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The hydrostatic bearing is the core component of ultra-precision computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. Because the temperature rise in the oil film of hydrostatic bearings seriously affects the working accuracy of the bearings, it is important to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the oil film. Based on the physical model of an incompressible viscous fluid flowing in a flat microfluidic boundary layer, velocity, temperature and heat flux distribution equations of oil film are constructed by theories of heat transfer and hydrodynamics. Then, the effects of several parameters on velocity distribution, temperature distribution and heat flux distribution are analyzed, such as the upper plate velocity, the channel length, and so on. The results show that the dimensionless velocity of the oil film decreases with the increase in the upper plate velocity and the channel length. The oil film temperature distribution can be divided into three zones: the increasing zone, stabilizing zone and decreasing zone. The heat flux decreases linearly with the increase in the plate thickness, and increases linearly with the increase in the temperature difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown that the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification enhances the binding ability of mRNAs/long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to microRNAs (miRNAs), but the impact of this modification on the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) function of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is unclear. Methods: We used a human circRNA microarray to detect the expression profiles of circRNAs in 3 pairs of cancer and paracancerous tissues from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 3 pairs of peripheral blood specimens from patients with CRC and healthy individuals. The circRNAs highly expressed in both peripheral blood and tumour tissues of patients with CRC, including circALG1, were screened. A quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of an expanded sample size was performed to detect the expression level of circALG1 in peripheral blood and tumour tissues of patients with CRC and determine its correlation with clinicopathological features, and circRNA loop-forming validation and stability assays were then conducted. Transwell assays and a nude mouse cancer metastasis model were used to study the function of circALG1 in CRC and the role of altered m6A modification levels on the regulation of circALG1 function. qRT-PCR, western blot (WB), Transwell, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA antisense purification (RAP), and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to analyse the ceRNA mechanism of circALG1 and the effect of the m6A modification of circALG1 on the ceRNA function of this circRNA. Results: CircALG1 was highly expressed in both the peripheral blood and tumour tissues of patients with CRC and was closely associated with CRC metastasis. CircALG1 overexpression promoted the migration and invasion of CRC cells, and circALG1 silencing and reduction of the circALG1 m6A modification level inhibited CRC cell migration and invasion. In vivo experiments further confirmed the prometastatic role of circALG1 in CRC. Further mechanistic studies showed that circALG1 upregulated the expression of placental growth factor (PGF) by binding to miR-342-5p and that m6A modification enhanced the binding of circALG1 to miR-342-5p and promoted its ceRNA function. Conclusion: M6A modification enhances the binding ability of circALG1 to miR-342-5p to promote the ceRNA function of circALG1, and circALG1 could be a potential therapeutic target in and a prognostic marker for CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a framework to determine driving style and design a driver steering model considering driver characteristics. First, principal component analysis (PCA) and $K$ -means clustering are utilized to classify 30 participants into cautious, moderate, and aggressive drivers. Subsequently, a generic steering model is established based on the model predictive control method. Thereafter, the maximum lateral acceleration is extracted as a crucial indicator to represent driver characteristics, and it is calibrated through probabilistic models using the dataset, which consists of the classified drivers. Besides, point estimation model and interval estimation model are leveraged to determine driving style and adjust constraints in the stochastic programming-based steering model. Finally, simulation experiments present the variations of actual output trajectories between the aggressive drivers and the cautious drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefited from the fast switching speed, Gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been widely used in high switching frequency converters. However, due to the significant correlation between the turn-off time and operating conditions (more than 20 times difference of the turn-off time between the high load current and small load current for GaN HEMTs), using a fixed dead time will introduce extra dead-time (DT) losses in inverters where the output voltage and current are constantly varying. Therefore, this article proposes a high-efficiency adaptive method to dynamically adjust the GaN-inverter DT with operating conditions. An improved transient model including the parasitic inductance and output voltage with bidirectional solution flow has been proposed for GaN HEMTs to increase the accuracy of DT adjustment. Based on this model, the dynamic DT adjustment can be realized without extra sensors for GaN-inverters. Using the dynamic DT adjustment, the experimental results show a peak efficiency of 98.25% in a 1200 W inverter with triangular current mode modulation. Compared with using the fixed DT, the dynamic DT method can reduce the power loss by 26.7% under full load and 49.14% under light load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stochastic models play a crucial role in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) data processing. Many studies contribute to the stochastic modeling of GNSS observation noise, whereas few studies focus on the stochastic modeling of process noise. This paper proposes a method that is able to jointly estimate the variances of observation noise and process noise. The method is flexible since it is based on the least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE), enabling users to estimate the variance components that they are specifically interested in. We apply the proposed method to estimate the variances for the dual-frequency GNSS observation noise and for the process noise of the receiver code bias (RCB). We also investigate the impact of the stochastic model upon parameter estimation, ambiguity resolution, and positioning. The results show that the precision of GNSS observations differs in systems and frequencies. Among the dual-frequency GPS, Galileo, and BDS code observations, the precision of the BDS B3 observations is highest (better than 0.2 m). The precision of the BDS phase observations is better than two millimeters, which is also higher than that of the GPS and Galileo observations. For all three systems, the RCB process noise ranges from 0.5 millimeters to 1 millimeter, with a data sampling rate of 30 s. An improper stochastic model of the observation noise results in an unreliable ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP) and position dilution of precision (PDOP), thus adversely affecting the assessment of the ambiguity resolution and positioning performance. An inappropriate stochastic model of RCB process noise disturbs the estimation of the receiver clock and the ionosphere delays and is thus harmful for timing and ionosphere retrieval applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Both ELOVL5 and FASN genes was associated with the traits of tail fat deposition. • ELOVL5 and FASN expression levels were highest in tail fat. • ELOVL5 expression levels in the big-tail group were highest. • The expression of FASN in small-tail group were highest. • ELOVL5 and FASN have the highest expression at 6 months and 3 months of age. Reducing tail fat deposition can increase the economic value of a carcass and improve feed efficiency. This study aimed to explore ELOVL5 and FASN polymorphisms associated with tail fat deposition and their expression levels of sheep. Association analysis showed that ELOVL5 synonymous mutation g.62534 C > T was associated with tail width, tail fat weight, and relative tail fat weight (P < 0.05). FASN synonymous mutation g.12694 A > G was associated with tail length and width (P < 0.05). Combined effect analyses indicated significant differences between the combined genotypes and tail fat deposition. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR indicated that the ELOVL5 and FASN expression levels were significantly higher in tail fat than in other tissues (P < 0.05). ELOVL5 expression levels in tail-fat tissue of big-tail sheep was significantly higher than that in small-tail sheep (P < 0.01). FASN expression levels were significantly higher in tail-fat tissue of small-tail sheep than in that of big-tail sheep (P < 0.05). During development, ELOVL5 tail fat expression increased significantly from 0 to 6 months old (P < 0.05), and FASN expression at 3 months old was significantly higher than that at 0 (minimum) and 6 months old (P < 0.05). Therefore, ELOVL5 and FASN polymorphisms could represent new candidate molecular markers and targets to reduce tail fat deposition in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Based on the ankle bone structure, 6 high matching ankle motion fitting models are presented; • A generalized spherical parallel mechanisms (GSPM) which can fit the motion of these ankle models is proposed; • A module combination configuration synthesis method suitable for the GSPM is given; • A module combination kinematic analysis method applicable to the GSPM is summarized; • GSPMs with the similar kinematic characteristics to the 6 ankle models are established by the 2 methods above. In the previous rehabilitation robot research, the proposed ankle models for rehabilitation robot design have distinctions with the ankle bone structure. It leads to the unsatisfactory human-machine compatibility of the robots constructed based on the fitting onto the motion of these models. For this problem, 6 motion fitting models having higher similarities with ankle bone structure are proposed. For constructing a generalized spherical parallel mechanism (GSPM) with the same kinematic characteristics with these models, a module combination configuration synthesis method is presented. This method establishes the GSPM with partially decoupled characteristics by combining position and orientation modules. Firstly, this method constructs basic limbs/groups of 2 modules based on enumeration and screw theory. Secondly, a class of compact equivalent limbs and groups are constructed by equivalent replacement method based on basic limbs and groups. Thirdly, with the equivalent group being an example, the kinematics of 2 modules are analyzed based on the D-H method and their geometric characteristics, a module combination kinematic analysis method is summarized. Finally, 6 suitable GSPMs are established based on these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two electron-transfer hybrid compounds based on electron-deficient naphthalene diimide and polyoxometalate were synthesized and characterized. • Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit the eye-detectable photochromic phenomenon. • Complexes 1 and 2 show good photocatalytic activity for degradation of carcinogenic dye BR9. Naphthalene diimide (NDI) derivatives and polyoxometalates (POMs) are two kinds of functional moieties with very different properties for applications in different fields. Two rare multifunctional inorganic-organic hybrid crystalline materials based on NDI and POM, have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and thermogravimetric analysis. These compounds show fast responsive reversible photochromic behaviors (within five minutes) under UV–vis light irradiation, which arise from the photoinduced electron transfer production of organic radicals rather than photoinduced isomerization or photolysis. Furthermore, due to presence the redox-active NDI and POMs, these unique hybrid materials are good heterogeneous photocatalyst for the degradation of carcinogenic organic dye basic red 9 (BR9) with a degradation rate of more than 86% within 120 min in the presence of H 2 O 2 under visible light irradiation. This work will provide a new perspective to explore multifunctional hybrid materials with useful photochromic and photocatalytic properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave pre-curing, as an energy-saving and efficient pre-curing method, is employed and further optimized to produce low water-cement ratio composite (LW/B-CC) in this study. Theoretically, by replacing part of the coarse sand with porous zeolite sand, the potential stress concentration induced by microwave pre-curing and the crack risk in LW/B-CC can be reduced, which is beneficial for promoting the application of microwave curing strategy in practice. The obtained results show that the addition of zeolite can indeed achieve a win-win situation for early and late strength. This is the combined effect of space and time, working together in a four-dimensional (4-D) perspective: in space, Zeolite balanced the temperature difference at different positions of the sample during microwave treatment, reducing cracks caused by differences in thermal expansion coefficients of the matrix; in time, Zeolite reduces the porosity by extending the migration rate of water molecules to large pores and the water molecule backflow during microwave pre-curing. Finally, based on the proposed new idea in this study, the microstructure of LW/B-CC can be well optimized during microwave curing process. [Display omitted] • The possibility of optimizing microwave pre-curing on LW/B-CC is explored. • The spatial and temporal motion of water molecules during microwave pre-curing is studied. • The addition of zeolite is conducive to the formation of LW/B-CC microstructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Postimpact outcome regimes are identified and mapped on a We − λ diagram. • The maximum impact pressure remains constant for contactless bouncing. • Ring bouncing results in an approximate 50 % reduction in contact time. • Annular rotating retraction results in a longer contact time. • Breakup near the necked area induces a jet. Functional solid surfaces that can realize rapid shedding of liquid droplets have received significant research interest due to their close relevance to many industrial applications. Droplet impact on superhydrophobic surfaces with point-like protrusions has been demonstrated to take off as rings, which alters droplet impact dynamics and thus reduces contact time compared to flat surfaces. However, the essential role of the size ratio of protrusion-to-droplet (λ) for droplets impinging on such surface is rarely considered. Here, we numerically investigate droplet impact on superhydrophobic surfaces with convex hemispherical shapes using a phase-field model coupled with dynamic contact angles. The postimpact outcome regimes occurring for varied λ and Weber number (We) values, spanning 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1.44 and 0.69 ≤ We ≤ 33.68, are mapped on a We − λ diagram. Three distinct dynamic behaviours of droplet impact are identified: contactless bouncing, conventional bouncing, and ring bouncing. Detailed comparative analyses of these impact outcomes are also presented, including the evolution of droplet morphology, impact force, maximum impact pressure, pressure distribution, and velocity vector distribution. The results reveal a previously unknown phenomenon in contactless bouncing, where the impact force exhibits an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, while the maximum impact pressure remains approximately constant. Annular rotating retraction results in a longer contact time. Breakup occurs near the necked area, inducing a part of the droplet to depart from the surface as a jet. In addition, it is observed that the dimensionless maximum wetting area becomes independent of the λ and follows a scaling law of 0.67 We 3/5 if the We exceeds 2.75. Ring bouncing exclusively occurs within the range of 0.24 ≤ λ ≤ 0.96 and We ≥ 24.74, resulting in an approximate 50 % reduction in non-dimensional contact time compared to conventional bouncing. These findings favor the understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing droplet impact and thereby provide available guidance to the design of superhydrophobic surfaces. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A watershed ESPs construction method integrating MCR model and circuit theory from the perspectives of ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity was proposed. • The ecological sensitivity weights of different regions were applied for constructing the ESPs of the YRB. • The distributions of ECs and EPPs presented spatial differences in the ecological environment of the YRB. • The proposal of optimizing ESPs can promote the ecological protection and high-quality development of the basin. Safeguarding ecological security is one of China's important development strategies. Identifying ecological security patterns (ESPs) is an effective way to collaboratively develop ecological and environmental security in different regions. Currently, studies on the construction of regional ESPs mainly focus on the innovation of ecosystem service functions, ignoring the differences in ecological sensitivities of different ecological environments on a large scale. In this paper, taking the Yellow River Basin (YRB) as an example, six important ecosystem service functions were selected to identify ecological sources (ESs), ecological sensitivity weights were set according to the ecological environment characteristics of different regions, and the ecological resistance surfaces (ERSs) were determined. And the ESPs of the YRB were further investigated based on the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model and circuit theory. The research findings indicate:(1) We had identified 218 ESs on the YRB, covering an area of 387,165 km2, which was 19.36 % of the entire study area and highly concentrated in the upstream areas. There were 532 ecological corridors (ECs) identified with a total length of 39,015.95 km, with less distribution in the lower reaches of the YRB. There were 201 ecological pinch points (EPPs) mainly in forests and grasslands. (2) ERSs constructed with different sensitivities weights had a significant impact on the distribution of ECs and EPPs. There were significant variations in the ESPs of the YRB. The upstream areas were notably more secure than the middle and lower reaches, indicating an overall lower level of ecological security. (3) Different ecological sensitivity weights were adopted in different regions, which was more suitable for the construction of ESPs with regional environmental differences. This study provides a wise direction for coordinating the ecological protection and achieving high-quality development in the YRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis, where osteoblasts fail to fully compensate for the bone resorption induced by osteoclasts. Corylifol A, a flavonoid extracted from Fructus psoraleae, has been identified as a potential treatment for this condition. Predictions from network pharmacology and molecular docking studies suggest that Corylifol A exhibits strong binding affinity with NFATc1, Nrf2, PI3K, and AKT1. Empirical evidence from in vivo experiments indicates that Corylifol A significantly mitigates systemic bone loss induced by ovariectomy by suppressing both the generation and activation of osteoclasts. In vitro studies further showed that Corylifol A inhibited the activation of PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways and calcium channels induced by RANKL in a time gradient manner, and specifically inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, GSK3 β, ERK, CaMKII, CaMKIV, and Calmodulin. It also diminishes ROS production through Nrf2 activation, leading to a decrease in the expression of key regulators such as NFATcl, C-Fos, Acp5, Mmp9, and CTSK that are involved in osteoclastogenesis. Notably, our RNA-seq analysis suggests that Corylifol A primarily impacts mitochondrial energy metabolism by suppressing oxidative phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Corylifol A is a novel inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis, offering potential therapeutic applications for diseases associated with excessive bone resorption. [Display omitted] • CorylifolA (Co-A) is a flavonoid compound extracted from psoralen, which has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. • In vitro results showed that Co-A inhibited osteoclastogenesis through NFATc1, PI3K-AKT-GSK3β, ERK and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathways. • Co-A inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro mainly through oxidative phosphorylation. • In vivo results showed that Co-A reduces bone loss in OVX mice by inhibiting osteoclast activity and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the target to fabricate more feasible catalysts for SRM to produce hydrogen, the interaction between Ni and LaBO3 (B = Al, Cr and Fe) perovskite supports with different B-sites has been explored. To avoid the formation of big Ni grains, the Ni loading is intentionally set as low as 2 wt%. XRD and Raman results revealed that the three LaBO3 supports are composed of pure perovskite phase, but have differed fine crystal structures. While LaFeO3 and LaCrO3 can be indexed to the orthorhombic perovskite phase, LaAlO3 can be indexed to the hexagonal phase. H2-TPR and XPS results have validated that NiO has varied interfacial interactions with the LaBO3 supports through partial electron transfer from the supports to Ni. As a consequence, the active metallic Ni surface areas are in the order of 2%Ni/LaAlO3 > 2%Ni/LaCrO3 > 2%Ni/LaFeO3, well consistent with the reaction performance. Furthermore, by varying the B-site element, the abundance of the active surface oxygen species (mainly O22−) is varied, obeying the sequence of 2%Ni/LaCrO3 > 2%Ni/LaAlO3 > 2%Ni/LaFeO3, well consistent with the anti-coking ability of the catalysts. It is discovered that the change of the fine crystal structure of LaBO3 supports can influence the SRM performance of the 2%Ni/LaBO3 catalysts evidently. The reaction performance of the catalysts is mainly determined by the active Ni surface area, but the anti-coking ability is majorly decided by the amount of active oxygen species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of photochromic units into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is of particular interest due to their ability to endow the MOFs with extra functions such as photomodulated fluorescence, photomagnetism, and photomodulated electrical conductivity. In this work, a π-conjugated electron-deficient viologen ligand was assembled with La3+, resulting in a stable cationic MOF with one-dimensional channels, namely [La(bdpbpy)(H2O)2]·NO3·5H2O (1-NO3) (H4bdpbpy·2Cl = 1,1′-bis(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride). As expected, 1-NO3 exhibits photochromism accompanied by an obvious color change from yellow to brown under UV-vis light irradiation. Remarkably, the water stable cationic framework of 1-NO3 acts as an efficient and selective trap for toxic dichromate through ion-exchange. The π-conjugated electron-deficient viologen ligand in the framework can provide extra affinity for iodine adsorption, and thus 1-NO3 exhibits sorption behaviours for iodine molecules. More importantly, the iodine adsorption capacity of 1-NO3 was significantly reduced when it was irradiated by UV-vis light. This is attributed to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) changing the original charge distribution of the bipyridinium moieties on the channel and weakening the affinity for the N+⋯I–I interaction. This work breaks through the traditional design strategy to construct MOF adsorbent materials with controllable adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical superconducting materials and technologies have been enabled with availability for large scale devices and applications. Various large scale and strong magnetic field applications of superconductors have been developed, and a series of those applications are explored with technical details mainly including i) applied superconducting materials and their characteristics; ii) superconducting magnets and their techniques; iii) large and advanced electromagnetic devices and applications. The applied superconductivity, application technology, and availability are especially focused and verified with the trend of large scale applications’ development prospection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation aggravates spinal cord inflammation in EAE. Autophagy is associated with alleviation of systemic inflammation, including that encountered in EAE. However, the effects of autophagy on NLRP3 in EAE are still unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of the autophagy activator AZD8055 on EAE. EAE model mice were established, histological examination was performed to assess the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination. And the levels of autophagy and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in spinal cords were assessed. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to evaluate protein expression and localization. AZD8055 significantly enhanced autophagy in the spinal cords of EAE model mice, coupled with decreased abnormal clinical behavior scores and increased body weights. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination was mild in AZD8055-treated EAE model mice. Meanwhile, the pathway of ROS/NLRP3 was downregulated, and LC3 and NLRP3 were colocalized. AZD8055 ameliorated EAE through anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptosis effects via the mammalian target of mTOR/ROS/NLRP3 pathway. These findings provide insights into the interactions between autophagy and pyroptosis and may facilitate the development of novel treatments for MS. • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model of MS. • The effects of the autophagy activator AZD8055 on EAE were evaluated. • AZD8055 significantly enhanced autophagy in the spinal cords of EAE model mice. • AZD8055 ameliorated EAE through anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptosis effects. • Autophagy and pyroptosis may have an interaction via mTOR/ROS/NLRP3 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimizing the micromotion of a trapped ion in a linear Paul trap is of great importance in maintaining long coherence time as well as implementing quantum logic gates with high fidelity, which is crucial for large-scale quantum computation with trapped ions. Here, by applying the RF (radio frequency)-photon correlation technique, we demonstrate that a machine learning method based on artificial neural networks can quickly search for optimal voltage settings of the electrodes to minimize the trapped ion's micromotion. This machine learning assisted RF-photon correlation technique can be straightforwardly applied to more complicated surface ion traps with many electrodes, where the manual minimization of the excess micromotion generated by stray electric fields would become extremely challenging for the larger number of electrodes with various voltage settings. Instead, the presented machine learning assisted method provides an effective and automatic way to address this need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PPP-RTK extends the precise point positioning (PPP) concept by incorporating the idea of integer ambiguity resolution underlying the real-time kinematic (RTK) technique, making rapid initialization and high accuracy attainable with a standalone receiver. While PPP-RTK has been well achieved by using global navigation satellite system code division multiple access observables, GLONASS PPP-RTK is nonetheless challenging due to the nature of frequency division multiple access (FDMA) observables. In this work, we present a GLONASS PPP-RTK concept that takes advantage of the integer-estimable FDMA (IE-FDMA) model recently proposed in Teunissen (in GPS Solut 23(4):1–19, 2019. ) to guarantee rigorous integer ambiguity resolution and simultaneously takes care of the presence of the inter-frequency biases (IFBs) in homogeneous and heterogeneous network configurations. When conducting GLONASS PPP-RTK based on a network of homogeneous receivers, code and phase observation equations are used to construct the IE-FDMA model, in which the IFBs are implicitly eliminated through reparameterization. For a network consisting of heterogeneous receivers, we exclude the code observables and develop a phase-only IE-FDMA model instead, thereby circumventing the adverse effects of IFBs. For verification purposes, we collect a set of five-day global positioning system (GPS) and GLONASS data from two regional networks: one equipped with homogeneous receivers and another with heterogeneous receivers. The results show that the GLONASS-specific network corrections, including satellite clocks, satellite phase biases, and ionospheric delays estimated by the two networks, are as precise as those of their GPS-specific counterparts. Via satellite clock and phase bias corrections, we succeed in fixing both GPS and GLONASS ambiguities, shortening the convergence time to 5 (12) min, compared to 11 (18) min of ambiguity-float positioning in the case of a homogeneous (heterogeneous) network with a data sampling rate of 30 s. For ambiguity-fixed positioning, the convergence time defined in this work also indicates the time to first fix since the positioning error converges to the centimeter level once successful integer ambiguity resolution is achieved. Adding ionospheric corrections further speeds up the initialization in the two networks, with the convergence time being reduced to 0.5 (3) min. Compared with GPS-only positioning, the integration of GPS and GLONASS yields an improvement of 8–34% in accuracy and leads to a reduction of 25–50% in convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of ribs is an important economic trait in the sheep industry when the sheep are raised for mutton. However, in sheep, the genetic mechanisms regulating rib number are poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to identify important candidate genes that affect the increase in rib number in sheep. Whole-genome resequencing of 36 Hu sheep with an increased number of ribs (R14) and 36 sheep with normal (R13) rib numbers was carried out. Analysis using three methods (fixation index (F ST), Fisher's exact test, and Chi-squared test) showed that 219 single nucleotide polymorphism sites overlapped among the results of the three methods, which represented 206 genes. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that the genes were mainly associated with regulation of developmental process, inorganic anion transport, cellular biosynthetic process, tight junction, the oxytocin signaling pathway, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Four mutations were selected according to the significantly selected genomic regions and important pathways for genotyping and association analysis. The result demonstrated that three synonymous mutations correlated significantly with the rib number. Importantly, we revealed that the CPOX (encoding coproporphyrinogen oxidase), KCNH1 (encoding potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1), and CPQ (encoding carboxypeptidase Q) genes have a combined effect on rib number in Hu sheep. Our results identified candidate molecular markers for rib number in sheep breeding. • The major candidate genes associated with the rib number were identified using whole-genome resequencing in Hu sheep. • A total of 219 single nucleotide polymorphism sites were found using three methods. • Four single nucleotide polymorphism sites were selected for subsequent genetic effect analysis in a large population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Internal flow and external spray of iso-pentane are studied in various conditions. • Flashing mode is classified into non-flashing, transitional and flare flashings. • Criterion related mechanic and thermodynamics is proposed to identify flashing mode. • A new correlation is developed to depict the droplet diameter evolution. Accidental release of superheated liquids is typically accompanied with hazardous flashing jets. Indeed, flashing jets undergo fragmentation into massive fine droplets, thus forming ideal circumstances for fires and explosion. To gain a deeper understanding of depressurized release, we studied the dynamics of iso-pentane at superheats of 40–80 °C and injection pressures of 0.6–3.0 MPa. The internal flow pattern and external spray morphology are visualized at quasi-steady stage using a high-speed camera. Results show that the flashing patterns can be classified into non-flashing, transitional flashing, and flare flashing arising from the interaction between thermodynamic and mechanical effects. The contribution of thermodynamic effect decreases as mechanical effect intensifies, due to the suppression of bubble nucleation and burst. We propose the index k , based on JaR p = k (We v Oh)−1/7, to identify different flashing regions, i.e., k below 211 for non-flashing, k between 212 and 425 for transitional flashing, and k above 425 for flare flashing. Besides, the microscopic characteristics involving droplet velocity and diameter distribution are investigated and a new correlation for drop size is proposed, which is dependent on factors such as nozzle aspect ratio, mechanical force, and thermodynamic force. These findings should help to define policies to decrease the risk associate with flashing jets. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the application of time-resolved fluorescence in oxidation determination of edible vegetable oil, fluorescence lifetime of chlorophyll α in oxidized edible vegetable oils was recorded and analyzed by simulated microenvironment experiments and spectral methods. It was showed that fluorescence lifetime of chlorophyll α decreased with the increase of polarity in the early stage of oxidation, and increased with the increase of viscosity in the later stage of oxidation. Conjugation effect and hydrogen bonding existed in the microenvironment of oxidized edible vegetable oil were considered to be the factors leading to the increase of fluorescence lifetime. The change mechanism of fluorescence lifetime in oxidized edible vegetable oil was supplied, which was considered to be strong support for the application of time-resolved fluorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A review about how pharmaceutical excipients affect the micellization of Pluronic. • The anticancer drugs were significantly solubilized by Pluronic or mixed micelles. • Pluronic used as drug carriers showed excellent ability to reverse MDR of tumors. • Pluronic as an anticancer drug carrier has a synergistic effect on anti-MDR. Linear amphiphilic triblock copolymers Pluronic, poly (ethylene oxide) - poly (propylene oxide) - poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) have been widely used in controllable drug delivery systems and pharmacy. Diverse pharmaceutical excipients can have different effects on their micellization behavior. Typical pharmaceutical excipients include salts, alcohols, surfactants and various polymers that can affect cloud point, size and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of micelles, and then affect the drug solubilization properties and applications. Since many anticancer drugs are insoluble, Pluronic are often used as carriers for anticancer drugs to improve drug solubility. It is worth mentioning that Pluronic are considered the promising carrier to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR), which is a major obstacle to the success of cancer chemotherapy. This review systematically summarized the effect of pharmaceutical excipients on Pluronic micellization, solubilization and their application as drug carriers to reverse MDR. In view of the importance of reversing MDR in tumor treatment, this review focused on the latest achievements of Pluronic in reversing MDR so as to provide theoretical support for the future application of Pluronic in reversing MDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multifunctional Au&Fe-DNA complex built in tumor microenvironmental bioreactors. • The complex triggers the regulation of intracellular ROS and GSH levels. • Tumor treatment with targeted localization, apoptosis activation, and photothermal therapy. • No apparent healthy risks during in vivo treatment. The comprehensive diagnosis and treatment, integrating multiple diagnosis and treatment modalities into one system, is beneficial for disease prognosis and efficacy monitoring. Herein, in this contribution, we have constructed a unique cancer microenvironment responsive bioreactor to induce bio-self-assembly DNA with metal precursors (i.e., Au(III) and Fe(II)) to form the fluorescent and magnetic nanocomposites of the Au&Fe 3 O 4 -DNA complexes in situ. DNA acts as relevant metal ion carriers, and the photothermal effect will increase with the presence of DNA complexes with Au(III) and Fe(II), which helps to achieve accurate tumor lesions localization and precise tracing / imaging of cancer cells and tissues. Our observations demonstrate that the as-prepared Au&Fe 3 O 4 -DNA complexes could efficiently inhibit tumor growth by effectively consuming intracellular glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells, which usually induces oxidative stress injury and activates apoptosis. In addition, it allows enhanced photothermal therapy (PTT) under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Therefore, these results illustrate that specific tumor micro-environment-responsive self-assembly formation of Au&Fe 3 O 4 -DNA complex can dual regulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH levels in cancer cells; Meanwhile, this in situ bio-self-assembly DNA functional probes have the advantages of precise tumor localization and targeted thermal imaging as well as multi-modal therapy, and thus provide a promising approach for cancer early diagnosis and efficient treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Osteoporosis, an immune disease characterized by bone mass loss and microstructure destruction, is often seen in postmenopausal women. Isoimperatorin (ISO), a bioactive, natural furanocoumarin isolated from many traditional Chinese herbal medicines, has therapeutic effects against various diseases; however, its effect on bone homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of ISO on the differentiation and activation of osteoclast and its molecular mechanism in vitro, and evaluated the effect of ISO on bone metabolism by ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. In vitro experiments showed that ISO affected RANKL-induced MAPK, NFAT, NFATc1 trafficking and expression, osteoclast F-actin banding, osteoclast-characteristic gene expression, ROS inhibitory activity, and calcium oscillations, NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo experiments showed that oral administration of ISO effectively reduced bone loss caused by ovariectomy and retained bone mass.Collectively, ISO inhibits RANK/RANKL binding, thereby reducing the activity of NFATc1, calcium, and ROS and inhibiting osteoclast generation. In addition, ISO protects bone mass by slowing osteoclast production and downregulating NFATc1 gene and protein expression in the bone tissue microenvironment and inhibits OVX-induced bone loss in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal error is one of the primary factors affecting the machining accuracy of precision machining tools. Therefore, it is important to study the transient thermal characteristics of machine tools and the thermal-error control strategies. Thus far, a transient analytical modelling method for characterising the thermal characteristics of machine tools was proposed and an active error control strategy was provided. First, temperature-field modelling was conducted using an analytical method based on the Fourier series method and partial differential equations of heat conduction. Second, using the derived temperature field, the thermal deformation field was calculated based on finite element theory. Subsequently, the continuous real-time effect of the thermal power per unit heat source on the temperature and deformation fields of precision machine tools was studied. The proposed analytical modelling method not only predicts the machine tool heat deformation based on the working conditions of the heat source, but also matches the thermal control source power with the demand of the machine tool heat deformation. The optimal real-time power of the thermal control source is dynamically iterated and matched, such that the thermal deformation caused by the heat and thermal control sources can be balanced in real time at the displacement control point. Finally, the volumetric thermal error was actively controlled by adjusting the temperature field of the machine tool. The simulated and experimental results indicate that the transient analytical model can accurately predict the real-time thermal characteristics of the machine tool and that the real-time active thermal control method can effectively reduce volumetric thermal errors. Using active thermal control, the squareness error in the YZ-plane was reduced by approximately 45%, the spindle thermal elongation was reduced from 23 μm to 7 μm, and the volumetric thermal error in the X, Y, and Z directions were reduced by approximately 16, 14, and 17 μm, respectively. [Display omitted] • Analytical modelling method for transient thermal characterizing of machine tool structural components and spindle is proposed. • The continuous real-time effect of the unit thermal power of the heat source on the temperature and deformation fields of precision machine tools is revealed using the analytical method. • Real-time thermal power matching strategy of thermal control sources to reduce volumetric thermal error is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C. qRT-PCR and WB assays were performed to detect the interference and overexpression efficiency of PGF in HCT116 circALG1 overexpression and SW480 sh-circALG1 cells. F. qRT-PCR and WB assays were performed to assess the overexpression efficiency of PGF in HCT116 cells. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] • Hydrophobic modification copolymers BP123, BPF123 and H123 were synthesized, compared with Pluronic copolymer P123. • P123, BP123 and BPF123 spontaneously formed micelles in aqueous solution. • H123 spontaneously formed spherical vesicles in aqueous solution. • ·The drug solubilization abilities of H123 were the largest, and the drug release rate was the slowest. In recent years, block copolymers together with their structure-property relationship in administrable drug delivery have attracted much concern. Three block copolymers BP123, BPF123 and H123 with the same PEO and PPO segments but different hydrophobic modification groups were synthesized. Commercial Pluronic block copolymers P123 was chosen for contrast. The effects of hydrophobic modification on the self-assembling behavior of the four copolymers were investigated via surface tension, transmission electron microscopy, steady state fluorescence and dynamic light scattering. With the enhancement of hydrophobicity, P123, BP123, BPF123 formed micelles and gradually decreased in critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) and size, while H123 formed vesicles. The dissolution and in vitro release capacities of the aggregates for the hydrophobic drug simvastatin were also evaluated. The stronger the hydrophobicity of copolymers, the stronger the drug solubilization ability for hydrophobic drug (H123 > BPF123 > BP123 > P123). Due to the enhancement of hydrophobicity, the tightly packed micelles formed by BP123 and BPF123, the drug release was slower. H123 had the highest solubility due to the closed bilayer vesicle structure and the interaction of hydrophobic groups with the drug, providing the slowest release rate. This study revealed that hydrophobic modification had a great impact on the self-assembly behavior of copolymers, modified copolymers can be applicable to sustained release drug carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin 2D/2D face-to-face heterostructures have shown promising applications in gas sensing devices. Synthesis of ultrathin 2D/2D metal oxide/MoS 2 based heterostructures, however, remains challenging probably due to the difficulty in preparing ultrathin 2D metal oxides. Here, ultrathin defective Co 3 O 4 /MoS 2 nanosheets (NSs) with large heterointerfaces and high specific surface area are prepared via in-situ growth of MoS 2 on salt-template-synthetic Co 3 O 4 NSs. The as-obtained Co 3 O 4 /MoS 2 sensor exhibits a high response value of 2.1 toward 5 ppm NH 3 at room temperature, outperforming most sensors based on metal oxide/MoS 2 reported hitherto. Moreover, the ultrathin defective Co 3 O 4 /MoS 2 NSs sensor presents excellent selectivity and long-term stability. The excellent gas sensing performances of the Co 3 O 4 /MoS 2 based sensor are attributed to the presence of rich defects and intimate interfacial electronic interaction, which ensures abundant active adsorption sites and rapid electrons transfer. Our method demonstrates a versatile integration strategy to construct 2D/2D heterostructures for innovative applications including but not limited to the gas sensing fields. • Ultrathin defective Co 3 O 4 /MoS 2 nanosheets are prepared via in-situ growth of MoS 2 on salt-template-synthetic Co 3 O 4. • Co 3 O 4 /MoS 2 sensor exhibits a high response of 2.1 toward 5 ppm NH 3 at RT with excellent selectivity and stability. • The enhanced gas sensing performances of Co 3 O 4 /MoS 2 are due to rich defects and maximized interfacial interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two isomeric metal-organic frameworks are prepared based on naphthalenediimide and naphthalenedicarboxylic acid. • Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit different photochromism and photocontrolled luminescence upon UV–Vis light irradiation. • Noncovalent interactions play an important role in the photochromic properties of MOFs. As a class of special type materials, photochromic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted extensive attention because their usually show interesting color changes and coupled with the variation of some chemical and physical properties under light irradiation. In order to study the effect of secondary building on the photochromism of MOFs, two isomeric naphthalenediimide-based MOFs with different secondary building linkers, namely [Zn 2 (DPNDI)(2,6-NDC) 2 ] (1) and [Zn 2 (DPNDI)(1,4-NDC) 2 ] (2) (DPNDI = N, N '-di(3-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide, 1,4-H 2 NDC = 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-H 2 NDC = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid), were synthesized via solvothermal reaction and the structure were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and TGA. Owing to the different C H···π interactions between the naphthalene moieties of dicarboxylic acid and electron-deficient DPNDI ligand, they showed different photochromic behaviors and photocontrolled luminescence upon ultraviolet-visible irradiation. Specifically, complex 2 was photochromic but complex 1 was not. The difference can be ascribed to the larger C H···π interaction in complex 1 than in complex 2. This work is expected to provide a new perspective for designing novel photochromic MOF materials Two isomeric naphthalenediimide-based MOFs with different secondary building linkers have been prepared, which exhibit different photochromic behaviors and photocontrolled luminescence upon ultraviolet-visible irradiation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A foot-talus coupled motion (F-T CM) model describing ankle instantaneous motion is given. • A partially decoupled generalized spherical parallel mechanism (GS-PM) is proposed. • A type synthesis method of GS-PM suitable for F-T CM recognition is summarized. • A robot-assisted ankle instantaneous motion recognition method base on GS-PM is given. The latest rehabilitation robot based on generalized spherical parallel mechanism (GSPM) forces higher requirements for the accurate ankle motion description, but the talus, ankle core component, is hidden within soft tissue and difficult to be directly observed and described. For this problem, the accurate detection robot and robot-assisted instantaneous motion recognition method for ankle based on it are proposed. Firstly, a foot-talus coupled motion model based on ankle bone structure is established, functional requirements of the detection robot are clarified. Secondly, a type synthesis method of variable GSPM is proposed based on screw theory, and partially decoupled under-actuated GSPMs are constructed. This method can directly determine the actuators and sensors arrangement during the non-instantaneous limb synthesis to avoid complex judgment and screening. Then, the principle and method of robot-assisted ankle instantaneous motion recognition are revealed and summarized by clarifying kinematic mapping relationship of human-machine system. This method can accurately recognize talus orientation and drive repetitive foot motion to weaken subjects' fatigue factors. Finally, based on the established virtual prototype, the rationality and feasibility of the robot-assisted recognition method are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • · Multibranched PEO-PPO copolymer M904 was synthesized, compared with Tetronic904. • · Effect of lysine, glycine and glutamic acid on copolymer aggregation were studied. • · The presence of lysine or glycine decreases critical concetration of aggregation, increases aggregate size and drug solubilization. • · Glutamic acid showed opposite behavior. Block copolymers and their related structure-performance relationships for controllable drug delivery have gained much attention recently. In this work, multibranched PEO-PPO copolymer M904 was synthesized, which had the same PEO and PPO segments with commercial 4-branched copolymer Tetronic 904 (T904). The effect of three amino acids alkaline lysine (Lys), neutral glycine (Gly) and acidic glutamic acid (Glu) on the aggregation behavior of M904 and T904 were investigated. The solubilization and in vitro release property of hydrophobic drug simvastatin (ST) were estimated. Compared to T904, lower cloud point, bigger critical aggregation concentration (CAC), smaller micropolarity, larger size aggregates, better drug solubilization capacity and drug released at a slower rate were features of multibranched copolymer M904. With the addition of Lys or Gly, cloud point, micropolarity and CAC decreased, while aggregates size and drug solubility raised, the rate of drug release slowed, and Lys had a greater effect than Gly. Glu showed opposite behavior, CAC and cloud point increased, and release rate became faster. Both the alteration of copolymer architecture and the addition of amino acids could regulate the copolymer performance, which would be beneficial to design drug formulations in pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A quantitative design method for anti-dislocation deformation joints is proposed. • The proposed method is validated by similarity model tests and numerical analyses. • The tunnels with anti-dislocation deformation joints achieve better performance. • The proposed method can mitigate the damage of the tunnel due to fault dislocation. Given the rapid development of Chinese transportation networks, a substantial number of tunnels are under construction or will be built in mountainous areas. However, certain tunnels must be constructed through active fault zones and will be destroyed by the dislocation of active faults. In the present Chinese codes, three measures are suggested, including over cutting the cross-section, setting up anti-dislocation deformation joints, and strengthening the lining, but there is a lack of quantitative design method. In this study, we present a design method for anti-dislocation deformation joints to improve the anti-dislocation ability of the tunnel passing through active fault. First, formulae related to the design method for anti-dislocation deformation joints were proposed to consider different fault and tunnel parameters. Then, the proposed method and the formulae were validated by experimental model tests and numerical analyses. The experimental models were prepared according to the geological data of the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault in Sichuan Province, China. Models on 1:30 scale were subjected to fault dislocation tests in two cases: tunnels with ordinary linings and tunnels with anti-dislocation deformation joints. The test results show that the longitudinal strain of the lining with anti-dislocation deformation joints in the fault fracture zone decreased to 32% of that of the ordinary lining, and the transverse strain also significantly decreased. The maximum normal stress between the surrounding rock and lining was approximately 80% of the value for the ordinary lining. The lining with anti-dislocation deformation joints experienced less damage than the ordinary lining. The results of numerical calculation suggest that anti-dislocation deformation joints determined by the proposed method could effectively reduce the forces and bending moments of the lining. The proposed method for anti-dislocation deformation joints could be used to mitigate the seismic damage of tunnels passing through active fault zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation of photoactive guests into a metal-organic framework is advantageous in endowing extra functionalities such as photochromism and photoswitchable luminescence. In this paper, a host-guest MOF material, [Zn 3 (IPA) 4 ​MV] (1) (H 2 IPA ​= ​isophthalic acid, MV·2NO 3 ​= ​1,1'-dimethyl-(4,4'-bipyridine)-1,1'-diium dinitrate) has been constructed by encapsulating simplest methyl viologen guest into the anionic MOF framework. This material exhibits reversible naked-eye detectable photochromic properties varying from colorless to blue upon UV–Vis light irradiation. The MV2+ and the short O⋯N distance between the oxygen atom and pyridine ring of MV2+ play a crucial role in the photochromism of this compound. This host-guest MOF compound shows photoswitchable luminescent properties in the solid state. More interestingly, this host-guest MOF material can be deposited on filter paper and can be employed as inkless print material by controlling the UV–Vis light irradiation with the stencil. A novel MOF-based host-guest compound was prepared by incorporating the photoactive methyl viologen into the anionic framework, which exhibit photochromism upon UV–Vis light irradiation and photocontrolled luminescence. Moreover, this compound can be used as inkless and erasable print media. [Display omitted] • A host-guest compound was prepared by incorporating the viologen into the anionic MOFs. • Compound 1 exhibits fast-responsive photochromism and reversible luminescence switching upon UV–Vis light irradiation. • Compound ​ 1 ​can be employed as inkless and erasable print media by controlling the UV-Vis light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at promoting the intelligent development of control technology for new energy vehicles and showing the outstanding advantages of deep reinforcement learning (DRL), this paper trained a VGG16-based road recognition convolutional neural network (CNN) at first. Lots of high-definition images of five typical roads are collected by the racing game Dust Rally 2.0, including dry asphalt, wet asphalt, snow, dry cobblestone, and wet cobblestone. Then, a time-varying driving environment model was established, involving driving images, road slope, longitudinal speed, and the number of passengers. Finally, a stereoscopic control network suitable for nine-dimensional state space and three-dimensional action space was built, and for parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with the P3 structure, a deep q-network (DQN)-based energy management strategy (EMS) achieving multi-objective control was proposed, including the fine-tuning strategy of the motor speed to maintain the optimal slip rate during braking, the engine power control strategy and the continuously variable transmission (CVT) gear ratio control strategy. Simulation results show under the influence of some factors such as tree shade and image compression, the road recognition network has the highest accuracy for snow roads and wet asphalt roads. Three types of control strategies learned simultaneously by the stereoscopic control network not only maintain the near-optimal slip rate in the braking period but also achieve a fuel consumption of 4788.93 g, while dynamic programming (DP)-based EMS gets a fuel consumption of 4295.61 g. Moreover, even DP-based EMS only contains three states and two actions, the time consumed for DP-based EMS and DQN-based EMS to run the speed cycle of 3602s is about 4911s and 10s, respectively. Therefore, the optimization and real-time performance of DRL-based EMS can be guaranteed. • A VGG16-based neural network for road recognition is trained. • A complex and time-varying road model with idealized characteristics is established. • Aiming at achieving integrated control, a stereoscopic control network is modeled. • A DQN-based multi-objective control strategy is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen (O 2) is the substance irreplaceable of the body's metabolism, which is not only the primary consumable of life activities, but also provide the input energy for the whole body. Importantly, the O 2 supply will act as an important role in the field of tumor theranostics. Herein, we successfully construct a radioactive nano-oxygen generator (177Lu-APPs-PEG) with superior properties, which can not only realize a high-performance radioisotope labelling, but also unfreeze the limitation of O 2 dependence of internal radioisotope therapy (IRT). More importantly, such nano-oxygen generator also can effectively enhance the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in distant tumors and reduce tumor metastasis. Meanwhile, the increase of O 2 in tumor-site can affect the metabolism of tumor cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells to reduce cancer cells proliferation by down-regulating the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and c-Myc. In short, the strategies we designed provide a new idea for the influence of nano-enzymes on tumor metabolism and immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate that an energy-dense, 288 Wh kg−1 lithium-ion battery can provide 152 Wh kg−1 energy and 1056 W kg−1 power at ultralow temperatures such as −40 or −50 °C, contrary to virtually no performance expected under two simultaneous extremes: 4.04 mAh cm−2 cathode loading and −40 °C. Unleashing this huge potential of current battery materials is achieved through a self-heating structure by embedding a micron-thin nickel foil in the electrochemical energy storage cell. The heating process from −40 to 10 °C consumes only 5.1% of battery energy and takes 77 s. Further, based on the chemistry agnostic nature of self-heating, we present a generic chart to transform rate capability of lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries. These illustrative examples point to a new era of battery structure innovation, significantly broadening the performance envelopes of existing and emerging battery materials for electrified transportation. [Display omitted] • We present a highly energy-dense Li-ion battery that self-heats from −50 °C. • Significant power and energy are unlocked by rapid and uniform self-heating. • Largest cell resistance suitable for self-heating is extended to ~1000 Ohm*cm2. • Potential for self-heating a lithium metal battery from ≥ −25 °C is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]