1,025 results
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2. Intersectionality in Education: Rationale and Practices to Address the Needs of Students' Intersecting Identities. OECD Education Working Papers. No. 302
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Directorate for Education and Skills, Samo Varsik, and Julia Gorochovskij
- Abstract
Intersectionality highlights that different aspects of individuals' identities are not independent of each other. Instead, they interact to create unique identities and experiences, which cannot be understood by analysing each identity dimension separately or in isolation from their social and historical contexts. Intersectional approaches in this way question the common classification of individuals into groups (male vs. female, immigrant vs. native etc.), which raises important implications for the policy-making process. In education, analyses with an intersectional lens have the potential to lead to better tailored and more effective policies and interventions related to participation, learning outcomes, students' attitudes towards the future, identification of needs, and socio-emotional well-being. Consequently, as elaborated in this paper, some countries have adjusted their policies in the areas of governance, resourcing, developing capacity, promoting school-level interventions and monitoring, to account for intersectionality. Gaps and challenges related to intersectional approaches are also highlighted.
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- 2023
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3. Autonomous Schools, Achievement and Segregation. Discussion Paper No. 1968
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), Natalie Irmert, Jan Bietenbeck, Linn Mattisson, and Felix Weinhardt
- Abstract
We study whether autonomous schools, which are publicly funded but can operate more independently than government-run schools, affect student achievement and school segregation across 15 countries over 16 years. Our triple-differences regressions exploit between-grade variation in the share of students attending autonomous schools within a given country and year. While autonomous schools do not affect overall achievement, effects are positive for high-socioeconomic status students and negative for immigrants. Impacts on segregation mirror these findings, with evidence of increased segregation by socioeconomic and immigrant status. Rather than creating "a rising tide that lifts all boats," autonomous schools increase inequality
- Published
- 2023
4. Advancing the Entrepreunerial University: Lessons Learned from 13 HEInnovate Country Reviews. OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers. Policy Brief
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France)
- Abstract
Higher education institutions (HEIs) are more critical than ever to help societies respond to the complex challenges of our times. Recognising that these challenges require HEIs to adopt holistic innovations in teaching, research and collaboration activities, the European Commission (EC) and the OECD have developed the HEInnovate guiding framework. HEInnovate promotes innovation and entrepreneurship in higher education and provides guidance to policy makers and HEIs that want to generate additional societal and economic value. This policy brief distils the main findings and recommendations of 13 HEInnovate Country Reviews that have examined higher education system and institution, identifying factors affecting the delivery of the entrepreneurial and innovation agenda in higher education. Looked at in the round, the country reviews provide HE leaders with peer-learning and best practices, policy makers with tested policy solutions and the European Union and the OECD with a deeper understanding of the state of innovation and entrepreneurship in higher education.
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- 2022
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5. When Practice Meets Policy in Mathematics Education: A 19 Country/Jurisdiction Case Study. OECD Education Working Papers. No. 268
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Directorate for Education and Skills, Schmidt, William H., Houang, Richard T., Sullivan, William F., and Cogan, Leland S.
- Abstract
The OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 (E2030) project's overall goal is that of looking to the future in terms of how school curricula should evolve given the technological advances and other changes that societies are now facing. Towards that end, the E2030 project centres on the idea that education needs to equip students with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values they need to become active, responsible and engaged citizens. Mathematics is considered a highly relevant subject for achieving the above stated goals, as such it requires further and more detailed analysis. As a result, it has been chosen as one of the E2030 project's subject-specific analyses. The project has been named the Mathematics Curriculum Document Analysis (MCDA) study as per the request of participating countries. This working paper presents the findings of the MCDA study, which involves participants from 19 countries and jurisdictions.
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- 2022
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6. Some new thoughts of definitions of terms of sedimentary facies: Based on Miall's paper (1985).
- Author
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Feng, Zeng-Zhao
- Subjects
FACIES ,IGNEOUS rocks ,ARCHITECTURAL details ,LITHOFACIES ,STONE ,PETROLOGY ,GEOPHYSICS - Abstract
In recent years, the Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition and English Edition) continually received manuscripts, in which some authors are from China and some are from Pakistan, Lithuania, Morocco, South Africa, etc. The authors of these manuscripts, according to the viewpoint and method of Miall's paper (1985), selected rocks from each bed in the clastic sections of their study areas and induced some rock types, such as conglomerates, sandstones and fine-grained stones, and considered them as lithofacies. It does not conform to the definition of lithofacies. I wrote some papers, i.e., Feng (2018, 2019, 2020), to point out the problems and hope that the authors worldwide, especially Chinese authors, will not continually cite, spread and follow Miall's paper (1985) viewpoint and method blindly. Prof. Miall is the first person who considered rocks (in fact, the sediments) as lithofacies and proposed a facies analysis method. His viewpoint and facies analysis method confused the definition of facies and facies analysis method. My current paper is a special article to discuss the principal problems of Miall's paper (1985), i.e., he considered the sediments as lithofacies and utilized lithofacies to analyze facies, but not to discuss the contributions and less strictness of architectural elements of his paper. Here, I have to declare that the facies in my current paper is the facies of sedimentary petrology, but not of other geological disciplines, such as igneous petrology, metamorphic petrology, palaeontology, stratigraphy, geophysics, geochemistry. Certainly, the definitions of facies and lithofacies are controversial. My current paper will adhere to the policy of "A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend". I hope that through academic discussions, contends and geological practice, these problems will be solved gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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7. Return migration and embedding: through the lens of Brexit as an unsettling event.
- Author
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Grabowska, Izabela and Ryan, Louise
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RETURN migration ,BRITISH withdrawal from the European Union, 2016-2020 ,COUNTRY of origin (Immigrants) ,ORIGIN of life ,HINTERLAND ,PARALLEL processing - Abstract
This introductory paper, reflecting the Thematic Cluster of four papers, brings together two themes that are important for migration studies: return migration and embedding. Beyond any simplistic assumptions of settlement and permanent integration back into the origin country, following return, or notions of ongoing unfettered mobility back and forth over time, this article knits together data from the cluster papers, focusing on Lithuania and Poland, to explore factors that lead to return, or indeed non-return, and subsequent experiences in the 'home' country for those who do return. Moreover, using mixed methods, including longitudinal research, we advance a theoretical framework facilitating an examination of how returnees negotiate their lives in the origin society and whether they intend to stay, or migrate again, through the conceptual lens of embedding. While emphasising agency and effort, embedding also recognises structural constraints that may impede migrants' expectations and aspirations. Hence, return migration may involve parallel processes of re-embedding but also experiences of dis-embedding as the hoped for return project encounters unexpected obstacles and may result in further migration. In mapping the field of return migration, through the concept of embedding, we focus on the impact of Brexit as 'an unsettling event'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. THE BULLETIN OF THE VILNIUS ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW (1960-1992).
- Author
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Poškienė, Agnė, Vázquez, Carlos Viscasillas, and Mikolaitis, Šarūnas
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ASTRONOMICAL observatories ,WORLD War II ,REINCARNATION ,ASTRONOMERS ,SCIENTIFIC community ,HISTORY of astronomy ,HISTORY of libraries - Abstract
During the eighteenth century professional astronomy started in Lithuania, and over time the first extensive astronomical publications appeared. The tradition of publishing a periodical astronomical Bulletin started in 1921, when Vilnius Astronomical Observatory was led by Polish astronomer Professor Władysław Dziewulski. The outbreak of the Second World War stopped the publication of Bulletins, and 1960 was a crucial year in the rebirth of astronomy in Lithuania. The revitalization of the Bulletin was very important for the Observatory's research and the expansion of the library. During the Soviet occupation, Lithuanian astronomers had limited links abroad. Thus, the Bulletin served as a way to disseminate astronomical research and establish links with international research institutions. This paper examines the history, personalities, contributions and importance to the scientific community of the Bulletin of the Vilnius Astronomical Observatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Sharing Shares with Employees: Tools and Empirical Evidence from Lithuania.
- Author
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Bitė, Virginijus and Vasiliauskas, Liutauras
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EMPLOYEE stock options ,INDUSTRIAL management ,PERSONNEL management ,EMPLOYEE participation in management ,EMPLOYEE attitudes - Abstract
This paper discloses the situation, specifics, tendencies, and limitations of employers' adjustment to employee financial participation (sharing shares) in companies in Lithuania. Three main tools are analyzed: the issuance of employee shares (known since 1990); a share granting (effective since 2018); and employee stock options. The empirical part of the paper is based on interviews conducted in 2019 and repeated in 2022–2023 with expert lawyers from Lithuanian law firms, alongside a survey of Lithuanian companies. The following aspects were analyzed: employers' knowledge of the possibilities of involving employees in company management (activities); instruments used by employers to implement employee financial participation; reasons that prevent successful employee involvement and barriers from the perspective of employees; tax-related issues; and measures that could facilitate greater employee involvement within the company. The research results show that there is a tendency that promotion via shares is becoming more popular and that business culture is slowly evolving. Employee stock options are the most used instrument, surpassing the use of statutory tools to grant shares to employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MODERNIZATION: REGULARITIES OF NORMATIVE CONCEPT APPLICATION.
- Author
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Guogis, Arvydas, Smalskys, Vainius, Reinholde, Iveta, Bileišis, Mantas, Klimovsky, Daniel, and Gavkalova, Nataliia
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MODERNIZATION (Social science) ,PUBLIC administration ,NEW public management ,ADMINISTRATIVE reform ,MUNICIPAL services - Abstract
The object of this study is to assess administrative reforms and change from the point of view of theoretical administrative models of hierarchical (traditional) administration, New Public Management (NPM), and New Public Governance (NPG) in Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovakia. Normative models offer a critique of legacy administrative practices; their wholesale implementation is seldom practical or successful. Reforms framed as “modernization” in these countries over the past three decades have generally followed the principles of NPM. Although policy arguments for introducing elements of NPG can be observed in the studied cases, the paper argues that NPG’s rhetorical attractiveness for resolving perceived shortcomings of other models lacks specific implementation mechanisms that would be viable within the existing institutional framework of the studied countries. Factors, such as the relatively small size of Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovakia, and obvious benefits of EU integration, appear to have moderated reforms to a point that core institutional features have become stable, and are also similar among the three countries: the dominance of hierarchical administrative model with rigid separation of powers structure and strong courts that can adjudicate administrative decisions, with numerous NPM inspired “modernization” measures, including the introduction of various interactive public services. The paper’s findings support the idea that Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovakia are administrative systems that have stable core governance institutions, and national public administrations modernize various aspects of their operation by introducing elements of NPM and NPG within the executive, but not reviewing the basic setup of these institutions. From this point of view, the findings are in line with the assumptions of the normative model of Neo-Weberian State (NWS) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Immigration to rural communities – attitudes from inside.
- Author
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Baranauskienė, Viktorija, Burneika, Donatas, and Kriaučiūnas, Edis
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REFUGEE children ,UNDOCUMENTED immigrants ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,RURAL development ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,COMMUNITY attitudes - Abstract
This paper analyses the main trends of population change across the territory of Lithuania and the impact of immigration on the development of peripheral rural areas in the early 21st century. Qualitative methods were employed to reveal the attitudes of residents of peripheral areas towards arriving new residents and their potential contribution to local development. Special attention is paid on the attitudes of local community leaders and new settlers towards immigrants, including war refugees from Ukraine, illegal immigrants from distant countries, returnees, and residents arriving from other regions of Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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12. The competence-based VET curriculum and teaching of work values: the case of Lithuania.
- Author
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Tūtlys, Vidmantas, Daukilas, Sigitas, Mičiulienė, Rita, Čiučiulkienė, Nijole, and Krikštolaitis, Ričardas
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WORK values ,SPIRITUALITY ,VALUES (Ethics) ,ATTITUDES toward work ,VOCATIONAL education - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to explore how the competence-based vocational education and training (VET) curricula facilitate shaping of work values of VET students. It discusses methodological and ideological orientations of competence-based VET in teaching work values and discloses the typical characteristics of teaching work values in the VET system of Lithuania. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative research approach leading to a survey method is adopted to investigate how VET students acquire and apply work-related values and attitudes to work. Findings: The survey of the VET students has disclosed that students are open to accepting different values of work, including cognitive values, social prestige and altruist values. However, orientation of the VET curricula to and provision of instrumental values lead to relatively weak internalization of the work values related to societal and spiritual dimensions. Originality/value: The paper provides empirical evidence regarding the implications of the competence-based curricula for teaching students work values in the school-based VET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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13. Changing Gendered Attitudes Toward Childcare: Social-Economic Determinants of Understanding Family Roles Among Lithuanian Parents.
- Author
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BUČAITĖ-VILKĖ, JURGA
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FAMILY roles ,ATTITUDE change (Psychology) ,PARENT attitudes ,GENDER role ,CHILD care ,PARENTS - Abstract
Copyright of Filosofija, Sociologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
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14. Breaking Bad: A Disaggregated Analysis of Inflation Inertia.
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Cevik, Serhan
- Subjects
CONSUMER price indexes ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,PRICE inflation ,PRICES ,METROPOLIS ,PRICE deflation - Abstract
The post-pandemic rise in consumer prices across the world has renewed interest in inflation dynamics after decades of global disinflation. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a granular investigation of inflation persistence at the city level in Lithuania during the period 2000–2021, as well as a comparison of inflation persistence at the country level vis-à-vis the eurozone over the same period. Using disaggregate monthly data on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) collected in five major cities, the empirical analysis finds a mixed and ambiguous picture of inflation persistence across all CPI subcomponents. While there are mixed results for persistence of the headline inflation, most consumption categories exhibit significant persistence. As a result, shocks may not remain transitory and instead have persistent effects that could spillover across subcomponents depending on the size of the shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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15. Middle-Income Trap and the Baltic States: Common Challenges, Different Strategies.
- Author
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Kalanta, Marius
- Subjects
VALUE chains ,MANUFACTURING industries - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Transforming the Network of Co-Working Spaces for Start-Ups into an Open Knowledge Ecosystem.
- Author
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Jucevičius, Giedrius and Graželytė, Jurgita
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OPEN spaces ,ECOSYSTEMS ,SHARED leadership ,NEW business enterprises ,VALUE proposition - Abstract
The paper focuses on the issues of transforming the geographically spread co-working spaces of start-up firms into the open knowledge ecosystems, i.e. hubs of growth-focused organizations characterised by sharing and generating new industrial knowledge. The presented insights are based on the combination of theoretical review and empirical survey of 92 managers of start-ups and SMEs in Lithuania. This is an emergent community of regional start-up firms with rudimentary linkages and elements of knowledge sharing. The paper looks into the key issues that could contribute to strengthening the knowledge-based collaborations and synergies in such community, while assessing both the current situation and the evolutionary potential of such collaborations. We present the critical discussion in the light of ecosystem-as-structure vs. ecosystem-as-affiliation (Adner, 2017) approaches. Ecosystem-as-affiliation approach stresses the affiliation of ecosystem actors (to the network or focal actor), while ecosystem-as-structure views ecosystem through the lense of value proposition that network actors are co-creating. The first view has a more open-ended network perspective where spontaneous collaborations may lead to different outcomes and the network welcome different members with no prior objective in sight. The second view is more focused on aligning the resources and activities of multilateral set of partners for materialising specific value propositions, and members are invited to join based on these specific needs. The research has shown that, on one hand, the emergent start-up community relies on institutional coordination while retaining the element of openness. On the other hand, there is an explicit need for leadership in building the shared vision and designing the knowledge partnerships for delivering the shared value propositions. One should stress the importance of focal organizations and boundary spanners - both in terms of the organizational and knowledge boundaries. The shared business interests, network leadership and trust have been identified as the key cornerstones for further development of network into an open knowledge ecosystem, yet they are also associated with the greatest challenges to sustained knowledge sharing in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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17. Challenges and Prospects for the Determinants of Socioeconomic Development in Rural Areas: Evidence from Lithuania.
- Author
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Lankauskienė, Rita and Gedminaitė-Raudonė, Živilė
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SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,RURAL development ,RURAL geography ,FORUMS ,NONPROFIT sector ,PROSPECT theory ,REGIONAL differences - Abstract
This article presents the newly introduced model for EU policy-making, based on combined 'bottom-up' and 'place-based' approaches by establishing rural science-society-policy interfaces – Multi-Actor Platforms (MAPs). MAPs are open forums for exchanging relevant ideas in solving region's most urgent place-based challenges, performing co-learning, and acting as knowledge co-creation platforms for the contribution of creating reflective research and policy agendas for the future of Europe's rural areas. The main aim of this paper is to explore the challenges and prospects for the determinants of socioeconomic development (i.e., entrepreneurship, social economy, and sustainable and resilient value chains) in rural areas, based on SHERPA science-society-policy interface co-learning and co-creation results in Lithuanian MAP. Research results show that the combined bottom-up and place-based approaches with the help of regional MAPs as science-society-policy rural interfaces hold high potential to be applied to develop reflective research and policy agendas for the regions in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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18. Impact of Land-Use Changes on Climate Change Mitigation Goals: The Case of Lithuania.
- Author
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Dagiliūtė, Renata and Kazanavičiūtė, Vaiva
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CLIMATE change mitigation ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,PARIS Agreement (2016) ,GREENHOUSE gases ,CARBON cycle ,ROADKILL ,AERIAL photography ,LANDSCAPE assessment - Abstract
The land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector is receiving increasing attention in climate change mitigation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission offsetting. The sector itself and measures applied to mobilize this sector in order to tackle climate change are dominant in nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement as well as in national strategies, as in the case of Lithuania. Lithuania has set the goal of becoming a carbon-neutral country in 2050, reducing GHGs by 80% compared to 1990 and offsetting the remaining 20% through the LULUCF sector. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing historical land-use changes in 1990–2021, as reported for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, and LULUCF's potential to achieve climate change mitigation goals, taking into account different land-use change scenarios (business as usual, forest development, forest development + additional measures and forest land 40% + additional measures) for 2030 and 2050 in Lithuania. The scenarios are based on historical and potential future policy-based land-use changes. Projections of GHG emissions/removals for different scenarios are prepared according to the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results indicate that land-use changes over the period 1990–2021 remained rather stable, with some increases in forest area and grassland at the expense of cropland. The whole LULUCF sector acted as a carbon sink in most cases, forests being a key category for removal. However, reaching climate neutrality in 2050 might be challenging, as the goal to offset 20% of remaining GHG emission compared to 1990 through LULUCF would not be met in any of the scenarios analyzed, even the scenario of maximal forest-area development and additional measures. Considering the high historical GHG-removal fluctuations and the uncertainties of the sector itself, caution should be taken when relying on LULUCF's potential to reach the set goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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19. Small powers as non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council: A case study of the Baltic States.
- Author
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Gailišs, Eduards
- Subjects
POWER (Social sciences) ,JOURNALISTS - Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to identify how small powers can make a difference by taking up a role at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as non-permanent members. This research takes a closer look at the Baltic states, Lithuania and Estonia, and give a perspective for Latvia too. This paper examines whether these states use strategies that have made other small powers successful at the Security Council. Most of the materials used were documents from foreign services and the UNSC, and the methods employed were qualitative document analysis and interview. Lithuania was successful at making resolutions and highlighted topics, such as small arms and protection of journalists, whereas Estonia was successful at agenda setting and highlighted cyber security and environment security. Small powers can successfully work at the UNSC by setting the agenda and working on resolutions. However, their time as part of the UNSC is limited and their abilities to solve military conflicts depend on the support of the great powers. The Baltic states used some strategies that other small powers have successfully used, although they lacked influence for mediation and coalition building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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20. Are functional foods used as self-medication? Subjective health, self-reported disease symptoms, current medical treatment and functional food choices.
- Author
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Barauskaite, Dovile, Barsyte, Justina, Fennis, Bob M., Auruskeviciene, Vilte, Kondo, Naoki, and Kondo, Katsunori
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FUNCTIONAL foods ,SYMPTOMS ,SELF medication ,THERAPEUTICS ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,FOOD consumption - Abstract
Purpose: Functional foods have been marketed as promoting health and reducing the risk of disease. While the market of functional foods is increasing across the globe, little is known about how actual and subjective health status are related to functional food choices and existing research evidence is inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to systematically explore the relationship between functional food choices and perception related dimensions vs medical dimensions. Design/methodology/approach: The study used data collected from a large-scale mail survey in Japan (N = 8,368) and a representative Internet survey in Lithuania (N = 900). It used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed conceptual model. Findings: The general results indicated that functional foods could be used to maintain one's subjective health status – the frequency of using functional food products was positively related to consumers' subjective health status (p = 0.04). However, if consumers were experiencing health-related issues (self-reported disease symptoms or current medical treatment), there was no systematic relationship between such experience and the usage of functional food products. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is among the first to systematically analyze the relationship between subjective health status, self-reported disease symptoms, current medical treatment and the frequency of using different functional food product groups. The findings indicated that it is important to simultaneously consider different underlying factors, such as specific to functional food targeted disease symptoms and specific food product groups, which contributed to a more thorough understanding of functional food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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21. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENT IN LITHUANIA.
- Author
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GREBLIKAITĖ, Jolita
- Subjects
SOCIAL entrepreneurship ,SOCIAL enterprises ,SOCIAL context ,BUSINESSPEOPLE ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,SOCIOCULTURAL theory ,REFERENDUM - Abstract
Social enterprises are created and are developing using market possibilities in Lithuania. The paper seeks to disclose the situation in Lithuania from the legal, economic, technological, environmental and the sociocultural positions, and hence provide the perspectives for potential social entrepreneurs to create or start such kind of business. Despite the enforcement from the government and EU policy focusing recent years on social enterprises, numerous problems in Lithuania such legal ambiguity, lack of knowledge and appropriate skills of human resources, lack of financial and cooperation support for social enterprises exist. The product and added value created by social enterprises remain difficult to understand and measure for people starting their own business. Management of social enterprises' activity stays complicated of lack of appropriate competences and skills. The paper seeks to disclose Lithuanian circumstances with respect to the legal, economic, technological, natural, and sociocultural positions, which provide the attitude of potential social entrepreneurs to create new ideas/ and start such kind of businesses and disclose main barriers for the development of social enterprises in Lithuania in terms of existing situation. Research methods include the scientific literature in depth analysis, statistical data analysis, situational analysis. The results of the paper present the situational factors of creating and developing social enterprises in Lithuania, especially emphasising the rural areas and their environment. The period of research was conducted from 2018 focusing mainly on three years period forward. Research methods include scientific literature in depth analysis, statistical data analysis, situational analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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22. The Significance of Scouting in Contemporary Society: A Defence Perspective from the Baltic States.
- Author
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Dvorak, Jaroslav and Staśkiewicz, Urszula
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MODERN society ,RESEARCH questions - Abstract
The article presents the results of the research into the participation of scouts and scouting associations present in three countries. Three Baltic states (BS) - Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia - have been chosen as the subject of the research. The goal of this paper was to answer the questions of how the scouts perceive their role in the national defensive education system, and what the older scouts want to teach the youth. Based on this, we have attempted an appraisal of whether - and to what degree - scouting organizations contribute to increasing the level of defensive education in a given community. The paper has avoided strictly system-wide solutions, as the latter form a mere backdrop for the results of the research. In order to achieve the goal of the current research, the following research questions were formulated: Does participation in a scouting association represent a form of defensive education? Are the skills obtained from one's membership in them helping increase the mentioned indicators? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
23. Eliminating Intergenerational and Intercultural Communication Problems in Tourism and Hospitality Enterprises.
- Author
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Luka, Ineta
- Subjects
INTERGENERATIONAL communication ,CROSS-cultural communication ,COMMUNICATION barriers ,ETIQUETTE ,BUSINESS communication ,TOURISM ,BUSINESS etiquette ,HOSPITALITY - Abstract
Tourism and hospitality is a versatile and multicultural industry that comprises collaboration between members of different generations and cultures in creating and selling a tourism product. Business communication, including tourism and hospitality, does not refer only to business etiquette but is strongly rooted in culture, which influences people's interaction and way of speaking. Hence, intergenerational and intercultural communication problems are inevitable. The current research presents the main findings of an exploratory research conducted in tourism and hospitality enterprises in Latvia, Lithuania, and Sweden in the period of 2020–2023. To discover intergenerational and intercultural communication differences leading to communication problems, semi-structured expert interviews with top-level management representatives in twelve tourism and hospitality enterprises were conducted. The paper analyses intergenerational and intercultural communication problems in tourism and hospitality enterprises, in particular those concerning the use of different languages and ways of communication to suggest means of eliminating the existing problems. The research findings confirm that differences between generations had an impact on the communication process. However, the cultural background and languages influenced people's behaviour even more, and a great majority of conflicts arose because of difference in cultures, not generations. Suggestions for staff training to develop their intercultural communication skills taking into account generational differences have been proposed.
1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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24. Power Quality Monitors Displacement Based on Voltage Sags Propagation Mechanism and Grid Reliability Indexes.
- Author
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Liubčuk, Vladislav, Radziukynas, Virginijus, Kairaitis, Gediminas, and Naujokaitis, Darius
- Subjects
VOLTAGE ,SCIENTIFIC method ,INDEPENDENT system operators ,LEGAL documents ,MACHINE learning - Abstract
Featured Application: The results and ideas in this paper have a high practical significance, thus can easily be applied by grid operators and any other interested parties. Firstly, the discovered principles of voltage sags propagation can be used for the planning and implementation of a PQ monitoring system, as has successfully been carried out in Lithuania. Secondly, the created BRELL-based test scheme can be used and expanded in further researches. Thirdly, the proposed methodology, involving both reliability indexes and probabilistic analysis of the primary causes of faults in the PQ field, can be used by grid operators, while the method created for the estimation of functions (distributions) similarity can be used universally. Fourthly, in a wider context, the findings will be useful for grid planning, the framework of national energy strategies and legal documents, also as a PQ database for machine learning in anticipation of AI algorithms. Nowadays, voltage sag continues to remain a critical PQ issue in the industry. Since it is not possible to install a voltage analyzer on every node, optimal monitoring locations must be determined. However, during the PQ monitoring campaign of the Lithuanian DSO grid, the execution of this task was inhibited by the lack of knowledge and literature about the fundamentals of voltage sags propagation. Therefore, the first part of this paper investigates the propagation paths of voltage sags by using a voltage sag matrix method on the created test grid, which for the first time is BRELL-based. This paper is the first to not only investigate voltage sags propagation paths (both downward and upward) in detail, but also to investigate them complexly, encompassing all four types of short-circuits, both voltages (phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground), and interconnections with other PQ events (interruption, transient, unbalance). The result has established a generalization of voltage sags propagation mechanisms by inductive reasoning and laid the foundation for the further development of PQ theory. The second part of this paper focuses on the Lithuanian DSO grid and is one of the first to investigate voltage sags/interruptions through the prism of both relationship with reliability indexes (SAIFI and SAIDI) and primary causes. For this purpose, we created our own scientific methodology, applying known probabilistic and statistical methods along with newly proposed approaches, in particular for ACR success evaluation and estimation of functions similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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25. Life Chances Differentiation in Lithuania: Subjective Attitudes of 18–35 Years Old Youth.
- Author
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BRAZIENĖ, RŪTA and VYŠNIAUSKIENĖ, SONATA
- Subjects
YOUNG adults ,YOUTHS' attitudes ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,PARENT attitudes ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SOCIAL classes ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) - Abstract
Copyright of Filosofija, Sociologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUTIONAL COMPLAINTS IN LITHUANIA: MAIN FEATURES AND CHALLENGES OF THE FIRST YEARS OF APPLICATION.
- Author
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Pūraitė-Andrikienė, Dovilė
- Subjects
LEGAL remedies ,SCIENTIFIC method ,LINGUISTIC analysis ,CIVIL rights ,CONSTITUTIONAL courts ,HUMAN rights - Abstract
Background: The mechanism of individual constitutional complaints has been in place in most European states. In the constitutional legal practice of European states, constitutional complaints as the specific procedural instrument for protecting a person's constitutional rights and freedoms have become an increasingly acceptable, applicable, and justifiable measure. However, Lithuania has introduced this mechanism of human rights protection only with constitutional amendments of 2019. This article examines the legal regulation governing the institution of constitutional complaints, as well as the use of this institution in Lithuania in 2019-2022. The research aims to shed light on the choice of the Lithuanian model of constitutional complaints and its main features, as well as to identify the problematic aspects of this model. Methods: To reveal theoretical and practical aspects of the question under consideration, this article combines different methods of scientific inquiry, including analysis of documents, as well as the logical, systemic, critical, comparative, teleological, and linguistic methods of analysis. The method of document content analysis was used to analyse the content of relevant normative and jurisprudential research sources. This approach used the text of the analysed documents to identify relevant words and phrases, contextualise their usage, and link the acquired data to statements in specialised literature. The analysis hinged on theoretical methods, particularly systemic and logical analysis, used to analyse virtually all the aspects discussed in the paper. Comparative analysis was used to compare the legal regulation of the constitutional complaint model in other Central and Eastern European countries and the Lithuanian legal regulation on similar issues. Teleological and linguistic methods of analysis have been used to clarify the content of the ambiguously understood provisions governing the individual constitutional complaint model, the true intentions of the legislator, and the meaning of the concepts contained in the legislation. The paper also analyses the statistical information on the admissibility of constitutional complaints in Lithuania and other aspects of using this human rights protection mechanism in 2019-2022. Results and conclusion. The paper concludes that after the amendments to the Constitution concerning the consolidation of individual constitutional complaints entered into force in 2019, Lithuania can no longer be categorised among the states with a limited scope of entities entitled to apply to the constitutional court and that the consolidation of the institution of individual constitutional complaints in Lithuania was undoubtedly a necessary step. The paper also concludes that most of the elements of the Lithuanian constitutional complaint model in the context of effective human rights protection should be viewed positively and align with the tendencies existing in other Central and Eastern European states. However, it's essential to acknowledge that Lithuania's national model of constitutional complaints falls short in providing certain effective legal remedies that have proved to be successful in other states of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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27. THE CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS TO IMPLEMENTING THE LEAN CONCEPT: THE CASE OF LITHUANIAN COMPANIES.
- Author
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M., Vienažindienė and R., Čiarnienė
- Subjects
EMPLOYEE training ,INDUSTRIAL capacity ,LITHUANIANS ,CONCEPTUAL models ,SEMI-structured interviews ,CONSUMERS - Abstract
Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Belarus' Violation of International Obligations in Connection with Artificial Migration Pressure on the Belarus-European Union Border.
- Author
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Kużelewska, Elżbieta and Piekutowska, Agnieszka
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL obligations ,INTERNATIONAL law ,EMIGRATION & immigration - Abstract
This paper attempts to assess events related to the huge scale of the influx of migrants in the summer of 2021 at the Belarusian borders with Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. The involvement of the Belarusian government had a key impact on the nature of the events and led to Belarus' violation of its international obligations. In particular, Belarus has violated the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), the 1967 additional Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1966 UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000 and the Protocols Thereto (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air). The illegal actions taken by Belarus were described as a hybrid attack aimed at destabilizing Europe. Minsk's creation of an engineered migration pressure on the border with the EU can be considered part of a hybrid strategy - one of the dominant methods in geopolitical confrontation and the struggle for influence in international relations. The present paper verifies the research hypothesis that Belarus has deliberately violated international law by inducing engineered migration at the border with the EU in order to paralyse the migration situation in the neighbouring EU Member States. The violation of international law has not resulted in any major international consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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29. NGOS AND STAKEHOLDER COOPERATION IN LONG TERM CARE ORGANIZING AND DELIVERY: AN EQUAL PLAYER OR AN OUTLIER?
- Author
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Ramonienė, Lineta
- Subjects
NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,STAKEHOLDERS ,POLICY sciences ,PUBLIC sector - Abstract
This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of inter-sectoral and inter-organizational cooperation in long-term care service policy-making, organizing and delivery with a specific focus on NGO role in it. The main purpose of the research is to explore the current situation, with a specific focus on NGO role in it, and look into some drivers of stakeholder cooperation in LTC organising and delivery and to compare them across public and private LTC providers and NGOs. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches indicates that NGOs' role in stakeholder cooperation is unique due to the nature of their non-profit philosophy. The relevance of this scientific problem decision is that inter-organisational LTC cooperation with and by tertiary sector organisations has to date received very modest research attention, and is inconclusive and fragmented. This leads to not meeting growing needs for LTC services and increasing public costs. Investigation of the topic first offers empirical evidence on stakeholder cooperation in LTC policy development, organising and delivery across multiple stakeholder groups in three sectors -- public, private and NGOs. In addition, it pays specific attention to NGOs role and engagement in LTC and identifies stronger and weaker areas of cooperation with other stakeholders. The paper also identifies several cooperation drivers and measures them in LTC field. The study builds on the findings of a survey of key LTC stakeholders in Lithuania (n=215). Results show that current NGO engagement in cooperation is lower in comparison to public and private LTC service providers and their cooperation is mainly limited to the sphere of LTC service delivery at an individual level, and family members, social workers and other NGOs make key stakeholder groups they cooperate with. The research empirically confirms that NGOs are outliers in cooperation in long-term care policy development, organising and delivery across multiple stakeholder groups. The results of the research can be useful for all the stakeholders in LTC policy field and service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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30. SOE Corporate Governance Reform in Lithuania - Explained and Еmpirically Tested.
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Jurkonis, Liudas, Merkliopas, Šarūnas, and Gabulas, Deividas
- Subjects
CORPORATE governance ,CORPORATE reform ,NEW public management ,CORPORATE culture ,GOVERNMENT business enterprises - Abstract
Following previous research on management efficiency of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Lithuania, this paper continues previous discussion via extension of the observed time period seeking to continuously analyze the impact of corporate governance principles to the management effectiveness of Lithuanian SOEs. For the purpose of this study, elements of corporate governance principles established in the initial reform of the SOEs in Lithuania are used as key dependent variables to measure and quantify the dynamics of corporate governance culture and its impact to the management efficiency of SOEs. Analysis performed is of a special importance as it covers the 10-year period (2010-2020) and could serve as a case study in analyzing practical implications of managerialism principles in public sector and SOEs specifically. New public management paradigm (Politt, 1993) combined with policy learning theory (Bennett, Howlett, 1992) are used as the theoretical background to explain the initiation and logical framework of SOE reform as well as the selection of variables used in this study. Additionally, principles of corporate governance established by OECD and other international organizations (OECD, 2015) are also used to enrich the analytical framework. The results of the analysis do not only prove that the implementation of corporate governance principles has a positive influence on the efficiency of management of SOEs, but also reveals additional factors that were not identified in the previous research - this impact is not static, but rather dynamic changing in accordance with the maturity of managerial practices within SOEs. The revealed dynamic nature of effects of the SOE policy should lead to the continuation of research seeking to expand it both geographically and vertically including other governmental organizations into the scope of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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31. The potential of wind energy – One option contributing to a more sustainable energy sector in the Kaliningrad region.
- Author
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Nikishin, Andrey and Harzfeld, Edgar
- Subjects
WIND power ,ENERGY industries ,POTENTIAL energy ,ELECTRICAL load ,ELECTRICAL energy ,GRIDS (Cartography) - Abstract
For the moment the energy safety of the Kaliningrad region (KR) is largely dependent on the mutual electrical energy exchange through existing connections to Lithuania and further to Belarus and Russia. Taking into account the upcoming KR energy system disconnection from Lithuania, followed by isolated operation (starting from 2025) and wind energy potential of KR, the question of electrical production by the wind as an option for KR sustainable development should be considered. The paper aims to compare three different connection possibilities for onshore power plans (WPP) of different capacity (30 and 90 MW) based on preliminary system power flow calculations using an especially developed energy system model, which are: 1. connection of WPPs to the existing substations of the grid; 2. connection of WPPs to "Wind Grid" ("WG") – new lines and substations in energy system especially constructed for wind energy production; 3. simultaneous connection of WPPs to existing substations and to "WG". The conclusion of the paper is 1st the option is the cheapest, but not viable because WPPs create additional problems with voltage levels and lines overload. Some measures to overcome observed problems are proposed. The electrical system parameters, such as voltage levels, power flows, and power losses are very close for the 3rd and 2nd options. The 3rd option is more expensive, because of additional switching equipment, but most flexible and easy to handle for the system operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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32. APPLICATION OF LEAN CONCEPT: THE CASE OF RETAIL COMPANY.
- Author
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ČIARNIENĖ, Ramunė and MANČAS, Mindaugas
- Subjects
CONCEPTUAL models ,VALUE stream mapping ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,INVENTORY control ,GROSS domestic product ,SEMI-structured interviews ,EMPLOYEE motivation - Abstract
Retailing comprises an important portion of the economy both in Lithuania and EU in general, since it contributes significantly to the gross domestic product and labour creation. Globalisation and changing market demands are increasing competitiveness in retail, and as a result companies are adopting different improvement methods and techniques to assure their ability to compete in the market. Lean thinking is one of the wide-ranging ways to promote efficiency, while emphasizing a high level of awareness on customer. The paper aims to reveal the possibilities and barriers of Lean application in retail. In order to achieve this aim, the authors of the paper present the theoretical conceptual model which illustrates Lean implementation in retail. The research design applies a multi-method approach, combining systematic and comparative scientific literature analysis, and a semistructured interview. The results of empirical research revealed that retail company implements Lean concept aiming to reduce waste, to improve on-shelf availability, to optimize inventory management and space utilization, to increase customer service and satisfaction, and therefore to increase sales margins and profitability. The most successful Lean tools are 5S, Value stream map, Visual management, and Kanban. The primary barriers, impeding or slowing down Lean transformations most often are related to people: insufficient knowledge and engagement; the old ways of working and resistance to change; lack of effective leadership; inadequate communication. Therefore, training of employees, explanation of Lean benefits, creating an enabling culture, and motivating staff to provide suggestions for improvement could be the first steps to successful Lean implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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33. IRREGULAR MIGRANTS IN LITHUANIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE READMISSION AGREEMENT WITH LATVIA.
- Author
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BANEVIČIENĖ, Anželika
- Subjects
UNDOCUMENTED immigrants ,PATIENT readmissions ,RETURN migration ,RETURN migrants ,HUMAN smuggling ,LEGAL procedure ,EUROPEAN Union law - Abstract
Due to the Lithuanian "push-back" policy, the number of persons irregularly crossing the Lithuanian- Belarusian border is decreasing. However, irregular migration remains significant in Lithuania. Migrants who irregularly cross the EU border in Latvia use Lithuania as a transit country to reach other EU countries. Such migrants in secondary migration found in Lithuania can be returned to Latvia following the readmission agreement and/or Dublin III Regulation. The paper aims to identify whether Lithuanian law and practice regarding irregular migrants in secondary migration from Latvia comply with international and EU law requirements. To achieve this aim, the paper defines the meaning of secondary migration of irregular migrants from Latvia, determines the International, EU and Lithuanian law and provisions of the Readmission agreement with Latvia applicable to secondary migration, and presents a practice of Lithuanian authorities in organising and performing the return to Latvia of migrants in secondary migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
34. Relative factor endowments, foreign direct investment and tax planning of multinational firms: an empirical investigation into cross-country data.
- Author
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Cieślik, Andrzej and Gurshev, Oleg
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,DIRECT taxation ,TAX planning ,ENDOWMENTS ,BUSINESS enterprises - Abstract
This paper studies the impact of relative endowments of skilled labour and physical capital on the location choices of multinational firms (MNEs). We demonstrate potential methodological issues and possible solutions related to the identification of vertical MNE activity when using aggregate country-level data. To support our analysis, we introduce data matching and various assumptions with respect to the degree of profit shifting activities of MNEs that we apply to study unilateral inward foreign direct investment (FDI) across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Our choice of data is motivated by various legislation gaps, taxation specificities, and growing equity stocks in sectors related to profit shifting in the aforementioned economies. Ultimately, we highlight the importance of international tax differences and the growing discrepancy between real and reported cross-country FDI data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Enhancing Injectivity in Lithuanian Hydrocarbon Reservoirs through Wettability-Altering Surfactant Injection.
- Author
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Dangi, Shankar Lal and Pal, Mayur
- Subjects
OIL field flooding ,HYDROCARBON reservoirs ,OIL saturation in reservoirs ,SURFACE active agents - Abstract
Improved and efficient recovery methods are investigated as possible candidates to arrest the production decline and to improve the injection capacity in hydrocarbon fields in Lithuania. The data show that the Cambrian reservoirs in Lithuania are mixed to oil-wet in nature, which results in poor water-flooding efficiency. Wettability alteration could help in improved water injection and, at the same time, it could help recover additional oil from the residual oil saturation zone of the reservoir. In this paper, a screening exercise is conducted to help alter reservoir wettability, improve water injection efficiency, and to improve oil recovery. Analytical and machine-learning supported methods are used for screening. Based on the screening results, dilute surfactant-based injection techniques are suggested as a potential method to improve injectivity and, thereby, recovery from the field. An initial experimental analysis targets the wettability of the rock from the field, followed by testing for wettability-altering surfactants. Based on the findings of the screening study and experimental analysis, it is recommended that we initiate a core flooding experimental program to investigate wettability changes and enhance injection and recovery from the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. "Access Denied" – Interpreting the Digital Divide by Examining the Right of Prisoners to Access the Internet in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights.
- Author
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Lendvai, Gergely Ferenc and Gosztonyi, Gergely
- Subjects
INTERNET access ,DIGITAL divide ,EUROPEAN law ,EUROPEAN Convention on Human Rights ,LEGAL professions ,PRISONERS' rights - Abstract
The present paper aims to investigate prisoners' rights to use and access the Internet, focusing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The study's principal objective is to assess the fundamental rights aspects of Internet access, particularly within the context of relevant EU legislation, and to interpret how the digital divide impacts prisoners. The study primarily relies on a thorough review of pertinent literature and legal materials, and it incorporates case studies from Estonia, Lithuania and Türkiye to contextualize the literature findings within specific legal jurisdictions. The research findings suggest that prisoners' Internet access should be evaluated in accordance with fundamental rights, including Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Regarding the digital divide, the study concludes that limiting prisoners' access to the Internet could exacerbate the already existing societal gap, potentially hindering their reintegration into society. The particular focus on the above three countries stems from the fact that as per the precedent of the ECtHR, only four countries are involved in cases concerning restriction of access to the Internet (Estonia, Lithuania, Türkiye and Russia); however, Russia ceased to be a party of the European Convention on Human Rights, so analyzing the future of the issue of Internet acces there is highly limited. Our research contributes significantly to the literature on the digital divide, particularly in terms of its legal implications. The study's comprehensive approach, which integrates both theoretical and practical aspects, is beneficial for domestic legal professionals and researchers engaged in interdisciplinary investigations of EU law and fundamental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Virtual Criminal Proceedings: The Lithuanian Experience.
- Author
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Povylius, Kristijonas
- Subjects
CRIMINAL procedure ,COVID-19 pandemic ,LEGAL professions ,LITHUANIANS ,JUDGES - Abstract
Although remote criminal proceedings have existed in Lithuania for some time, they have never been used as extensively as during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic demonstrated that remote criminal proceedings could help prevent the spread of infectious diseases and at the same time facilitate the criminal justice process by eliminating, for example, the need to spend time travelling to the location of the proceedings or wasting other resources. For this reason, even after the COVID-19 pandemic, remote criminal proceedings remained popular. However, the remote criminal process is not a neutral substitute for the in-person criminal proceedings. It has an impact on the traditional paradigm of criminal proceedings that is not always positive. This article discusses the regulation of remote criminal proceedings in Lithuania by presenting the findings of an empirical study of Lithuanian lawyers' perspectives on the remote criminal process which surveyed more than 100 Lithuanian lawyers (judges, prosecutors, lawyers, and pre-trial investigation officers). The article discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of remote criminal proceedings noted by the professionals and identifies legal problems caused by such mode of proceedings. The paper seeks to demonstrate that the development of remote criminal proceedings should be carried out with caution, taking into account its impact on the quality of criminal proceedings and the rights of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Energy Security Innovation in the Baltic Sea Region: Competing Visions of Technopolitical Orders.
- Author
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Berling, Trine Villumsen, Surwillo, Izabela, and Slakaityte, Veronika
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY security , *LIQUEFIED natural gas , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *IDENTITY (Psychology) , *ONTOLOGICAL security , *GROUP identity - Abstract
Energy security is among the top security concerns of the 21st century requiring technological answers. However, the technological innovations adopted often not only serve to ensure adequate energy access and stable flow of energy, but also foster specific visions of socio-economic and techno-political orders and security. This paper tweaks the analytical lens of sociotechnical imaginaries, in which desired futures are connected to social and technical elements in concrete cases by adding a focus on identity formation and ontological security to the analytical model. Zooming in on the Baltic Sea Region, the paper traces sociotechnical imaginaries tied to the desired future of energy sovereignty through coal and nuclear energy in Poland and the bright future of energy independence through a liquified natural gas terminal in Lithuania. Nationally embedded understandings of how (in)security can be managed through technological innovation and how the desired national energy visions can be attained in the process highlight the importance of ontological security concerns. In tracing those themes, the paper combines a historical view with developments since the mid-2010s in Polish and Lithuanian energy discourse and analyzes the mainstream energy security imaginaries as envisioned by political elites. The study draws on speeches of key political figures, official documents concerning energy planning as well as semi-structured interviews. The analysis highlights how the study of energy innovation in the Baltic Sea Region can contribute to the conversation between critical security studies and science and technology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Evaluation of Mechanical Wood Properties of Silver Birch (Betula pendula L. Roth.) of Half-Sib Genetic Families.
- Author
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Šilinskas, Benas, Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Iveta, Beniušienė, Lina, Aleinikovas, Marius, Škėma, Mindaugas, and Baliuckas, Virgilijus
- Subjects
EUROPEAN white birch ,WOOD ,WOOD density ,MODULUS of elasticity ,TREE breeding ,ALNUS glutinosa - Abstract
Silver birch, a widely distributed deciduous tree native to Europe, is valued for its wood applications in construction, furniture making, and paper production. In Lithuania, silver birch ranks as the third most common forest-tree species, comprising 22% of the forested areas, and is an important species for tree breeding due to its potential and adaptability. This study was focused on assessing the mechanical properties of wood (sample and log hardness, wood density, dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn), static modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending strength (MOR)) in silver birch (Betula pendula L. Roth.) trees from different half-sibling families. Two experimental plantations of the progenies of Lithuanian populations (half-sib families) of silver birch from different regions were analysed. From these plantations, four genetic families were selected for mechanical properties evaluation. The study findings revealed significant variability in various wood properties among different genetic families, although the static modulus of elasticity did not exhibit significant differences between the chosen genetic families. All measured wood properties decreased from the bottom to the top of the model trees. Wood hardness displayed a moderately negative correlation for wood density and weak correlations for MOE and MOR. Given the weak correlations between wood hardness and other wood mechanical properties, it is suggested that MOEdyn would be a more suitable trait for genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Motives underlying the intentions of youth to get involved in bribery: evidence from Lithuania.
- Author
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Morkūnas, Mangirdas, Janavicius, Julius, and Volkov, Artiom
- Subjects
BRIBERY ,YOUTHS' attitudes ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,INFORMAL sector ,INTENTION ,SCIENTISTS' attitudes - Abstract
Purpose: This paper embarks on revealing the main factors behind the intentions of youth in Lithuania to get involved in bribery. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire survey of 432 respondents served as a source of primary data. The structural equation modelling – partial least squares techniques was employed as a main research tool. Findings: It was revealed that youth in Lithuania display a high value congruity with their counterparts in Western Europe and a relatively reluctant to offer bribes. It can be stated that youths' positive attitude towards some shadow economy activities is a forced response to government failures, rather than an intrinsic motivation created by cultural legacy or psychological issues. Originality/value: It is one of the first scientific attempt to investigate reasons behind the formation of the positive attitude towards bribery and intentions to get involved in bribery among the youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Actuarial Analysis of Survival after Breast Cancer Diagnosis among Lithuanian Females.
- Author
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Levickytė, Justina, Skučaitė, Aldona, Šiaulys, Jonas, Puišys, Rokas, and Vincerževskienė, Ieva
- Subjects
BREAST cancer prognosis ,BREAST tumor diagnosis ,HEALTH literacy ,SURVIVAL rate ,BREAST tumors ,EARLY detection of cancer ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LITHUANIANS ,REPORTING of diseases ,CHI-squared test ,KAPLAN-Meier estimator ,LOG-rank test ,TUMOR classification ,SURVIVAL analysis (Biometry) ,DATA analysis software ,PROPORTIONAL hazards models - Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of mortality due to cancer for women both in Lithuania and worldwide. The chances of survival after diagnosis differ significantly depending on the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and other factors. One way to estimate survival is to construct a Kaplan–Meier estimate for each factor value separately. However, in cases when it is impossible to observe a large number of patients (for example, in the case of countries with lower numbers of inhabitants), dividing the data into subsets, say, by stage at diagnosis, may lead to results where some subsets contain too few data, thus causing the results of a Kaplan–Meier (or any other) method to become statistically incredible. The problem may become even more acute if researchers want to use more risk factors, such as stage at diagnosis, sex, place of living, treatment method, etc. Alternatively, Cox models can be used to analyse survival data with covariates, and they do not require the data to be divided into subsets according to chosen risks factors (hazards). We estimate the chances of survival for up to 5 years after a breast cancer diagnosis for Lithuanian females during the period of 1995–2016. Firstly, we construct Kaplan-Meier estimates for each stage separately; then, we apply a (stratified) Cox model using stage, circumstance of diagnosis, and year of diagnosis as (potential) hazards. Some directions of further research are provided in the last section of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Unlocking Geothermal Energy: A Thorough Literature Review of Lithuanian Geothermal Complexes and Their Production Potential.
- Author
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Memon, Abdul Rashid, Makauskas, Pijus, Kaminskaite-Baranauskiene, Ieva, and Pal, Mayur
- Subjects
LITERATURE reviews ,GEOTHERMAL resources ,WATER temperature ,EVIDENCE gaps ,HYDROCARBON reservoirs ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
Lithuania is located on the East of Baltic sedimentary basin and has a geothermal anomaly situated in the southwestern region of the country. There are two primary geothermal complexes within the anomaly, composed of Cambrian and Devonian aquifers. The Cambrian formation is composed of sandstones that have a reservoir temperature reaching up to 96 °C (depth > 2000 m). The Devonian aquifer is composed of unconsolidated sands of Parnu–Kemeri and has a reservoir temperature of up to 46 °C (depth > 1000 m). Historically, both formations have been investigated for geothermal energy production. In this article, we present a detailed literature review of the geothermal work carried out on both formations, including past, present, and some possible future studies. The study presented in this paper highlights the key findings of previous research work, summarizes the research gaps, and then elaborates on the possible applications of emerging technologies to bridge the research gaps and improve our understanding of geothermal complexes in Lithuania. Although it is not the main aim of this article, this article also touches upon the important need to develop 2D/3D numerical models, to quantify uncertainties, in the evaluation of the geothermal potential in Lithuania for commercial development. This study also highlights possibilities of extending geothermal development to depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs through repurposing the high-water-production wells. Moreover, from the literature review, it can be concluded that the Lithuanian geothermal aquifers are hyper-saline in nature and temperature changes lead to the deposition of salts both upstream and downstream of the reservoir. Therefore, there is a need for developing multiphysics thermo-mechanical–chemical (THMC) models for evaluation of reservoir behavior. The literature also describes the potential use and development of the THMC model as a part of future work that must be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Management of The COVID-19 Pandemic and Public Response in Lithuania: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP).
- Author
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Genys, Dainius and Krikštolaitis, Ričardas
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,ATTITUDES toward illness ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CRISIS management - Abstract
The article aims to provide an overview of the interrelationships between public knowledge, attitudes, and practical behaviours in the context of a global pandemic and the risk management measures used by the government. By reviewing some of the key trends in crisis management in Lithuania, it seeks to explore the response of society. The aim of the paper is to analyse the interrelationship among subjective public informativeness, attitudes, and behaviours according to different socio-demographic aspects. To meet the main objective of the paper, a representative public survey (N-804) on attitudes towards COVID-19 was conducted (at the end of 2020). The survey sought to explore individual self-protection measures, attitudes towards the dangerousness of the virus, the measures used by the government to combat the pandemic, and prevalent stereotypes and their implications on personal behaviour. The paper discusses the indicators, which are divided into separate blocks, on the basis of which the responses of the study participants are summed up and evaluated on a three-level (good, average, poor) rating scale, followed by correlation analyses on various socio-demographic parameters. The survey revealed that a higher proportion of Lithuanian society behaved responsibly, even being moderately informed and characterised by diverse attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Smart tourism: what developments and issues are important to the Baltic states?
- Author
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Garanti, Zanete, Berjozkina, Galina, and Zvaigzne, Anda
- Subjects
TOURISM ,SMART cities ,SUSTAINABLE tourism - Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to provide a summary of the key outcomes and reflections related to the theme issue question, "Smart tourism: what developments and issues are important to the Baltic states?" Design/methodology/approach: This study utilizes a descriptive approach to summarize the key outcomes of the theme issue. The theme issue focuses on the problems, trends and developments of smart tourism in the Baltic states, namely, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Findings: The papers in the theme issue explore the emerging concept of smart tourism and the challenges associated with its implementation at the destination level. They also provide updated data on the adoption of smart tourism and aim to engage academics and industry professionals to identify future developments. Originality/value: This theme issue provides unique perspectives from a variety of stakeholders, including academics, practitioners, industry professionals and policymakers on the key issues, trends and developments shaping the emergence of smart tourism in the Baltic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Smart tourism and cultural heritage in the Baltic states: exploring strategies and tools for sustainable development.
- Author
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Berjozkina, Galina and Kuruvilla, Kenny James
- Subjects
HERITAGE tourism ,DOMESTIC tourism ,SUSTAINABLE development ,CULTURAL property ,HISTORIC sites ,WEBSITES - Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to examine and analyse data relating to cultural heritage, smart tourism and smart tourism tools for preserving cultural heritage in the Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is based on a qualitative review of data from National tourism board web sites, the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, and the European Heritage Label sites. The paper analyses various sources in terms of cultural heritage and smart tourism and examines different ways of applying smart tourism tools to cultural heritage. Findings: The findings show that smart tourism, and especially the preservation of cultural heritage in the Baltic states, is not a new thing, and it is rapidly progressing by inventing new technological tools for tourists to use and as well by digitising cultural heritage. Comprehensive examination of three countries shows that there is significant potential already and that there is a way to grow further for each of the countries by applying new technological tools for preservation of a cultural heritage. Originality/value: The paper reviews data on cultural heritage and smart tourism tools in the Baltic states where it already plays a steady and significant role. Specifically, it contributes to recognition of each of the states on a global level in terms of variety of cultural heritage that is being preserved and digitalised. The originality of the paper is determined by the assessment of the smart tools used for cultural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A Brief History of Broomcorn Millet Cultivation in Lithuania.
- Author
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Motuzaitė Matuzevičiūtė, Giedrė and Laužikas, Rimvydas
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BROOMCORN millet ,LITTLE Ice Age ,FIFTEENTH century ,HISTORICAL source material ,ROOT crops - Abstract
The eastern Baltic region represents the world's most northerly limit of successful broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (hereafter, millet) cultivation in the past, yet this crop has been almost forgotten today. The earliest millet in the eastern Baltic region has been identified from macrobotanical remains which were directly dated to ca 1000 BCE. Between 800 and 500 BCE, millet was one of the major staple foods in the territory of modern-day Lithuania. Millet continued to play an important role in past agriculture up until the 15th century, with its use significantly declining during the following centuries. This paper analyses both the archaeobotanical records and written sources on broomcorn millet cultivation in Lithuania from its first arrival all the way through to the 19th century. The manuscript reviews the evidence of millet cultivation in the past as documented by archaeobotanical remains and historical accounts. In light of fluctuating records of millet cultivation through time, we present the hypothetical reasons for the decline in millet use as human food. The paper hypothesizes that the significant decrease in broomcorn millet cultivation in Lithuania from the 15th century onwards was likely influenced by several factors, which include climate change (the Little Ice Age) and the agricultural reforms of the 16th century. However, more detailed research is required to link past fluctuations in millet cultivation with climatic and historical sources, thus better understanding the roots of collapsing crop biodiversity in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Architectural Criticism in the Soviet Lithuania 1958-1988: Vision of the New Architecture in the Specialized Periodicals.
- Author
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Grigas, Algimantas
- Subjects
ARCHITECTURAL criticism ,ARCHITECTURAL design ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,ARCHITECTS - Abstract
Architecture criticism of Soviet Lithuania has not been properly addressed in scientific research. The novelty of the work relates to the branch of architecture criticism as part of the history of arts, particularly in the context of the historiography of 20th-century modern architecture. This paper is to uncover the various forms of architectural criticism and its agents among the vocational and scientific publications aimed at other architects of the Lithuanian SSR. Using a systematic approach and qualitative research methods, a database of 100 critical articles is constructed. The phenomena of architecture criticism are explored using the theoretical framework of W. Attoe from his book "Architecture and Critical Imagination" (1978). The results of the research brought several understandings. Despite the common belief among professionals that architects should be predominantly the creators of architecture criticism, architects by profession make up only half or less of the total number of texts in the specialized press. The dominating types of architectural criticism are normative and descriptive (excluding the texts that would describe the context of an architectural idea or particular building). There are very few examples of interpretative criticism encountered (except in the thematic group of criticism around interior design). Further discussion of prevalent thematic groups led to the conclusion that architectural criticism in Soviet Lithuania alongside the official "politically allowed criticism" has been using disguised forms of texts. There has been an underlying narrative to promote modernist or simply, new architecture principles using photography with little to no text, indirect speech, and other forms of non-explicit communication. One of the wider goals of this paper is to initiate wider research into the subject of architectural criticism of Soviet Lithuania and also validate the existence of the neglected phenomena using the specific material of professional and academic architectural publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The impact of war in Ukraine on the inbound tourism in Lithuania: replication of studies.
- Author
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Variakojienë, Jolita, Achonen, Irena, and Vaitkevičiűtë, Justina
- Subjects
ECONOMIC impact ,TOURISM ,RUSSIAN invasion of Ukraine, 2022- ,TOURIST attitudes ,PUBLIC safety - Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine the planning international arrivals to Lithuania in 2023 and to determine the impact of the war on Lithuanian incoming tourism a year on from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The hypotheses that war in Ukraine has a long-lasting effect decreasing the number of tourist arrivals in the region were tested using a quantitative research method. To do so, the data was collected through an online survey, targeting Lithuanian inbound tour operators providing ground services for international tourists in Lithuania. The timing of the survey (2023, April) provided opportunity to examine the effect of war in Ukraine on inbound tourism. The findings indicate that tourists feel fear about the war and cancel their travel orders. Comparing two surveys, in 2023 tour operators receive fewer cancellations and more bookings than 2022. Tourists from Germany, the United States of America, France, Italy and the United Kingdom have cancelled the most bookings in both years. The main reasons for the decrease in tourist flows are the unsafe situation and the fear of traveling due to the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. People and places: the potential of city events to facilitate the inclusion of people with disabilities in the community life.
- Author
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Šumskienė, Eglė, Gevorgianiene, Violeta, Mataityte-Dirziene, Jurga, and Geniene, Rasa
- Subjects
SOCIAL participation ,SOCIAL support ,DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION ,RESEARCH methodology ,COMMUNITIES ,ECOLOGICAL research ,INTERVIEWING ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,GOVERNMENT policy ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,RELOCATION ,THEMATIC analysis - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to explore the symbolic meanings of physical places and social spaces for community members with and without disabilities in the process of relocation of people with disabilities into the communities. It particularly focuses on the potential of city events to become places for interacting with each other. Design/methodology/approach: The data was gathered using two methods: drawing ecological maps (indicating places a person visits) and conducting interviews with people with disabilities and other community members. The ecological map is based on the theory of Bronfenbrenner (1979, 1986). Empirical data was gathered in four Lithuanian communities by drawing ecological maps and conducting interviews with community members with disabilities (35) and without disabilities (24). Findings: Data shows that two groups occasionally overlap in physical locations but seldom interact socially. However, city events which are rare, but provide a clearer structure for persons with disabilities and are attractive to other community members as well, offer a good starting point for inclusion. Research limitations/implications: Further research of community places where people with disabilities live and act could focus on, first, the gender differences in people with disabilities participation; second, on the challenging versus nonchallenging community environments and their role in the people with disabilities learning to live and act as community members and citizens. It is also essential to explore the meaning of privacy in the participation of people with disabilities, and the potential of private and less private places to facilitate their inclusion. Practical implications: In the context of the ongoing deinstitutionalization, it is essential to identify the means of and desirable support for people with disabilities for their interaction in cafés, markets, bus stops and street corners, which encompass fewer preconditions for preparation. This implies, that practitioners should consider developing the abilities of people with disabilities to cope with the "chaotic order" of social gatherings. However, community-based citizenship implies not only festive city events but participation in decision-making. Thus, social policy actors should consider including people with disabilities in the community councils, increasing information accessibility and thus implementing the vision of an inclusive community. Originality/value: The originality and value of the research lies in revealing the "framed" nature of people with disabilities participation. This type of participation is determined by their institutional experience, financial means and whose appearance ("coming in groups") is frequently noticed by the community members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Mortality transition in the interwar Baltic states: findings from cross-country comparison of new life tables.
- Author
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Norkus, Zenonas, Jasilionis, Domantas, Grytten, Ola Honningdal, Mežs, Ilmārs, and Klesment, Martin
- Subjects
LIFE expectancy ,LIFE tables ,DEMOGRAPHIC transition ,INTERWAR Period (1918-1939) ,FERTILITY decline ,MORTALITY - Abstract
This paper is the first comparative analysis of mortality transition, as part of the demographic transition, in all the three Baltic countries during the interwar period. We address the following research questions: Which type of mortality transition is exemplified by the interwar Baltic countries' mortality patterns? Was the mortality transition completed already before WWII? What were Baltic cross-country differences in the advancement of mortality and demographic transitions? We present and use newly constructed life tables for Lithuania, 1925–1934, and draw on the work of the Estonian demographer Kalev Katus (1955–2008), publishing for the first time his life tables for Latvia in 1925–1938. Main findings: The three countries were part of the Western model of mortality transition. However, the reduction of infant and childhood mortality was lagging in Lithuania. Women of childbearing age in Estonia and mainland Latvia, as a result of earlier fertility decline, experienced longer life expectancy due to the decreased mortality from birth complications. Nevertheless, in all three countries mortality transition was still incomplete by WWII. A comparison of death causes in 1925–1939 serves to corroborate the last conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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