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A series of highly emissive inert and chiral CrIII complexes displaying positive and negative circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) within the near-infrared (NIR) region at room temperature have been prepared and characterized to decipher the effect of ligand substitution on the photophysical properties, more specifically on the chiroptical properties. The helical homoleptic [Cr(dqp-R)2]3+ (dqp = 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine; R = Ph, ≡-Ph, DMA, ≡-DMA (DMA = N,N-dimethylaniline)) and heteroleptic [Cr(dqp)(L)]3+ (L = 4-methoxy-2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine (dqp-OMe) or L = N2,N6-dimethyl-N2,N6-di(pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-diamine (ddpd)) molecular rubies were synthesized as racemic mixtures and then resolved and isolated into their respective pure PP and MM enantiomeric forms by chiral stationary phase HPLC. The corresponding enantiomers show two opposite polarized emission bands within the 700-780 nm range corresponding to the characteristic metal-centered Cr(2E'→4A2) and Cr(2T1'→4A2) transitions with large glum ranging from 0.14 to 0.20 for the former transition. In summary, this study reports the rational use of different ligands on CrIII and their effect on the chiroptical properties of the complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution we report on a novel approach towards luminescent light‐responsive ligands. To this end, cyanostilbene‐ guanidiniocarbonyl‐pyrrole hybrids were designed and investigated. Merging of a luminophore with a supramolecular bioactive ligand bears numerous advantages by overcoming the typical drawbacks of drug‐labelling, influencing the overall performance of the active species by attachment of a large luminophore. Here we were able to establish a simple and easily accessible synthesis route to different cyanostyryl‐guanidininiocarbonyl‐pyrrole (CGCP) derivatives. These compounds were investigated regarding their light‐responsive double bond isomerisation, their molecular structures in single crystals by means of X‐ray diffractometry, their emission properties by state of the art photophysical characterisation as well as bioimaging and assessment of cell toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique luminescence properties of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have attracted intense research interest in multiple areas. However, most AuNCs exhibit only a single-color emission. Achieving color-tunable emission through single AuNCs is attractive but still challenging. Herein, a switchable fluorescence strategy was introduced by integrating an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ)-type ligand into an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-type nanocluster system. In the AIE/ACQ strategy, 4,6-diamino-2-pyrimidinethiol (DPT)-AuNCs with color-tunable emission were developed: in the dimethylformamide (DMF)/water system, the DPT-AuNCs were dissociated and blue fluorescence was obtained, whereas in the MeOH/water system, DPT-AuNCs aggregated and strong orange phosphorescence was obtained. The emission color from orange to blue could also be switched by adjusting the solvent composition. Based on this strategy, the color-tunable AuNCs system was further employed for dynamic information encryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microemulsion based fuels (MBF) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve overall engine performance. This research paper enlightens the effects of physiochemical properties on the emission characteristics of CI engine. The microemulsions are formulated using surfactants, co‐surfactants, water or alcohols, and fuel components. The effects of density, viscosity, calorific value, cold flow properties, and cetane number along with the stability and the multi‐component characteristics of (MBF) has been taken into consideration to examine its effects on Emission characteristics such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). Microemulsion‐based fuels lower emissions of NOx and PM, recognized to the more complete combustion. The review highlights various studies that have investigated the benefits of microemulsion fuels, including reduced emissions of different pollutants and thus reduce the adverse effect on environment. In conclusion, microemulsion‐based fuels show likely physiochemical properties, as well as favorable emission characteristics, with reduced NOx, SOx, CO, PM, and UHC emissions. This study highlights the potential of microemulsion‐based fuels as environment friendly alternatives, flagging the way for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand of sustainable and environment friendly energy sources has spurred research and development efforts towards the integration of biofuels in various applications, particularly in internal combustion engines. Microemulsion technique is a new and innovative alternative to traditional fossil fuel that has gained a significant attention in recent years. This type of bio fuel is made by blending of small amount of biofuel and large amount of conventional diesel fuel. This review paper explores the potential of enhancing the performance of Compression ignition (CI) engines by incorporating additives into hybrid biofuels. The study focuses on the synergistic effects of combining traditional fossil fuels with bio‐derived components, such as ethanol, biodiesel, and other bio‐based additives. This review paper aim is to explore the performance of a 4‐stroke, single‐cylinder, direct injection Compression Ignition (CI) engine at different loads using different fuels blends like CNWEDB, BFNP150, PPNP150, and ME Diesel/Colza oil. The review outlines recent advancements in biofuel technology, including novel production methods and feedstock options, aiming to overcome limitations associated with conventional biofuels. The article aims to investigate the potential of vegetable oil in formulating MHBF, analyzing its performance and emissions in CI engines. The engine performance parameters viz., brake thermal efficiency brake specific fuel consumption have been reviewed and found that these values are comparable to the biodiesel blends with pure petrodiesel. At 60%, 80%, and full load condition the BTE of microemulsion diesel/colza oil is increasing while at 40%, 80%, and full load the BSFC is decreasing. Emissions reported by the various researchers, however, have a positive attribute with respect to NOx, CO, and UHC. At full load CO is decreasing and at all load conditions the value of UHC is decreasing. The paper concludes with a discussion on future research directions, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to address emerging issues and optimize the performance of CI engines for a sustainable and energy‐efficient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biodiesel as an alternative to conventional diesel fuels has gained significant attention due to its potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy sustainability. This study explores the impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on the emission characteristics and combustion efficiency of biodiesel blends in compression ignition (CI) engines. The fuels analyzed include diesel, SB20 (soybean biodiesel), SB20 + 50 TiO2 ppm, SB20 + 75 TiO2 ppm, PB20 (palm biodiesel), PB20 + 50 TiO2 ppm, and PB20 + 75 TiO2 ppm. Experiments were conducted under a consistent load of 50% across engine speeds ranging from 1000 to 1800 RPM. While TiO2 nanoparticles have been widely recognized for their ability to enhance biodiesel properties, limited research exists on their specific effects on soybean and palm biofuels. This study addresses these gaps by providing a comprehensive analysis of emissions, including NOX, CO, CO2, and HC, as well as exhaust gas temperature (EGT), across various engine speeds and nanoparticle concentrations. The results demonstrate that TiO2 nanoparticles lead to a reduction in CO emissions by up to 30% and a reduction in HC emissions by 21.5% at higher concentrations and engine speeds. However, this improvement in combustion efficiency is accompanied by a 15% increase in CO2 emissions, indicating more complete fuel oxidation. Additionally, NOX emissions, which typically increase with engine speed, were mitigated by 20% with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. Exhaust gas temperatures (EGTs) were also lowered, indicating enhanced combustion stability. These findings highlight the potential of TiO2 nanoparticles to optimize biodiesel blends for improved environmental performance in CI engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to increasing environmental demands, modeling emissions from older vehicles presents a significant challenge. This paper introduces an innovative methodology that takes advantage of advanced AI and machine learning techniques to develop precise emission models for older vehicles. This study analyzed data from road tests and the OBDII diagnostic interface, focusing on CO2, CO, THC, and NOx emissions under both cold and warm engine conditions. The key results showed that random forest regression provided the best predictions for THC in a cold engine (R2: 0.76), while polynomial regression excelled for CO2 (R2: 0.93). For warm engines, polynomial regression performed best for CO2 (R2: 0.95), and gradient boosting delivered results for THC (R2: 0.66). Although prediction accuracy varied by emission compound and engine state, the models consistently demonstrated high precision, offering a robust tool for managing emissions from aging vehicle fleets. These models offer valuable information for transportation policy and pollution reduction strategies, particularly in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuel made from Syzygium cumini, often known as Jamun, has the potential to be a low-cost, sustainable, and emission-free alternative. In this work, we experimentally explore the performance of a compression ignition (CI) engine that burns a blend of hydrogen and biodiesel. Hydrogen is pumped into the air intake manifold by means of a hydrogen gaseous supplement that, when exposed to atmospheric conditions, co-combusts with a pilot flame ignited by Jamun oil. To investigate the impact of hydrogen supplementation on performance and exhaust emission, a variety of hydrogen–Jamun fuel mixture proportions are provided to the engine. The research demonstrates that adding hydrogen improves the thermal efficiency (5%) of diesel engines whereas lowering specific energy fuel consumption (4%) at fixed Jamun flow rates. The gas emission data demonstrates that when hydrogen (HC) emission (12%) supplements decreases, NOx emission (10%) increases somewhat but opacity (8%) increases significantly. The experiment demonstrates that hydrogen and Jamun duel fuel in compression ignition engines burn smoothly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Cd(II) derivative, [Cd(2-Hstp)(Hbipy)2] (1), was obtained hydrothermally by the combination of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O as metal salt, the flexible aromatic carboxylate, 2-sulfoterephthalic acid (2-stp), and the N-donor ancillary ligand, 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy), as organic linker. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the molecular structure of the complex, in which the Cd(II) atoms show a distorted octahedral geometry. In the asymmetric unit, both the carboxylate and the N-donor connector bridge pairs of cadmium ions; this ultimately leads to the formation of a set of undulated sheets formed by fused rings comprising six cadmium centers, two bipy, and four 2-stp ligands. Considering each complex as a node, the supramolecular structure can be seen as a 6-c uninodal net of the type pcu, with point symbol {412.63} and vertex symbol [4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.*.*.*]. The Cd(II) derivative endowed the material with moderate luminescent properties. Finally, the molecular geometry of 1 has been studied by DFT computation applying the B3LYP/def2-SVP level of theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the quality of fuel represents an effective solution to address the long-standing issue of engine emissions. This study adopts CeO2 and carbon nanotubes as additives, which are blended with neat diesel using a physicochemical method to produce nanofuel. The research investigated the combustion and emission performance of a high-pressure common rail four-cylinder engine under various operating conditions, utilizing different types of nanomaterials, nanoparticle sizes, and biofuel substitutes as variables. The outcomes of the study indicate superior performance of the nanofuel compared with neat diesel across all evaluated aspects. Notably, the size of the added particles directly influenced the beneficial enhancements achieved in diesel fuel. Additionally, the nanofuel containing carbon nanotubes demonstrated a greater improvement effect than the one incorporating CeO2. Furthermore, when compared with neat diesel, the combustion of carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanofuel at 100% load resulted in a notable 4.0% increase in brake thermal efficiency, coupled with reductions of 3.0% in brake specific fuel consumption and 8.8%, 4.4%, 4.9%, and 9.6% reductions, respectively, for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke emissions. It is noteworthy that the incorporation of biofuel alternatives, such as biodiesel and ethanol, into nanofuels exhibited even further enhanced effects in terms of promoting combustion and reducing emissions. The findings of this study serve as an important reference for selecting suitable nanofuels tailored to meet diverse operational demands of engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of energy in the economic development of countries in transition is almost vital, especially in countries with large coal mineral resources, such as our country, Kosovo. Quantification and accurate analysis of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from lignite power plants are done to inform environmental stakeholders, improve regulatory compliance, protect public health, improve emission control technologies, and support environmental practices. sustainable energy. This study investigated the quantification and accurate analysis of SO2 emissions from lignite power plants to inform environmental stakeholders, improve regulatory compliance, protect public health, improve emission control technologies, and support sustainable energy practices. The laboratory analyses performed with standard methods have resulted in different values for the parameters: Moisture, ash, and sulfur content in lignite is up to 45%, 20%, and 1.2% during the year 2023, through these results we have calculated the SO2 emission that resulting in an average value of 777.4 kg/h. The realized correlation o between the SO2 emission and parameters such as Moisture, sulfur in lignite (total and organic), and High thermal, has increased the accuracy of SO2 emission estimates, the components that are active components during the coal combustion process. Better estimates facilitate a more accurate assessment of the environmental impact of organic SO2 emissions, such as their role in acid rain formation and ecosystem damage. This assessment reflects the poor state of current lignite combustion technologies and suggests their improvement in terms of controlling SO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current century, electrical networks have witnessed great developments and continuous increases in the demand for fossil fuels based energy, leading to an excessive rise in the total production cost (TPC), as well as the pollutant (toxic) gases emitted by thermal plants. Under this circumstances, energy supply from different resources became necessary, such as renewable energy sources (RES) as an alternative solution. This latter, however, characterized with uncertainty nature in its operation principle, especially when operator system wants to define the optimal contribution of each resource in an effort to ensure economic and enhanced reliability of grid. This paper presents an Enhanced version of Kepler optimization algorithm (EKOA) to solve the problem of stochastic optimal power flow (SOPF) in a most efficient way incorporating wind power generators and solar photovoltaic with different objective functions, the stochastic nature of wind speed and solar is modeled using Weibull and lognormal probability density functions respectively. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed EKOA, various case studies were carried out on two test systems IEEE 30-bus system and Algerian power system 114-bus, obtained results were evaluated in comparison with those obtained using the original KOA and other methods published in the literatures. Thus, shows the effectiveness and superiority of the efficient EKOA over other optimizers to solve complex problem. The incorporation of RES resulted in a significant 2.39% decrease in production cost, showcasing EKOA's efficiency with a $780/h, compared to KOA's $781/h, for IEEE 30-bus system. For the DZA 114-bus system revealed even more substantial reductions, with EKOA achieving an impressive 12.6% reduction, and KOA following closely with a 12.4% decrease in production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The present paper discusses the synthesis of unprecedented red‐emitting mono‐azo compound pyrazole azo fluorescent tag (PAFT) by a diazotization method, followed by an electrophilic substitution reaction. Further, the metal complex of PAFT is also prepared by refluxing the ethanolic solution of the ligand with the corresponding metal (RuCl3 and C4H6CuO4.H2O) salts under suitable experimental conditions. The synthesized fluorophore PAFT displays intense fluorescence in the aggregate state and has excellent qualities, including high purity, low cost, eco‐friendliness, and good photostability. These unique characteristics of PAFT led to the development of new fluorescence‐based technology for the in situ viewing of latent fingerprints. Various spectroscopic and analytical techniques are used to confirm the structural characteristics of the synthesized compounds, including UV–Vis, FT‐IR, (1H) NMR, HRMS, TGA, VSM, ESR, and powder XRD methods. The potency of the antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated. The results revealed that compound PAFT and [Ru(PAFT)Cl3] H2O showed excellent sensitivity at 0.8 μL/mL against the Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research, the rare earth‐doped magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4:Eu3+) spinels were produced by the combustion synthesis method. The employment of thermodynamic calculations revealed that the combustion approach is a proper way to synthesize MgAl2O4:Eu3+ material by urea fuel, although this procedure was fulfilled at 500°C, the final temperature will be around 2030°C. The x‐ray and FT‐IR spectra confirmed the successful formation of spinels, while it was shown that the calcination procedure results in a significant increase of crystallinity. On the other hand, it was interestingly seen that the addition of large amounts of Eu3+dopant (10 wt%) suppresses the crystallinity. The MAUD calculations interestingly revealed that the increase of Eu3+ dopant from 1 to 10 wt% leads to the increase of MgO and Al2O3 impurities. The related microstructural evaluations revealed that the particle size of the synthesized powders is mostly less than 40 nm which shows the superiority of combustion synthesis over other commercial methods. Also, the broadening of XRD peaks confirmed the formation of nano‐sized powder. The photoluminescence (PL) characterizations showed that doping of MgAl2O4 with 7 wt% Eu3+ brings the most intensive emission properties at the wavelengths of 592 and 617 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D van der Waals (vdW) layered materials exhibit significant exciton binding energy and versatile stacking options, making them ideal for room‐temperature exciton‐polariton devices used in low‐threshold lasing, nonlinear optical switching, and quantum computing. However, most existing systems depend on external optical microcavities coupled with single monolayers, leading to limited controllability and increased costs. Here, external cavity‐free vdW magnet CrSBr crystals are presented that feature magnetically controllable self‐hybridized exciton‐polaritons that remain stable up to room temperature. The ultrastrong exciton‐photon coupling suppresses donor‐, phonon‐, and defect‐related emissions. Furthermore, the exciton‐polariton dispersion and emission spectra can be effectively controlled by adjusting the magnetic field, temperature, and CrSBr thickness. This vdW exciton‐polariton material platform, demonstrating remarkable magnetic responsiveness in open cavity configurations under ambient conditions, paves the way for the development of compact, fast, and low‐loss spin, quantum, and magneto‐photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional jet fuels derived from fossil sources contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, leading to climate change. Recent studies have shown that biobased jet fuels from different feedstocks offer a more sustainable alternative to conventional fuels as they are derived from renewable biomass, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The major feedstocks reviewed are jatropha curcas, camelina, karanja oil, waste cooking oil, and municipal solid waste. They offer diverse benefits for sustainable aviation fuel development. As a comparative analysis, this review examined jet fuel characteristics based on their physicochemical properties, namely energy content, viscosity, calorific value, cetane number, and freezing and flash points. The objective was to understand the influence of the properties on performance evaluation, environmental impact, and combustion characteristics. The properties of biojet fuels are compared with their fossil counterparts to validate their suitability as renewable alternatives and their benefits in terms of emissions reduction and engine performance. Biojet fuels perform better in terms of lower sulfur content, lower soot content, and a lower freezing point, their aromatic content, and their high cetane number. This study enhances the understanding of biojet fuels and their quality, and supports the development of sustainable fuel options. Overall, adherence to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D7566‐18 standard is crucial for the acceptance and integration of biojet fuels into the aviation sector. Future research should explore feedstocks such as wood biomass, wastepaper, and agricultural residues for biojet fuels. It should also investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biosourced aviation fuel at higher blending ratios (>50% by volume) with fossil Jet A‐1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Estimates of modeled CH 4 emission (E) data for 1,325 U.S. landfills were reviewed. • Operators use two methods to estimate E from landfills with a gas collection system. • First-order decay (FOD) method shows increasing emissions. • Collection efficiency assumption method shows decreasing emissions. • FOD method shows some agreement to remotely sensed national estimates. As part of its commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the U.S. annually develops a national estimate of methane emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills by aggregating activity data from each facility. Since 2010, the U.S. has reported a 20 % decrease in MSW landfill emissions despite a 21 % increase in tons disposed. Operator-submitted data were investigated to understand the causes of this decline. In the U.S., operators of landfills with a gas collection and control system (GCCS) calculate their facility's emissions via two separate approaches – (1) first-order decay (FOD) and (2) collection efficiency assumption (CEA) − and select either result to feed into the annual inventory. The FOD model predicts methane generation proportional to waste disposal and that approach calculated a 19 % increase in total methane generated from 2010 to 2022, whereas generation via the CEA approach decreased by 8.9 %. The amount of measured methane collected has increased 7.5 % for the same years. Discrepancies between the two models' generated methane, assumed gas collection efficiencies, and oxidized methane compound into substantive differences in national estimates. Operators more frequently select the CEA method, which results in decreased national estimates. If only the FOD method was used, U.S. MSW landfill emissions would be 1.3-1.7 times greater than current estimates which is similar to recent extrapolations from remote sensing campaigns in the U.S. Both models contain parameters with large inherent uncertainty. Without measurement methods that continuously quantify both point-source and diffuse emissions, an assessment of either equation's accuracy cannot be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTEnvironmental pollution, especially from coal-based thermal power plants, poses significant risks to human respiratory health and the environment. This study evaluates the diversity of lichens in the areas. Physiological and bioaccumulation responses of two crustose lichens (Bacidia incongruens and Rindoina sophodes) and one foliose lichen (Pyxine cocoes) in the vicinity of the Feroz Gandhi Unchahar National Thermal Power Corporation, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India were also assessed. These lichens, exposed to emissions including fly ash, greenhouse gases, metals, and particulate matter were analyzed for metal accumulation and physiological responses. Changes in physiological parameters and metal profiles concerning distance from the coal-based thermal power plant to the outskirts were analyzed for B. incongruens, R. sophodes and P. cocoes by utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study identified 18 lichen species from 12 genera and 10 families in the area, with Pyxine sorediata newly recorded in Uttar Pradesh. The dominant species, B. incongruens, P. cocoes, and R. sophodes, preferred substrates like Mangifera indica, Acacia nilotica, and Azadirachta indica bark. Physiological analyses revealed variations in pigment concentrations, with significant differences in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll degradation, while protein content remained stable. Metal accumulation studies showed nine metals with distinct patterns, B. incongruens had higher concentrations in the west (52730.61 µg g-1) and P. cocoes in the east (23628.32 µg g-1). Correlation analyses indicated significant relationships between paired elements, suggesting specific sources of environmental contamination. This research highlights the significance of integrating physiological and environmental factors to understand lichen responses to coal based thermal power plant.This study contributes significantly to lichenological and environmental monitoring by documenting the occurrence and physiological responses of lichen species in the vicinity of a thermal power plant. The study reports the Pyxine sorediata as a new addition to the lichen flora of Uttar Pradesh, India. Furthermore, the research comprehensively analyzes photosynthetic pigments and metal accumulation in Bacidia incongruens, Pyxine cocoes, and Rinodina sophodes. This study marks the first time these three lichen species have been compared based on their physiological characteristics and metal profiles, highlighting the difference between crustose and foliose lichen. The study uniquely correlated the physiological parameters and metal accumulation pattern of these lichen species with their spatial distribution around the coal-based Feroze Gandhi Unchahar National Thermal Power Plant. The detailed PCA analysis offers new insights into the distinct sources and distribution patterns of various metals in the environment. The novelty of the work also lies in the revival and focused study of lichen species to explore their responses to environmental stressors. By investigating the physiological, elemental distribution and bioaccumulation characteristics of both crustose and foliose lichens in the vicinity of thermal power plant, the research highlights the unique potential of these lichens as bioindicators. The approach not only provides critical insights into pollution levels and ecosystem health but also underscores the importance of lichens in environmental monitoring and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inlet valve closing (IVC) timing plays a crucial role in engine combustion, which impacts engine performance and emissions. This study attempts to measure the potential to use n-butanol (Bu) and its blends with the neat diesel in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is carried out to estimate the performance, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics of n-butanol-diesel blends (0%-30% by volume) for variable valve timings. An experimental study is carried out using standard valve timing and blends to validate the CFD model (ESE AVL FIRE). After validation, the CFD model is employed to study the effect of variable valve timings for different n-butanol-diesel blends. Extended coherent flame model-3 zone (ECFM-3Z) is implemented to conduct combustion analysis, and the kappa-zeta-f (k-ζ -- f) model is employed for turbulence modeling. The inlet valve closing (IVC) time is varied (advanced and retarded) from standard conditions, and optimized valve timing is obtained. Advancing IVC time leads to lower cylinder pressure during compression due to reduced trapped air mass. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is increased by 4.5%, 6%, and 8% for Bu10, Bu20, and Bu30, respectively, compared to Bu0. Based on BTE, optimum injection timings are obtained at 12° before the top dead center (BTDC) for Bu0 and 15° BTDC for Bu10, Bu20, and Bu30. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions increase due to complete combustion. Due to IVC timing, further carbon monoxide and soot formation decreased with blends and had an insignificant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing the empirical method based on observation and experiment, Alhazen is considered the greatest Muslim physicist and the most significant figure in the history of optics between antiquity and the seventeenth century. Inventing a camera obscura, Alhazen rebuilt our conception of eyesight. His theory of vision was enormously prominent and much of our understanding of optics and light is based upon his groundbreaking discoveries. He began his criticism of emission by describing what happens when people are exposed to bright lights. No matter what the light source, the effect of bright lights was always the same. What this indicates to Alhazen is that light entering into the eye from an external source had some serious function in eyesight. Respecting observation, experiment and empirical method, Suhrawardi, the father of Illumination School, argues all theories of vision and rejects them just by mere reasoning. Suhrawardi validates his own Illuminationist method by scientists' empirical method. So, I will argue, he is not to deny empirical aspect of Alhazen's theory of vision. In an allegory, I will use the camera, representing the whole process of a human vision, while I use "beyond camera" for the embodiment that allows for the unfolding of a human soul's position in the process of vision. What Alhazen is speaking of, we might call the process within the camera; while what Suhrawardi is speaking of, we could name the process behind the camera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are newly developed nicotine delivery systems via the inhalation of mainstream aerosols generated during the heating of tobacco leaf materials. Previous studies have shown that the amount of chemicals generated is much lower than that generated by conventional combustible cigarettes. However, little attention has been paid to formate, a conjugated base of formic acid with potentially toxic effects on human health. This study aims to understand the actual emission levels and behaviour of formate in mainstream aerosols produced by commercially available HTP devices in Japan. Aerosols were generated from four types of devices with regular and menthol-type flavours using a vaping machine following the CRM 81 puffing protocol. Formate was tapped in 5 mM sodium carbonate solution and subsequently analysed using ion chromatography. The results showed that the total emission amount of formate ranged from 0.0027 ± 0.0031 to 0.27 ± 0.055 mg L−1, varying with heating temperature and flavour type. Moreover, the majority of formate existed in a particulate form due to the weak-basic property of the aerosol, and the formate emission level was much greater than the workplace exposure limit for the direct inhalation of mainstream aerosols. The formate in the mainstream aerosol can be considered a health concern, when using "high-temperature type" HTPs over a long period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopic studies of Ho3+-doped SrF2 crystals were performed regarding applications in solid-state lasers. The crystal structure of the Ho:SrF2 crystal was investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. SrF2 exists as a cubic structure with an Fm3m space group. A Raman shift of 288 cm–1 was observed for the Ho:SrF2 single crystal. SrF2 hosts with low-frequency vibrational modes are suitable for reducing nonradiative emissions while maximizing radiative emissions. The absorption spectrum was recorded in the visible region from 400 to 800 nm, yielding absorption lines at 416, 450, 468, 473, 484, 536, 638, and 643 nm. The fluorescence spectrum recorded at an excitation wavelength of 450 nm shows two emission bands at 546 and 656 nm, which correspond to green and red emission, respectively. The intensity parameters Ωλ (λ = 2, 4, and 6) were estimated using the Judd–Ofelt theory. For Ho:SrF2 single crystal, the calculated Ωλ are Ω2 = 0.14 × 10–20 cm2, Ω4 = 3.14 × 10–20 cm2, and Ω6 = 3.74 × 10–20 cm2. The radiative transition probabilities, radiative lifetimes, and branching ratios βR for Ho:SrF2 were determined using the Judd–Ofelt parameters. The 5S2 + 5F4 → 5I8 transition is more effective for population-building processes because of its lifetime (0.26 ms) and higher branching ratios (~82.86%). Ho:SrF2 is, therefore, a promising solid-state laser crystal for green and red spectral regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of decarbonization driven by environmental concerns and stimulated by legislative measures such as Fit for 55, the industry and transportation sectors are increasingly replacing petroleum-based fuels with those derived from renewable sources. For many years, the share of these fuels in blends used to power compression ignition engines has been growing. The primary advantage of this fuel technology is the reduction of GHG emissions while maintaining comparable engine performance. However, these fuel blends also have drawbacks, including limited ability to form stable mixtures or the requirement for chemical stabilizers. The stability of these mixtures varies depending on the type of alcohol used, which limits the applicability of such fuels. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of eight types of alcohol fuels, including short-chain (methanol, ethanol, propanol) and long-chain alcohols (butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, and octanol), on the most critical operational parameters of an industrial engine and exhaust emissions. The engines being compared operated at a constant speed and under a constant load, either maximum or close to maximum. The study also evaluated the effect of alcohol content in the mixture on combustion process parameters such as peak cylinder pressure and heat release, which are the basis for parameterizing the engine's combustion process. Determining ignition delay and combustion duration is fundamental for optimizing the engine's thermal cycle. As the research results show, both the type of alcohol and its concentration in the mixture influence these parameters. Another parameter important from a usability perspective is engine stability, which was also considered. Engine performance evaluation also includes assessing emissions, particularly the impact of alcohol content on NOx and soot emissions. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that adding alcohol fuel to diesel in a CI engine increases ignition delay (up to 57%), pmax (by approximately 15–20%), HRRmax (by approximately 80%), and PPRmax (by approximately 70%). Most studies indicate a reduction in combustion duration with increasing alcohol content (by up to 50%). For simple alcohols, an increase in thermal efficiency (by approximately 15%) was observed, whereas for complex alcohols, a decrease (by approximately 10%) was noted. The addition of alcohol to diesel slightly worsens the stability of the CI engine. Most studies pointed to the positive impact of adding alcohol fuel to diesel on NOx emissions from the compression ignition engine, with the most significant reductions reaching approximately 50%. Increasing the alcohol fuel content in the diesel blend significantly reduced soot emissions from the CI engine (by up to approximately 90%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to find a viable substitute fuel for diesel and control pollutants from compression ignition engines. Therefore, in the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of 20% proportion of five different biodiesel diesel blends in diesel engine. The 20% proportion of biodiesel such as Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, Annona and Nerium and 80% of diesel is denoted as J20, P20, M20, A20 and N20 are used in the present investigation. The experimental results showed that the different biodiesel blends' brake thermal efficiency is slightly lower compared to neat diesel fuel. However, the N20 blend has shown improvement in performance and reduction in exhaust emissions compared to other biodiesel diesel blends. From, the experimental work, it is found that biodiesel can be used up to 20% and 80% of a diesel engine without any major modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental investigation aimed to determine how the use of biodiesel derived from dill and cresson oil affected the performance of semi-industrial burners. Furthermore, an investigation will be conducted to assess the combustion properties of different blends of biodiesel, specifically B10, B20, B40, and B60. The study looks at biodiesel's chemical makeup, physical properties, and how it works in the system that moves it to the burner and the burner simulator's burning process. Biodiesel exhibits comparable qualities to conventional diesel oil, enabling the possibility of blending it to achieve the desired ratio. The results suggest that increasing the percentage of biodiesel leads to a reduction in flame distance and a rise in flame temperature. Furthermore, the complete combustion of the fuel is responsible for the brilliant and transparent flame. Additionally, using dill and Cresson fuels that come from biodiesel raises the average flame temperature by about 17% and 16.1%, respectively, compared to regular diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum-based fuels are generally used in internal combustion engines. Petroleum-based fuels now have difficulty meeting Euro standards in terms of emissions. That's why different methods are used. One of these is that adding natural gas to fuels can be beneficial in reducing emissions and increasing engine performance. In the experimental study, the engine performance and emissions of adding natural gas at different rates (50, 100, 150 and 200 g/h) into the intake air of an engine using gasoline fuel at different torque values (5, 10, 15 and 20 Nm) at a constant 3000 rpm were examined. The engine used in the study is a Lombardini LGW 523 MPI gasoline two-cylinder engine. When the experimental results are examined, the addition of natural gas to gasoline fuel reduces fuel consumption. The lowest values in specific fuel consumption were obtained when natural gas was added. Emissions decreased with increasing torque. As the natural gas addition rate increased, the thermal efficiency increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas with a 25 times higher 100-year warming potential than carbon dioxide and is a target for mitigation to achieve climate goals. To control and curb methane emissions, estimates are required from the sources and sectors which are typically generated using bottom-up methods. However, recent studies have shown that national and international bottom-up approaches can significantly underestimate emissions. In this study, we present three bottom-up approaches used to estimate methane emissions from all emission sectors in the Denver-Julesburg basin, CO, USA. Our data show emissions generated from all three methods are lower than historic measurements. A Tier 1/2 approach using IPCC emission factors estimated 2022 methane emissions of 358 Gg (0.8% of produced methane lost by the energy sector), while a Tier 3 EPA-based approach estimated emissions of 269 Gg (0.2%). Using emission factors informed by contemporary and region-specific measurement studies, emissions of 212 Gg (0.2%) were calculated. The largest difference in emissions estimates were a result of using the Mechanistic Air Emissions Simulator (MAES) for the production and transport of oil and gas in the DJ basin. The MAES accounts for changes to regulatory practice in the DJ basin, which include comprehensive requirements for compressors, pneumatics, equipment leaks, and fugitive emissions, which were implemented to reduce emissions starting in 2014. The measurement revealed that normalized gas loss is predicted to have been reduced by a factor of 20 when compared to 10-year-old normalization loss measurements and a factor of 10 less than a nearby oil and production area (Delaware basin, TX); however, we suggest that more measurements should be made to ensure that the long-tail emission distribution has been captured by the modeling. This study suggests that regulations implemented by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment could have reduced emissions by a factor of 20, but contemporary regional measurements should be made to ensure these bottom-up calculations are realistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of environmental impacts throughout the entire process of coal-fired power plants is imperative to implement effective measures for controlling and reducing pollutant emissions. However, there is still limited research focusing on the cradle-to-gate stage in the life cycle of coal-fired power plants and their environmental impact. This study employs a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to assess the environmental impacts of coal-fired power plants in South Sumatra. The primary environmental impact categories of primary emissions include CO2, SO2, NOx, and CH4. The most significant environmental impacts arise from CO2 emissions, notably 98.46% from land clearing and preparation and 86.74% from overburden removal and coal extraction. These stages primarily contribute to global warming throughout the cradle-to-gate process. Sulfur dioxide emissions from land clearing activities are the main contributor to acid rain, followed by overburden removal and coal extraction (96.51%) and coal stockpiling (1.48%), which also play a role. The release of NOx from land clearing and preparation, overburden removal, and coal stockpiling contributes to the potential for eutrophication. Land clearing and preparation have a significant impact on global warming during the coal mining and distribution stages. Practical measures such as enhancing emission reduction facilities and increasing pollutant emission standards for each process are necessary to promote environmentally friendly coal-fired power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce global warming, new energy fuels that use waste biomass to replace traditional coal are rapidly developing. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility behavior of different biomass materials such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and spent tea grounds (STGs) as fuel during combustion and their impact on the environment. This study involves using fuel shaping and co-firing methods to increase the fuel calorific value and reduce the emissions of pollutants, such as NOX and SO2, and greenhouse gas CO2. The produced gas content was analyzed using the HORIBA (PG-250) laboratory combustion apparatus. The results indicate that, among the measured formed particles, SCG:STG = 8:2, 6:4, and 4:6 had the lowest post-combustion pollutant gas emissions. Compared to using only waste coffee grounds as fuel, the NOx emissions were reduced from 166 ppm to 102 ppm, the CO emissions were reduced from 22 ppm to 12 ppm, and the CO2 emissions were reduced from 629 ppm to 323 ppm. In addition, the emission of SO2, the main component of acid rain, was reduced by 20 times compared to the combustion of traditional fuels. The SO2 emission of five different proportions of biomass fuels was 5 ppm, which is much lower than that of traditional coal fuels. Therefore, SCG and STG mixed fuels can replace coal as fuel while reducing harmful gasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis and characterization of two curcumin analogues BAA and Br‐AA via a condensation reaction was reported. Both the synthesized organic luminophores exhibited aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) with bright yellow and green emission respectively. Increase in the water% enhanced the emission by both the compounds confirmed the AIE property. A detailed study of latent fingerprints visualization was also carried out for both the analogues. Both the compounds showed good to normal capability to develop latent fingerprints (LFPs). Compound BAA performed better as a fluorescent material to develop LFPs compared to Br‐AA. The LFPs developed were analyzed to obtain 1–3 level of fingerprint patterns under UV 365 nm illumination. The LFPs developed using BAA exhibited excellent efficiency, sensitivity, high contrast with low background interreference. All three levels of fingerprint patterns were identified by BAA. However, Br‐AA showed inability to develop high clarity images of latent fingerprints. The solid‐state emission nature of the analogues was also evaluated from their emission spectra and CIE coordinates were found to be were (0,187, 0.518) and (0.265, 0.484) for BAA and Br‐AA respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the intertwined impacts of the 2018 US sanctions on Iran and the COVID-19 pandemic (as examples of unplanned international conflicts and global crises) on the source and extent of air pollution in Tehran, the capital of Iran. The impacts are parametrized using the levels of criteria air pollutants (CAP) for 5 years (2015–2020), which were previously deweathered using the promising machine learning technique of Random Forest (RF). The absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) method and the bivariate polar plot (BPP) technique are used here to analyze the source apportionment profile of the city for the business as usual (BAU; 2015 to 2018), sanctions (2019), and COVID-19 and sanctions (2020) intervals. The results show the severe impact of the 2018 US sanctions on Tehran's air quality (AQ); O3, NO2, CO, PM2.5, and PM10 levels increased by 117%, 55%, 20%, 35%, and 10%, respectively, while SO2 levels decreased by 30%. The sanctions also triggered a number of events, such as the disruption of the high-grade fuel supply chain and the Mazut crisis, which directly or indirectly accelerated the photochemical production of local tropospheric ozone to some extent. Sanctions also disrupted Tehran's AQ response to the pandemic, with CAP levels decreasing by only 2–7% during the pandemic. The ozone and PM10 BPPs show that the source apportionment profile of the city is dominated by local anthropogenic emission sources, especially urban transport, after the sanctions and the pandemic. Results also show that the impact of soft wars, such as the US sanctions against Iran, on urban air quality degradation is much stronger than that of hard wars, such as the Russia-Ukraine war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a specific end goal to take care of the worldwide demand for energy, broad research is done to create alternative and cost-effective fuel. The fundamental goal of this examination is to investigate the performance, emissions and vibration characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine, working in dual fuel mode with biodiesel of Karanja oil ((BKO) as a renewable fuel and hydrogen (H 2) as gaseous fuel on low (2%), intermediate between medium-high (53%) and high (69%) load conditions. Biodiesel of Karanja oil as 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel known as BKO20, while 30% biodiesel and 70% diesel known as BKO30. With 25% introduction of gaseous fuel (H 2) and biodiesel (10%–40%) along with diesel showed an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 85.23%, 10.62% and 19.4% respectively as compared to parent diesel fuel operation. As far as emission is concerned, oxides of nitrogen (NO x) decreased on higher load conditions with a variation of biodiesel (10%–50%) in comparison to low load condition. However, the formation of monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2) and un-burnt hydrocarbon (HC) decreases along with BKO50 using 25% hydrogen fuel substitution at high (69%) load conditions. • H 2 (25%) along with Karanja oil (40%) substituted by 65% diesel fuel. • Brake thermal efficiency (85.23%) optimum with Karanja oil (10%) by H 2 (25%) fuel. • Emission, combustion and its performance formed superior features. • NO x formation decreased as biodiesel substitution increases up to 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

South Africa is an energy-intensive developing country in Africa and ranked as the 1st and 14th emitter of greenhouse gas (GHG) in Africa and the world, respectively. The abundance and availability of coal in South Africa make it the mainstay primary source of energy contributing 56% of national total GHG emissions. This paper focused on the duo of energy generation and emission associated with coal processing and utilization in South Africa, and the urgent need to advance coal processing technologies marked by high carbon footprints in consonance with the sustainable development goals. Different gasification techniques and their performances have been compiled and discussed. The economic, environmental impact, energetic, and exergetic characteristics of existing hydrogen production technologies for renewable and non-renewable energy sources have been examined along with hydrogen production from plasma gasification of coal. Hydrogen production via coal or coal/biomass plasma gasification technology (nuclear-, wind-, PV solar-, and concentrated solar power-driven) in addition to carbon capture technology for transforming the captured CO 2 into value-added products appears to be the most viable option to considerably reduce emissions and meet the energy demand of South Africa. This proposed technology can be pivotal to achieving a low-carbon economy (medium-term) and transition to hydrogen economy (long-term) as championed by the global sustainable development agenda. Conclusively, hydrogen (stored in different forms e.g., liquid hydrogen, ammonia, and organic hydride) seems to find more applications (in the space industry, transport, energy storage, defense industry, etc.) than coal owing to its immediate use in distribution/demand centers and remote areas. • Coal is the primary energy source of South Africa and key driver of national CO 2 emissions. • Traditional coal gasification technologies are marked by high CO 2 emissions. • Coal plasma gasification technology is a viable option for low-carbon energy economy. • Hydrogen production via coal or coal/biomass plasma gasification technology leads to zero-carbon economy. • This immensely supports the drive towards attaining the sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol fuel is considered a renewable energy source with a lower global warming potential than gasoline. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the emissions and performance of gasoline-ethanol blends in SI engines under various conditions. A computerized 4s, 1cyl, VCR spark ignition engine is used for the tests to measure the performance of Gasoline-Ethanol (GE) blends in particular E-10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline). For measuring exhaust emissions as well as performance, regular gasoline fuel is used for the additional tests. Engine performance using ethanol-gasoline blended fuel has been evaluated at different working conditions: 1200-1800 rpm, AFR 0.9, STs 300, CR10:1. When vehicles running on ethanol-gasoline blend indicated a decrease in the amounts of HC, NOx, and CO exhaust gases while 3.9% increase in CO2 emissions as compared to unleaded gasoline fuel. Furthermore, it has been shown that the brake power, torque, specific fuel consumption increases when a Gasoline-Ethanol (GE) blend is used over regular gasoline fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the results of the database of changes in the specific methane flux at various types of water reservoirs in Russia in which the authors participated. Measurements were carried out by the method of floating chambers in different periods of the annual hydroecological cycle. A comparison of the data with the results of foreign experience is given. An approach to the parameterization of specific methane flux for calculating the maximum possible methane emission from artificial reservoirs when developing quantitative quotas of greenhouse gas emissions is proposed. The estimation both in different phases of regime (stratification and homothermia) and for separate morphological parts of reservoirs differing in depth is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the extensive research on biodiesels, further investigation is warranted on the impact of compression ratios on emissions and engine performance. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effects of increasing the engine's compression ratio on engine performance metrics—brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), power, torque, and exhaust gas temperature—and emissions—unburnt hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen (O2)—when fueled with a 20% blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCB20) and petroleum diesel (PD) under various operating conditions. The viscosity of the prepared fuels was measured at 25 °C and 40 °C. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine under wide-open throttle conditions at three different speeds (1400 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 2600 rpm) and two compression ratios (16:1 and 18:1). The results revealed that at a lower compression ratio, both WCB20 and petroleum diesel exhibited reduced BSFC compared to higher compression ratios. However, increasing the compression ratio from 16:1 to 18:1 significantly decreased HC emissions but increased CO2 and NOx emissions. Engine power increased with engine speed for both fuels and compression ratios, with WCB20 initially producing less power than diesel but surpassing it at higher compression ratios. WCB20 demonstrated improved combustion quality with lower unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions due to its higher oxygen content, promoting complete combustion. This study provides critical insights into optimizing engine performance and emission characteristics by manipulating compression ratios and utilizing biodiesel blends, paving the way for more efficient and environmentally friendly diesel engine operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas (NG) is favored for transportation due to its availability and lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels, despite drawbacks like poor lean combustion ability and slow burning. According to a few recent studies, using hydrogen (H2) alongside NG and diesel in Tri-fuel mode addresses these drawbacks while enhancing efficiency and reducing emissions, making it a promising option for diesel engines. Due to the importance and novelty of this, the continuation of ongoing research, and insufficient literature studies on HNG–diesel engine emissions that are considered helpful to researchers, this research has been conducted. This review summarizes the recent research on the HNG–diesel Tri-fuel engines utilizing hydrogen-enriched natural gas (HNG). The research methodology involved summarizing the effect of engine design, operating conditions, fuel mixing ratios and supplying techniques on the CO, CO2, NOx and HC emissions separately. Previous studies show that using natural gas with diesel increases CO and HC emissions while decreasing NOx and CO2 compared to pure diesel. However, using hydrogen with diesel reduces CO, CO2, and HC emissions but increases NOx. On the other hand, HNG–diesel fuel mode effectively mitigates the disadvantages of using these fuels separately, resulting in decreased emissions of CO, CO2, HC, and NOx. The inclusion of hydrogen improves combustion efficiency, reduces ignition delay, and enhances heat release and in-cylinder pressure. Additionally, operational parameters such as engine power, speed, load, air–fuel ratio, compression ratio, and injection parameters directly affect emissions in HNG–diesel Tri-fuel engines. Overall, the Tri-fuel approach offers promising emissions benefits compared to using natural gas or hydrogen separately as dual-fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogeneous charge-induced ignition (HCII), which uses trace diesel to induce the ignition of gasoline pre-mixture, is characterized by rapid lean combustion and is generally regarded as efficient, clean and controllable. In this paper, a conventional diesel engine has been modified to run all cylinders in HCII mode and the influence of diesel injection pressure (DIP) on overall engine performance was experimentally studied. Results show that the increase of DIP can expand the ignition area of gasoline and enlarge the premixed combustion ratio of diesel, thus promoting rapid combustion and improving brake thermal efficiency. The increase of DIP is beneficial to the control of ignition time and combustion phase, thus reducing the cyclic fluctuation. The increase of DIP can effectively reduce the emission of total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke, while the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is insensitive to the change of DIP, so the trade-off relationship between NOx and smoke disappears. However, excessive DIP will still lead to increased combustion noise, and deteriorated combustion quality caused by too less inducing diesel, etc. The appropriate value is about 1000 bar within the test range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small organic molecules absorbing and emitting in the shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1000–2000 nm) region are desirable for biological imaging applications due to low auto‐fluorescence, reduce photon scattering, and good tissue penetration depth of photons which allows for in vivo imaging with high resolution and sensitivity. Si‐substituted xanthene‐based fluorophores with indolizine donors have demonstrated some of the longest wavelengths of absorption and emission from organic dyes. This work seeks to compare an indolizine heterocyclic nitrogen with dimethyl aniline nitrogen donors on otherwise identical Si‐substituted xanthene fluorophores via optical spectroscopy, computational chemistry and electrochemistry. Three donors are compared including an indolizine donor, a ubiquitous dimethyl aniline donor, and a vinyl dimethyl aniline group that keeps the number of π‐bonds consistent with indolizine. Significantly higher quantum yields and molar absorptivity are observed in these studies for a dimethylamine‐based donor relative to a simple indolizine donor absorbing and emitting at similar wavelengths (~1312 nm emission). Substantially longer wavelengths are obtainable by appending aniline‐based groups to the indolizine donor (~1700 nm) indicating longer wavelengths can be accessed with indolizine donors while stronger emitters can be accessed with anilines in place of indolizine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequence‐independent detection of low concentrations of nucleic acids is important for applications in forensics and diagnostics. An emission‐based probe for detecting and quantifying DNA and RNA utilizing a water‐soluble dicationic tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivativewas developed. The recognition is based on the electrostatic and other non‐covalent interactions between the phosphate backbone of nucleic acids and the cationic probe, which cause the restriction of rotation of the aryl units of the probe, ensuing in the enhancement of the fluorescence signal. The binding was validated by different spectroscopic techniques and also by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The probable mode of binding with the nucleic acids was studied by blind‐docking studies that correlated well with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural diesel engines can be operated continuously under complex and variable conditions for extended periods. The higher requirements are posed on the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration and reliability. This study aims to enhance the safe and efficient performance of DPF regeneration, emissions, and fuel economy of agricultural diesel engines. An intelligent multi-objective optimization was also proposed to enhance multiple cyclic training. Taking the agricultural engines as the research object, the sample data of the bench test was obtained after experimental design. A prediction model was then constructed in the conditions of DPF regeneration using a Back Propagation neural network (BPNN). According to the Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA), the Adaptive Memory Seagull Optimization (AMSO) was proposed to optimize the structure parameters of the BPNN model, in order to meet the requirements of precision. The targets of optimization included T4, T5, O2 concentration, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), NOx, and smoke opacity. In the specific conditions of agricultural diesel engines, multi-objective optimization of injection and intake control parameters was realized under regeneration mode using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA)-III. The AMSO-BP prediction model was used to evaluate the fitness of the Pareto optimal solutions, in order to validate the NSGA-III optimal dataset. The optimized MAP values were written into the Engine Control Unit (ECU) after bench tests. Steady-state and World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) experiments were carried out to verify the multi-objective optimization of the model. The results indicate that the AMSO significantly outperformed the SOA in the optimization of the BPNN prediction model. The AMSO-BPNN prediction model more accurately utilized experimental data to predict the T4, T5, O2 concentration, BSFC, NOx, and smoke opacity, with the R² values of 0.97, 0.99, 0.95, 0.99, 0.98, and 0.95, respectively, on the validation set. Furthermore, the Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAPE) on the validation set were reduced by 0.1%, 0.33%, 0.8%, 0.04%, 0.08%, and 4.2%, respectively, compared with the SOA-BP model. The steady-state tests before and after optimization showed that T4 and T5 increased by an average of 3.14%, where the concentration of exhaust oxygen increased by 2.07% and 10.79%, respectively. Simultaneously, the average reductions in the NOx, smoke opacity, and BSFC were 8.68%, 12.07%, and 1.03%, respectively. Efficient and safe DPF regeneration was achieved to significantly reduce the emissions of diesel engines. There was particularly notable optimization under the operation of agricultural diesel engines, which were often working at low speeds and high loads, fully meeting the usage requirements of these engines. The WHTC transient test also showed that the effectiveness of the optimization was achieved in the T4, T5, and O2 concentrations, which increased by 31%, 2.6%, and 0.5%, respectively. Additionally, NOx and soot emissions decreased by 10.4% and 0.8%, and BSFC was reduced by 3.5%. These findings demonstrate that better performance was obtained under the complex and variable conditions of agricultural diesel engines. In conclusion, the safe and efficient DPF regeneration can be expected to reduce the emissions and operational costs for agricultural diesel engines. The specific requirements of agricultural diesel engines can also be fully met to enhance the system reliability in the engineering application. This research can offer practical guidance to optimize the control parameters under the regeneration mode of diesel engines, particularly for more sustainable and efficient agricultural machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, electrical power distribution networks are often inadequate, particularly in small health centers. As a result, the electrical energy supplied by the grid is frequently interrupted. The productivity and quality of service delivered by these health centers to the people who live in these areas are severely affected by this issue. This issue can be resolved by incorporating battery storage systems along with renewable energy sources into the distribution system. The direct delivery of energy to customers is greatly aided by these renewable energy supplies. Partially, the grid supports such a system on a limited scale to guarantee the continuity of the energy supply. This study tried to resolve the problem due to these frequent power outages and its economic expenditures. To address the illustrated challenges, we tried to renovate the diesel generator with a solar and battery energy supply. The PVsyst software shows the average global solar radiation in the selected zone is5.84kmh/m2/day$$ 5.84\ \mathrm{kmh}/{\mathrm{m}}^2/\mathrm{day} $$. The annual energy demand for Gedeo health centers in 2023 is 3.32 MWH and the proposed PV‐battery hybrid system has a 10.95 MWH capacity. Moreover, when we utilize a diesel generator the Capital cost (CC), Net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and payback period are 12 452.25$, 13 369.12$, 0.1$, and 10.7 years respectively. The economic assessment result of the proposed system is 4083$, 4727$, 0.059$, and 3.8 years consecutively. In southern Ethiopia, the annual emission from diesel generators alone, excluding the emission from the vehicles is close to 692 tons. Consequently, from the empirical economic assessment the installed solar energy is 90% more beneficial than the existing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agroindustrial Technology / Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

South Africa faces the urgency to comprehensively understand and manage its methane (CH4) emissions. The primary aim of this study is to compare CH4 concentrations between Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga regions dominated by cattle farming and coal mining industries, respectively. CH4 concentration trends were analyzed for the period 2019 to 2023 using satellite data. Trend analysis revealed significant increasing trends in CH4 concentrations in both provinces, supported by Mann–Kendall tests that rejected the null hypothesis of no trend (Eastern Cape: p-value = 8.9018e−08 and Mpumalanga: p-value = 2.4650e−10). The Eastern Cape, a leading cattle farming province, exhibited cyclical patterns and increasing CH4 concentrations, while Mpumalanga, a major coal mining province, displayed similar increasing trends with sharper concentration points. The results show seasonal variations in CH4 concentrations in the Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga provinces. High CH4 concentrations are observed in the northwestern region during the December-January–February (DJF) season, while lower concentrations are observed in the March–April-May (MAM) and June-July–August (JJA) seasons in the Eastern Cape province. In the Mpumalanga province, there is a dominance of high CH4 concentrations in southwestern regions and moderately low concentrations in the northeastern regions, observed consistently across all seasons. The study also showed an increasing CH4 concentration trend from 2019 to 2023 for both provinces. The study highlights the urgent need to address CH4 emissions from both cattle farming and coal mining activities to mitigate environmental impacts and promote sustainable development. Utilizing geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing technologies, policymakers and stakeholders can identify and address the sources of CH4 emissions more effectively, thereby contributing to environmental conservation and sustainable resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuelled engines serve as prime movers in low-, medium-, and heavy-duty applications with high thermal diesel efficiency and good fuel economy compared to their counterpart, spark ignition engines. In recent years, diesel engines have undergone a multitude of developments, however, diesel engines release high levels of NOx, smoke, carbon monoxide [CO], and hydrocarbon [HC] emissions. Due to the exponential growth in fleet population, there is a severe burden caused by petroleum-derived fuels. To tackle both fuel and pollution issues, the research community has developed strategies to use economically viable alternative fuels. The present experimental investigations deal with the use of blends of biodiesel prepared from waste plastic oil [P] and petro-diesel [D], and, to improve its performance, hydrogen [H] is added in small amounts. Further, advanced injection timings have been adopted [17.5° to 25.5° b TDC (before top dead centre)] to study their effect on harmful emissions. Hydrogen energy shares vary from 5 to 15%, maintaining a biodiesel proportion of 20%, and the remaining is petro-diesel. Thus, the adopted blends are DP20 ((diesel fuel (80%) and waste plastic biofuel (20%)), DP20H5 (DP20 (95%) and hydrogen (5%)), DP20H10 (DP20 (90%) and hydrogen (10%)), and DP20H15 (DP20 (85%) and hydrogen (15%)). The experiments were conducted at constant speeds with a rated injection pressure of 220 bar and a rated compression ratio of 18. The increase in the share of hydrogen led to a considerable improvement in the performance. Under full load conditions, with advanced injection timings, the brake-specific fuel consumption had significantly decreased and NOx emissions increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]