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Objective: In our study, it was aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts of the fruits of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) species collected from Gaziantep. Methods: Ethanol extracts of 80% (R2) and 100% (R3) were prepared from Rhus coriaria fruits. Chemical analysis of the extracts were performed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method, their antioxidant activities were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, and their antimicrobial activity was investigated using broth microdilution method. Results: In the chemical analysis of R2 and R3 extracts, fumaric acid, an organic acid with the highest concentration, was found at concentrations of 31076.55 and 23348.37 mg/kg, respectively. While the phenolic components with the highest concentration in R2 were observed as hyperoside (622.24 mg/kg), ellagic acid (343.63 mg/kg) and p-coumaric acid (182.91 mg/kg), the phenolic components with the highest concentration in R3 were observed as ellagic acid (607.30 mg/kg), hyperoside (440.41 mg/kg) and p-coumaric acid (178.61 mg/kg). In antioxidant activities of R2 and R3 extracts, DPPH free radical scavenging activities were found to be 70.78%±0.002% and 11.19±0.001%, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of R2 and R3 extracts were found to be 125 and <3.9 μg/ mL in S. aureus strain ATCC 25923, 15.625 and 31.25μg/mL in A. baumannii strain ATCC 19606, 62.5 μg/mL in H. pylori strain ATCC 43504, 62.5 μg/mL in C. glabrata strain ATCC 2001, <3.9 μg/mL in C. albicans strain ATCC 66027, respectively. Conclusion: The higher antioxidant activity in the R2 extract obtained from R. coriaria fruits grown in our country may be due to the higher phenolic component content compared to the R3 extract. It is thought that the more effective antimicrobial activity detected in the R3 extract may be due to the higher amount of ellagic acid compared to the R2 extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen and carbonyl species promote oxidative and carbonyl stress, and the development of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and others. The traditional herb Cistus × incanus is known for its antioxidant properties; therefore, the current study aimed to assess how the chemical composition of a C. incanus water infusion corresponds with its antioxidative and antiglycative effects in vitro. The composition of infusions prepared from commercial products was analyzed with UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid polyphenols were determined. Antioxidant activity of infusions and selected polyphenols was investigated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Fluorometric measurements and methylglyoxal capture were performed to investigate the antiglycation activity. PCA and PLS-DA models were applied to explore the correlation between chemical and antioxidant results. The principal flavonoids in C. incanus were flavonols. In vitro tests revealed that a stronger antioxidant effect was demonstrated by plant material from Turkey rich in flavonoids, followed by Albania and Greece. Flavonols and ellagic acid displayed stronger antiradical and reducing power than EA-derived urolithins. Hyperoside was the most potent inhibitor of glycation. The results indicate that flavonoids are primarily responsible for rock rose antioxidant and antiglycation properties. PLS-DA modeling can be used to identify the origin of plant material with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Liquidambar orientalis, or the "Anatolian Sweetgum Tree", native to the southwestern coastal regions of Turkey, has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, and hepatoprotective effects in various studies. However, its anti-inflammatory effects have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effect of L. orientalis leaf extract (LOLE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- Stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Method: L. orientalis leaves were dried in 40 °C incubator overnight and extracted using 80% ethanol. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using colorimetric methods. Western blot (WB) method was used to determine nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. ELISA was employed to analyze tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), and IL-6 cytokine levels. The cytokine levels of the extract were compared with those of methotrexate. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in LOLE were measured as 618.04±6.71 mgGAE/g and 42.81±3.95 mgQE/g, respectively. WB results demonstrated that LOLE suppressed the expression of inflammation-related proteins iNOS and NF-κB in LPS (1 µg/mL) induced RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The ELISA results revealed optimal suppression of IL-1ß and TNF-a levels in LPS-induced cell culture at a 0.5 mg/mL LOLE dose, whereas IL-6 was best suppressed at 1 mg/mL (p<0.001). When 0.5 mg/mL LOLE was compared with 50 µM methotrexate in LPS-induced cell culture, LOLE showed a greater decrease in IL-1ß levels (p<0.001). Conclusion: LOLE decreased inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-a by regulating the iNOS and NF-κB pathways, suggesting its potential as an alternative anti-inflammatory treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]