Search

The purpose of this narrative review is to study the problems in assessing visual acuity in deaf-mute children. We identified various methods of Visometry, published articles and patents for the inventions based on the assessment of visual acuity in deaf-mute children in the Russian Federation and parts of countries formerly part of the Soviet Union, in order to identify shortcomings and search for solutions. According to the total number of 126 cited scientific papers, the most common methods for assessing visual acuity in deaf--mute patients included Golovin-Sivtsev table (89.1%) and new JEI/JEI technique (8.9%). However, 2% of the doctors used tables of "illiterate" E, Teller Acuity cards with hand gestures, combining Teller Acuity cards with hand gestures to trigger reactions, Lea symbols with visual cues enabling visual cues or pointing to stimulate recognition and Graphic tables with sign language. In the presence of signs of hearing and speech disorders in patients, it is recommended to consider the use of cards duplicating optotypes to the table for assessing visual acuity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the plants that exhibit significant or established pharmacological activity, the genus Artemisia L. deserves special attention. This genus comprises over 500 species belonging to the largest Asteraceae family. Our study aimed at providing a comprehensive evaluation of the phytochemical composition of the ethanol extracts of five different Artemisia L. species (collected from the southwest of the Russian Federation) and their antimicrobial and nematocide activity as follows: A. annua cv. Novichok., A. dracunculus cv. Smaragd, A. santonica cv. Citral, A. abrotanum cv. Euxin, and A. scoparia cv. Tavrida. The study of the ethanol extracts of the five different Artemisia L. species using the methods of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) allowed establishing their phytochemical profile. The obtained data on the of five different Artemisia L. species ethanol extracts' phytochemical composition were used to predict the antibacterial and antifungal activity against phytopathogenic microorganisms and nematocidal activity against the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The major compounds found in the composition of the Artemisia L. ethanol extracts were monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, coumarins, and phenolic acids. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts began to manifest at a concentration of 150 µg/mL. The A. dracunculus cv. Smaragd extract had a selective effect against Gram-positive R. iranicus and B. subtilis bacteria, whereas the A. scoparia cv. Tavrida extract had a selective effect against Gram-negative A. tumefaciens and X. arboricola bacteria and A. solani, R. solani and F. graminearum fungi. The A. annua cv. Novichok, A. dracunculus cv. Smaragd, and A. santonica cv. Citral extracts in the concentration range of 31.3–1000 µg/mL caused the death of nematodes. It was established that A. annua cv. Novichok affects the UNC-63 protein, the molecular target of which is the nicotine receptor of the N-subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]