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Bovine respiratory disease complex, a complex respiratory ailment in cattle, results from a combination of viral and bacterial factors, compounded by environmental stressors such as overcrowding, transportation, and adverse weather conditions. Its impact extends beyond mere health concerns, posing significant economic threats to the cattle industry. This study presents an extensive investigation into viral pathogens associated with BRDC in Serbian cattle, utilizing serum samples and nasal swabs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 across 65 randomly selected dairy farms in Serbia, excluding farms with vaccinated cattle. The farms were categorized by their livestock count: small (≤50 animals), medium (51–200 animals), and large (>200 animals). Serum samples from adult cattle older than 24 months were tested for antibodies against BVDV, BHV-1, BRSV, and BPIV3. Nasal swab samples from the animals with respiratory signs were tested using PCR for viral genome detection. The results showed seropositivity for all four viruses across all of the farms, with BPIV3 exhibiting universal seropositivity. Medium-sized and large farms demonstrated higher levels of seropositivity for BRSV and BHV-1 compared to small farms (p < 0.05). Our true seroprevalence estimates at the animal level were 84.29% for BRSV, 54.08% for BVDV, 90.61% for BHV-1, and 84.59% for BPIV3. A PCR analysis of the nasal swabs revealed positive detections for BRSV (20%), BHV-1 (1.7%), BVDV (8%), and BPIV3 (10.9%). Influenza D virus was not found in any of the samples. This study provides critical insights into the prevalence and circulation of viral pathogens associated with BRDC in Serbian cattle, emphasizing the importance of surveillance and control measures to mitigate the impact of respiratory diseases in cattle populations.

The gully erosion is one of the most significant land degradation processes. Although gully erosion significantly threatens agricultural productivity and natural ecosystems, European land management strategies frequently need more reliable data on environmental conditions governing this process. This study presents a methodology that integrates remote sensing and nuclear techniques for examining gully erosion (Đokić et al., 2023). It introduces a novel approach to erosion research by employing 360-degree camera photogrammetry to characterize gullies morphometrically. The main objectives of this approach are to evaluate the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicles and terrestrial photogrammetry for modeling gullies, to study small-scale erosion processes within gullies, compare erosion intensity between adjacent gullies, and determine the most effective and cost-efficient method for monitoring gullies. A total of 39 soil samples were taken in three studied gullies. The results revealed an average soil redistribution rate of 16.2 t ha−1 yr−1 and coefficients of variation of 32%, 59%, and 91% for the gullies. The estimated erosion rate varies from a minimum of 0.1 t ha−1 yr−1 to a maximum of 34.3 t ha−1 yr−1. Soil deposition was identified at only two sampling sites, 1.1 and 2 t ha−1 yr−1. Highly detailed 3D models of the gullies were created using 360-degree photogrammetry. The micro-relief obtained through modeling proved to be an essential aspect of advanced erosion research.

Fiziologija mlečnih krava kao i mnogi egzogeni i endogeni faktori utiču na ekspresiju spoljašnjih znakova estrusa, a uz loš menadžment stada i neobučeno osoblje stopa detekcije estrusa je vrlo često ispod 50%. Ekonomska održivost proizvodnje u direktnoj je korelaciji sa reproduktivnom efikasnošću. Skraćenje međutelidbenog intervala uz optimalnu proizvodnju mleka je prioritet na farmama mlečnih krava. Pravovremena detekcija estrusa je preduslov dobre reprodukcije, pri čemu primena hormonskih protokola sa fiksnim osemenjavanjem predstavlja dobru alternativu detekciji estrusa. Na velikim farmskim sistemima u intenzivnoj proizvodnji mlečnih krava gde je uočavanje estrusa otežano, uvođenje protokola za sinhronizaciju estrusa i ovulacije, kao i protokola resinhronizacije za drugo i ostala osemenjavanja omogućavaju dobro upravljanje stadom, smanjenja indeksa osemenjavanja, skraćenja međutelidbenog intervala i racionalno poslovanje farme. Sa tim u vezi u ovom radu predstavićemo najčešće korišćene protokole resinhronizacije estrusa i ovulacije i njihovu uspešnost kod krava koje su predhodno jednom ili više puta osemenjene.

Maligna kataralna groznica je fatalno virusno oboljenje goveda, ali i drugih papkara. Bolest prouzrokuju četiri različita virusa iz familije Herpesviridae i roda Macavirus: Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV–1), Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 2 (AlHV–2), Caprine gammaherpesvirus 2 (CpHV 2) i Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). Najistraženije forme bolesti uključuju malignu kataralnu groznicu, koju prouzrokuje Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 kod papkara u Africi i životinja u zoološkim vrtovima i malignu kataralnu groznicu koju prouzrokuje Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 kod goveda. Slučajevi maligne kataralne groznice su prijavljeni širom sveta. U Evropi su prijavljeni sporadični slučajevi maligne kataralne groznice kod goveda prouzrokovani sa OvHV–2. Kod svih oblika maligne kataralne groznice, postoji prirodni pravi domaćin kod koga ne dolazi do kliničke manifestacije oboljenja i prijemčive vrste, kod kojih dolazi do ispoljavanja kliničkih znakova. Pravi domaćin za OvHV–2 su ovce koje izlučuju virus, a do infekcije goveda dolazi putem aerosola usled kohabitacije. Kod goveda, bolest je najčešće akutnog toka sa ispoljenim kliničkim znacima koji obuhvataju: visoku temperaturu, depresiju, okularni i nazalni mukopurulentni eksudat, zamućenje kornee, limfadenopatiju, dijareju i mogući letalan ishod. Letalitet je kod goveda, sa manifestnim kliničkim znacima bolesti, 70-80 procenata. Maligna kataralna groznica je posebno značajna u diferencijalnoj dijagnostici nekih naročito opasnih infektivnih bolesti kao što su virusna dijareja goveda, slinavka i šap i infektivni rinotraheitis goveda. Iako je bolest potvrđena u Srbiji i u regionu postoji mali broj objavljenih saopštenja o tome. U ovom radu je opisan slučaj maligne kataralne groznice kod junice koja je preživela infekciju. Kod junice su opisani klinički znaci koji su obuhvatali: visoku temperaturu, otok limfnih čvorova, mukopurulentan iscedak iz očiju, inapetenciju, dijareju i erozije po mukozi usne duplje. Obolela junica se nalaz

The reproductive efficiency of the cows was monitored after two resynchronization protocols: Ovsynch (OVS) and Double Ovsynch (DOS). The research initially included 70 HF cows who entered the first synchronization protocol - Presynch. Cows that did not conceive after the first synchronization were divided into two groups and introduced to two resynchronization protocols. In the first group of cows (n=35), the DOS protocol began with the application of GnRH on day 22 after the Presynch TAI (Timed Artificial Insemination), and seven days later pregnancy check-up was done and PGF(2 alpha) was applied only to non-pregnant cows (n=23), which remained in the study. In the second group of cows, the OVS protocol started on day 32 after Presynch TAI only in non-pregnant animals (n=20). Progesterone (P4) concentration was determined at the time of application of GnRH1, PGF(2 alpha) and GnRH2 in both groups of cows, and then 30 days after Resynch TAI, ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis was done. A higher percentage of pregnant cows were recorded in the OVS group compared to the DOS group (45% and 35%, respectively). The concentration of P4 in the serum of cows in the DOS group during the first measurement (GnRH1) was significantly higher than the value in cows that did not conceive (p LT 0.05), while in the third measurement (GnRH2) the average concentration of P4 in conceiving cows was significantly lower (p LT 0.001) compared to cows that did not coincive. The open days period was significantly longer in pregnant cows that were resynchronized using the DOS protocol compared to cows from the OVS protocol. In conclusion, the OVS protocol of estrus resynchronization in dairy cows proved to be more successful than the DOS protocol. However, considering the advantages the OVS, it is needed to determine which day of the sexual cycle is the best to start resynchronization.

Hilly terrains characterized by the looseness of the surface soil layer and the slope of the topographic surface are subjected to diverse erosion processes, which could greatly impact forest management. An erosive process was identified along the unstable slopes in most of the Crveni potok catchment in the southeastern part of Serbia. The results of this study indicate two erosion types of variable intensity, dominated by weak and moderate erosion, while severe erosion is identified at several locations. Water pressure in the pores of loose soil in the Crveni potok catchment generates gully erosion in parts of the catchment that are geologically predisposed by the composition of the parent substrate. The paper discusses the factors influencing gully erosion, such as soil density, the slope of the topographic surface, rainfall (precipitation amount, annual distribution), and vegetation characteristics. The set of used methodologies, including remote sensing, nuclear, and geospatial ones, provided an integrated assessment of factors affecting erosion in unstable forest areas. The soil erosion rates in the study area are estimated from inventories of fallout radionuclide 137 Cs using conversion models. Airborne photogrammetry, terrestrial Structure-from-Motion 360-degree camera photogrammetry, and Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) are used to model complex geomorphological features of forest terrain. These techniques are found to be convenient for the quantification of the existing state of erosion (length, width, volume, and density of the gully systems) in the forest gullies. The remote sensing techniques provided an insight into the physiographic characteristics of the studied area important for determining its parts affected by erosion. The models obtained using different techniques are compared, techniques are evaluated, and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. This approach enables the identification of priority targets for soil conservation and sit