average, the technical potential is 12,200 TWh/year and the socio-economic potential is 152.7 TWh/year if capped by 2030 demand (34% coverage). Considering PV's financing risks, PV's bankable potential is 16.0 TWh under current conditions if capped by 2030 demand (3.6% coverage). Both economic potentials are mainly in East Indonesia and absent on Java due to tariffs and land availability. For the bankable potential, the risk perception by banks and investors is another key influence. With a feed-in tariff of 11.5 US¢(2021)/kWh and temporary lift of import restrictions, the bankable potential is 23 TWh if capped by 2030 demand (5.2% coverage) and spreads to Java. For more widespread bankability, additional temporary measures are recommended until the PV's costs have decreased further and trust by financial institutions has increased. • Geospatial analysis with project finance for PV's bankable potential in Indonesia. • Technical PV potential (8,077 TWh/year) meets future demand in all areas but Java. • Up to 26.2 TWh/year bankable under current conditions, mostly in rural areas. • Short-term policies spread potential to rest of country (up to 348.6 TWh/year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the determinants of household-level energy poverty in Indonesia by using highly granular, household-level socioeconomic data on Indonesia from the 2015–2019 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS). This study utilizes two distinct methods to assess energy poverty in Indonesia with regard to accessibility, aiming to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the issue. Using logistic regression with the combination of district-level fixed effects and interactions between regional and yearly terms, this study finds that, in general, the likelihood of a household being under energy poverty is negatively associated with household expenditure, dwelling size, family size, full-time employment status, and the marital status and educational attainment of the household head, while the associations with other determinants, such as the gender of the household head and LPG and electricity prices, are positive. These associations between the incidence of energy poverty and households' socioeconomic and demographic variables, as well as the prices of modern and alternative energy, are in parallel with the findings from other similar studies that have been conducted in other developing countries or regions. Furthermore, this study finds some substantial variations in the estimation results for Java and outside Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - This research was motivated by data from the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia in 2022 that stated the number of MSMEs continues to increase from year to year, even reaching 99% of the total number of existing business sectors and the data from Central Statistics Agency (BPS) along with a survey by Bank Indonesia that indicate approximately 64.5% or around 37 million MSMEs in Indonesia are run by women. Methodology/Technique - Previous studies on women entrepreneurs' performance had limitations regarding sectors considered and variables. Thus, this study analyzed factors that influenced women entrepreneurs in Java Island. This research has contributed original insights into the factors influencing the performance of women entrepreneurs, particularly within the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector, encompassing a broader scope of analysis. This study is quantitative research on 295 respondents and was analyzed by SmartPls 4.0 Software. Findings - The study found that while entrepreneurial skills had some influence on entrepreneurial competencies and women entrepreneurs' performance, the significance was limited. Novelty - Furthermore, social networking significantly influenced women entrepreneurs' performance, but social networking had not significantly influenced meditating variable. Ultimately, entrepreneurial competencies had not significantly influenced women entrepreneurs' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a survey of the Indonesian diatoms, five Luticola D.G.Mann taxa that could not be identified, based on the available literature were discovered. Based on light microscopy, scanning electron microscope observations and comparisons with similar taxa, all of them are described as new species. All taxa were found on mosses growing on tree trunks and concrete on the islands of Banda Besar and Seram and from spring on Java Island. Luticola insularis sp. nov. is most similar to L. aequatorialis and L. simplex, but it can easily be distinguished from both taxa, based on the lower striae density, the narrower valves and the well-developed silica ridges on the valve face/mantle junction. Luticola bandanensis sp. nov. resembles L. frequentissima, but they can be easily distinguished, based on their valve widths and the direction of the grooves located on the distal and proximal raphe endings. Luticola elliptica sp. nov. is most similar to L. sparsipunctata, L. tenuis and L. bryophila. Amongst all the species compared, L. elliptica sp. nov. is the only one with a highly asymmetrical central area, with the isolated pore located on the wider side. Luticola malukuana sp. nov. shares similarities with L. dismutica and L. areolata, but it has a notably higher stria density. From L. areolata, it can also be separated by the morphology of striae and the lack of ghost areolae in the central area. Luticola poliporea sp. nov. is unique in the whole genus due to the presence of multiple isolated pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato commodity ranks fifth regarding vegetable export volume and value in Indonesia. The main issues with tomato production in Indonesia are seemingly its lack of variations, quantity, quality, and supply continuity. This study aimed to analyze the comparative and the competitive advantages of tomato farming, evaluate the government policy on inputs, outputs, and input-output sectors, and formulate strategic for transforming the comparative advantage into a competitive advantage. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and sensitivity analysis were employed as the method with the 75 farmers as the respondents and their Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving farmer groups, agricultural extension workers, traders, and the Agricultural Service Offices in the respective regencies. The results showed that tomato farming has both its comparative and competitive advantages. Its comparative advantage was higher than its competitive advantage in both dry and wet seasons. In general, tomato farming's comparative and competitive advantages outside Java were higher than those in Java. Meanwhile, the divergence effects of tomato agribusiness were more beneficial to consumers than producers. It indicates that improving domestic tomato production was more profitable for Indonesia than importing this commodity in terms of domestic resource use. The sensitivity analysis shows that tomato farming was relatively stable regarding productivity and price changes. The suggested strategic policies to apply are transforming tomato farming's comparative advantage into competitive advantage through productivity enhancement, improvement of distribution efficiency, less market distortion, and government incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Researchers have demonstrated that various measurement concepts and dimensions depend on context and timing. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Javanese couples' marital quality scale based on validity and reliability Methods: In total 840 participants or 420 marital dyad from Java, Indonesia, were involved in this study. The psychometrics properties scale was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant analysis, and composite reliability. Results: The exploratory factor analysis found relationship quality to consist of support, physical proximity, warmth, communication, acceptance and respect, role sharing, and responsibility factors. Well-being quality consists of happiness, harmony, and problem-solving. The fit of the measurement model was obtained using confirmatory factor analysis. The fit model was also found in the husband's and wife's groups, with no differences between them. The high correlations between wife-husband factors also proved the validity based on convergent and discriminant evidence. The reliability coefficient was high for each dimension and construct. Discussion: This analysis shows that the marital quality scale developed has information on psychometric properties that can be useful for researchers and the practicians using the marital quality instrument of Javanese couples in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, land tenure reform has been approached as a policy priority by the government to address rural poverty and achieve distributive economic equity. It is instituted around allocation and consolidation of land ownership and access. Tenure reform policy promises over 21.7 million hectares (including 16.8 million hectares of forestland) to be distributed through two modes, i.e., land subject to agrarian reform and social forestry. Specifically for Java, the country's most populated island, the government has recently allocated 1.1 million hectares of state forests to be entrusted to local communities in a scheme called Kawasan Hutan Dengan Pengelolaan Khusus/KHDPK (Forest Zones for Special Management Purposes). Approximately three-quarters of the KHDPK-reserved forestland is pledged for SF licensing/permits to be completed by 2024. Currently, there is heightened activity to hand over social forestry permits. However, the KHDPK-designated forest is not an unoccupied resource that can simply be transferred/granted to local communities. From only four sites, we discovered that the forests have been guided by contrasting (often conflicting) principles, norms, and values that have shaped the existing tenure arrangements, how it is used and managed, and by whom. Such issues must be navigated prior to introducing the new policy and implementation regime. We conclude that while the policy rationales look perfect as a framework, KHDPK implementation exhibits impediments and potential failures. There is risk of altering it into a mere industry of policy rhetoric, sustaining major flaws from design to execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geohazard assessment was conducted in the Aerotropolis area of the new Yogyakarta international airport, located in the Yogyakarta special region province, Indonesia. The study involved the analysis and modeling of 3-D inversions of earth gravity anomaly data obtained from the high-resolution of Global Gravity Model (GGM). The main objective of the study was to identify subsurface geological structures such as faults, active volcanoes, and sedimentary layers that may pose potential hazards to the Yogyakarta aerotropolis area. The complete Bouguer anomaly in the study region was calculated using modern terrain correction methods that relied on full-scale topography gravity data from the SRTM2gravity model. A 2-D radial spectrum analysis was then performed on this anomaly data, which revealed that the average thickness of sedimentary layers was estimated to be more than 100 m. The rock density contrast was determined using the residual gravity anomaly inversion, which showed a range of - 0.086 g/cm³ to 0.043 g/cm³ . The analysis of gravity anomalies and rock density contrast provided results that aligned with the regional geological conditions of the Yogyakarta region, including the pattern of igneous rock intrusion with high density contrast, the presence of the Merapi magma chambers associated with low negative density contrast, and the Opak normal fault path at low and high contrast boundaries, which could lead to natural hazards in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a common hydro-meteorological disaster in several remote regions of Java, Indonesia, due to the limitation of supporting facilities in water supply management. However, little attention has been paid to drought preparedness, especially within drought risk assessment. Since Java is the most densely populated area in Indonesia and has been identified as a national food center, an effective drought risk assessment is needed for drought disaster mitigation. Therefore, a spatial drought risk assessment for the sub-district level was conducted for Java using a framework that considers the combined roles of drought hazard and drought vulnerability. Observed rainfall data from 1294 stations across Java for the time period 1991–2020 were used to define a drought hazard index. Furthermore, a drought vulnerability index was obtained by classifying several indicators that accommodated non-climate aspects. Based on these, an overall drought risk index was obtained by integrating the drought hazard index and drought vulnerability index. The results identified several areas of Java in need of priority government attention for drought disaster mitigation. Of these, the main priorities are regions with a high risk of drought, which were spread across five provinces as follows (percentage represents the number of high drought hazard index values in the sub-district to the total number of sub-districts): Yogyakarta (13.92%), West Java (7.26%), Banten (5.77%), Central Java (6.23%), and East Java (4.32%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What explains the regionally varying electoral outcomes of Islamist parties in Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim democracy? By employing a three-stage approach inspired by Evan Lieberman's nested analysis, this article aims to gain a better understanding of how adaptability to local political contexts matters in determining the vote share of the Islamist Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) at the sub-provincial level. It uncovers that PKS' electoral mobilisation in non-Javanese regions depends more on whether the party leverages a strong predisposition towards personal votes underpinned by pre-existing clientelistic ties. In contrast, the PKS support base in Java tends to be embedded in specific milieus shaped by deep-seated sociocultural cleavages. The findings thus not only demonstrate the limitations of programmatic, institutionalised parties like PKS in the Indonesian context, but also resonate with a larger body of broader literature on politics in the Muslim world, indicating strategic considerations of local political conditions as an important factor in electoral support for political Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetative based soil and water conservation is most commonly done by the community to contribute to income improvement at the volcanic slopes in Java Island, Indonesia. Coconut and Mahogany plants have been cultivated as intercrops in most dry-land agricultural fields by many people for different purposes of income generation. The differences in canopy characteristics between the two plants significantly affect the production of runoff. Field evidence is needed to support it as a suitable plant for soil and water conservation efforts. The study was conducted using a field survey method equipped with soil characteristic measurements in the laboratory. The data collection process began with a study of the landscape of the research area which was divided into three zones, namely residual, erosion, and deposition. In each zone, coconut and Mahogany plants were selected with the ideal morphology for measurement of interception, throughfall, and stemflow during rain events. Soil sampling under the plant canopy was used to measure texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, macro pores, initial soil moisture, and organic matter. Coconut plants are considered better for the purpose of vegetative soil and water conservation than Mahogany. However, Mahogany must be arranged at the upper plot and Coconut at the lower plot to enhance runoff reduction. Coconut can reduce the volume of surface runoff significantly so that the erosion rate becomes smaller. Coconut roots function to stabilize the physical properties of soil which can ensure continuous infiltration and percolation processes during rain events so that the amount of water stored in the soil increases. Those two trees may be planted along the natural drainage canal that is usually located at the edge of dry-land agricultural fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Illegal fishing, including that of sharks for meat and fins, is one of the larger threats to marine biodiversity conservation. Getting data on these illegal activities is challenging as there are few reliable official records. I use data from the media, tourists, and artisan fishermen to gain insight into the trade in the world's largest fish, the whale shark, in Indonesia. Whale sharks are typically caught in fishing nets, dragged alongside boats to the shallows, where they are butchered. The meat and oil are sold. In a popular tourist area, Pangandaran, whale sharks are landed and butchered on the beach in view of hundreds of people and local media; I report on 30 landings (2002–2022). Along the south coast of Java, part of which includes Pangandaran, I document 38 landings (2019–2022). Artisanal fishermen see the landings of whale sharks as fortuitous events, and the monetary gains are frequently shared with the community. However, artisanal fisheries pose a significant threat to whale sharks, and the legal protection that whale sharks receive in Indonesia is not sufficiently enforced. Furthermore, Indonesia is a signatory to various international agreements that preclude the fishing and trade in whale sharks, and greater adherence to these rules and regulations is needed. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, including that of sharks, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems and individual species. I use data from the media, tourists, and artisan fishermen to gain insight into the trade in the world's largest fish, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). I focus on the Indonesian island of Java where, along its south coast, whale sharks are landed and butchered on the beach in view of hundreds of people and local media. Whale sharks are typically caught in fishing nets and dragged alongside boats to the shallows, where they are butchered. The meat and oil (valued at ~USD 2000 per shark) are sold and distributed within the community. I document 58 landings of mainly immature whale sharks (2002–2022). Artisanal fishermen see the landing of whale sharks as a fortuitous event, but the species is protected, and Indonesia is a signatory to various international agreements that preclude the fishing of whale sharks. It is imperative for the conservation of whale sharks that the various parties in Indonesia adhere better to their own rules and regulations protecting this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the labor market leading to significant unemployment. This study explores the 2019, 2020, and 2021 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) to examine the labor market changes and the relationship between workers' skill sets, such as hard skills (vocational education), soft skills, and digital literacy and reemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our descriptive statistics analysis confirms that the scarring effect exists as the share of the informal sector increases by around 4.5 percentage points during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, our estimations using the Bivariate Probit Model show that social skills and digital literacy are important determinants for reemployment at the national level. In contrast, vocational education and problem-solving skills are statistically insignificant. Workers with social skills tend to have a higher probability of being reemployed, by 41% in 2020 and 27% in 2021, compared to workers without any. Our study also finds a heterogenous relationship between skill sets and reemployment. Social skill is significantly correlated with reemployment in an urban area, Java-Bali, and young workers in the 15–24 age group. In addition, vocational education is crucial for reemployment, especially among young workers during the economic recovery period in 2021. Our study suggests that the government should focus on preparing the correct and relevant skill sets for young workers aged 15–24 to respond to the significant demand changes in the post-pandemic labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between the uneven outcomes of development in Indonesian cities with exclusionary outcomes of capitalist development in rural areas. Combining concepts of planetary urbanization with critical agrarian studies, we show how sociospatial and socionatural differentiations in (post-) New Order Java result in the emergence of the Kaum Miskin Kota, a 'stagnant relative surplus population' residing in precarious flood-prone urban spaces. These forms of differentiation are dialectically related to rural enclosures caused by the creation of political forest and political water. Tracing such relations forms a good basis to connect rural- and urban-based social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper use of neuropsychological tests in Indonesia is hindered by a lack of properly adapted neurocognitive tests as well as an absence of normative data. In 2016, we started adapting ten of these tests for use in Indonesia and collected data from healthy participants in Java. Here we introduce and propose a system that will facilitate the proper usage and interpretation of test scores: an online platform and a dynamic database. Newly collected data (492 healthy adults) of the Indonesian version of the Boston Naming Test (I-BNT) were used to illustrate the usefulness of the two functions. Analysis of variances, post-hoc tests, and a simulation study revealed the effects of age and education on the I-BNT, indicating that it is imperative to fine-tune the reference group based on these demographic factors. Putative inadequate sample size issues for obtaining reliable normative scores were overcome by employing regression analyses and the prediction of normative scores. It can be concluded that a flexible online platform is available for the calculation of normative scores either based on the whole population, on fine-tuned reference groups, or on predicted scores. The dynamic database's growth will allow to obtain even more fine-tuned and more reliable reference data as well as more accurate predictions. Fine-tuned reference data are badly needed for the heterogenous Indonesian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explored actor-networks and space–time production that affected the complexity of the social-ecological resilience of coastal communities through mangrove conservation efforts using a combination of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Production of Space Theory perspectives. The case study area in Jenu coastal focused on Jenu Village because of the existence of Mangrove Center Tuban (MCT) conservation area. The study applied the regressive-progressive method qualitatively through descriptive, analytic-regressive, and historical-genetic stages. Data collected technique involved observation, semi-structured and in-depth interviews, and documentation, which were subsequently analyzed using Milles and Hubberman's interactive model analysis technique. Based on the analysis results, the adaptive cycle phases of social-ecological resilience of the community in the Jenu coastal area at a range of 1958–2020 began from the creative destruction phase and ended with the conservation phase (but none repeated phases had shown). Additionally, the phases were influenced by the agency of human actors (including the founder and managers of MCT, Jenu coastal communities, Tuban District government, etc.) and non-human actors (including coastal erosion, mangroves, trucukisasi system, sea fir, etc.). Those whole actors formed the network at each translation moment in determining the process of space transformation through space–time production, resulting in three different spatial production modes (exploitative, conservation, and economic). Theoretically, each phase of the adaptive cycle, actor-network translation moment, and spatial production mode could be interrelated as an interdisciplinary perspective to explore the process of social-ecological resilience of coastal communities when facing natural hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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