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Climate change and population growth pose fundamental challenges to urban food and energy resilience and intensify the land-use competition. By co-locating photovoltaic with vegetation on urban rooftops offers an Agrivoltaics solution to achieve sustainable cities with clean energy supply and 'zero food mile' vegetable production. However, the first and foremost question is on how much food and energy can the Agrivoltaics nexus produce. This study proposes a multi-disciplinary assessment framework to unlock the potential of urban rooftop Agrivoltaics by integrating Geographic Information System (GIS), biogeochemical simulation, and solar power simulation. A case study in Shenzhen, China, reveals that bringing the Agrivoltaics (e.g., planting lettuce under photovoltaic panels) on the 854,000 number of rooftops (i.e., 105 km2 identified) can yield 9.84 × 105 tonnes/year lettuce to fulfil the whole city's demand. Meanwhile, the solar PV installed capacity is 2106 MW on average with 1899 GWh/year generated electricity, which is equivalent to 0.2% of the whole city's electricity demand. Besides, 4.11 × 106 tonnes/year extra freshwater is needed for irrigation. Overall, the Agrivoltaics indicates greater contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the proposed integrated framework provides an overall picture and assessment tool to explore the urban Agrivoltaics as a key multifunctional land-use mechanism for urban sustainability. [Display omitted] • Integrate GIS, biogeochemical simulator, PV simulator to assess Agrivoltaics potential. • Barriers, uncertainties, SDG performance, and the future directions are discussed. • Quantify Shenzhen's city-level Agrivoltaics' potential over 854,000 number of rooftops. • 9.84 × 105 tonnes/year lettuce yield is projected on 105 km2 identified rooftops. • 2.1 GW solar PV installed capacity is projected with 1899 GWh/year generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, which facilitates the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the power grid, is promising for energy management systems. Among them, electric taxi (ET) is an important part of EVs. The relatively stable and predictable operating patterns of the ET fleets could have a scale effect, effectively managing load demand and supply with V2G technology. This paper investigates the potential and flexibility of V2G technology for urban power system based on real-world ET trajectory data. To evaluate the flexibility of V2G more precisely, a general framework is proposed to infer vehicle charging, energy consumption, and reconstruction of the State of Charge (SoC) for ETs. The V2G potential estimation model is established for each ET, followed by a bottom-up agent-based model to simulate flexibility changes in the system during various V2G events. The proposed methodology is tested on 19,900 ETs in Shenzhen over a month to explore the potential and flexibility of V2G technology. The results show that the V2G system could supply at least 50 MW for 1 h, 30 MW for 2 h, and 20 MW for 3 h during peak periods, while simultaneously recovering within 2–3 h, without disrupting the regular operations of ETs. The great potential of ETs to supply additional energy during peak periods and recover energy during valley periods is highlighted, which could lead to a more efficient and sustainable management of energy resources. • Real trajectory data with 19,900 ETs is used for V2G potential and resilience analysis. • A method infers charging patterns, energy use, and reconstructs State of Charge is proposed. • A general method framework for modeling ET-V2G system on supply side is proposed. • An agent-based model is introduced for ET-V2G system modeling and simulation. • ET-V2G system can supply up to 60 MW and recover within 2–3 h during peak periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]