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Namen magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti, kakšna so stališča slovenskih športnih trenerjev do LGBTQ+ športnikov. Natančneje so nas zaradi fokusa na homofobijo zanimala njihova stališča do istospolno in biseksualno usmerjenih športnikov (LGB športnikov). Za zmanjšanje homofobije v športu je potrebno poznati njihova stališča do LGB oseb, saj so športni trenerji ključen člen pri vzpostavljanju vzdušja v športni ekipi. Cilj magistrskega dela je bil raziskati, kakšna so stališča slovenskih trenerjev do LGB športnikov in na podlagi rezultatov oblikovati smernice za trenerje, namenjene zmanjšanju homofobije. Zanimalo nas je, kakšen vpliv imajo na stališča športnih trenerjev do LGB športnikov dejavniki, kot so starost, spol in osebni stik z LGBTQ+ osebo. Raziskavo smo izvedli s pomočjo spletnega anketnega vprašalnika. V raziskavo smo vključili odgovore 312 trenerjev, od tega je bilo 265 moških in 47 žensk, starih od 20 do 75 let. Stališča športnih trenerjev smo preverjali z vprašalnikom Athletic Trainers’ Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes (Ensign idr., 2011), ki smo ga za potrebe raziskave prevedli in priredili. Ugotovili smo, da imajo trenerke bolj pozitiven odnos do LGB športnikov kot njihovi moški kolegi starejši trenerji imajo bolj negativna stališča do LGB športnikov v primerjavi z mlajšimi kolegi trenerji, ki imajo družinskega člana ali prijatelja, ki je pripadnik LGBTQ+ skupnosti, imajo bolj pozitivna stališča do LGB športnikov. Magistrsko delo prispeva k boljšemu razumevanju stališč športnih trenerjev do LGB športnikov in s tem daje koristno izhodišče za nadaljnje raziskovanje in izobraževanje trenerjev na tem področju. The aim of the master's thesis was to identify the viewpoints of Slovenian sports coaches towards LGBTQ+ athletes. More specifically, due to the focus on homophobia, we were interested in their viewpoints towards homosexual and bisexual athletes (LGB athletes).In order to reduce homophobia in sport, it is necessary to know their attitudes towards LGB people, as sports coaches are a key link in creating the atmosphere in a sports team. The goal of the thesis was to investigate the attitudes of Slovenian coaches towards LGB athletes and, based on the results, to further develop guidelines targeting coaches with the aim of reducing homophobia. We were interested to see what influence different factors, such as age, gender and personal contact with an LGBTQ+ person, have on sports coaches' attitudes towards LGB athletes. The research was conducted using an online survey questionnaire. We included responses from 312 coaches, of whom 265 were male and 47 were female, aged between 20 and 75 years. Sports coaches' attitudes were measured using the Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes questionnaire (Ensign et al., 2011), which was translated and adapted for the purposes of this study. We have found that female coaches have more positive attitudes towards LGB athletes than their male counterparts, older coaches have more negative attitudes towards LGB athletes compared to their younger counterparts, and coaches who have a family member or friend who is a member of the LGBTQ+ community have more positive attitudes towards LGB athletes. This master's thesis contributes to a better understanding of sports coaches' attitudes towards LGB athletes and thus provides a valuable baseline for further research and coach education in this field.

Perceptions of incompatibility of sport and motherhood still exist within both sport and family Slovene cultures. For many female athletes starting a family means an end of their athletic careers. However, some women decide to pursue their athletic life after they become mothers. While recent media interest in mother-athletes has increased significantly, scientific research focusing on this topic is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore the transition of Slovene female athletes into motherhood and their experiences of combining motherhood with competitive sport. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight female elite athletes, who became mothers during their elite level competitive career. The results of the study revealed that mother-athletes perceived this transition as a long-term process in which motherhood and elite sport had a reciprocal effect on each other. Three transition phases characterized by changes in the participants’ holistic development were identified: (1) pre-pregnancy and pregnancy, (2) returning to competitive sport, and (3) living the life of a mother-athlete.

Pomanjkanje železa je pogosto pri športnikih. Poseben izziv jim predstavlja napolnitev in vzdrževanje zalog železa samo s prehrano. Poleg uživanja železa s prehrano, nekateri športniki posegajo tudi po peroralnih prehranskih dopolnilih z železom. Ti namreč veljajo za učinkovite, so poceni in predstavljajo nizko tveganje za zdravje. Z magistrskim delom smo želeli narediti sistematičen pregled, ovrednotiti literaturo ter izvesti metaanalizo, s katero smo želeli odgovoriti na vprašanje, ali, kako in koliko prehranska dopolnila z železom vplivajo na status železa pri športnikih. Ta pregled je bil načrtovan in izveden v skladu s smernicami prednostnega poročanja za sistematične preglede in metaanalizo – PRISMA. V pregled so bile vključene raziskave na odraslih zdravih športnikih (>= 18 let), ki uživajo prehranska dopolnila z železom. V sistematičnem pregledu smo z metaanalizo ugotovili statistično značilne, a fiziološko majhne učinke uživanja prehranskih dopolnil z železom na status železa. V metaanalizo vključenih raziskavah sočasno niso izvajali nobene druge prehranske intervencije. Zaloga železa se je po dopolnjevanju v več kot 50 % raziskavah vključenih v metaanalizo povečala. Metaanaliza je pokazala tudi zmerno povečanje hemoglobina, zmanjšanje vrednosti serumskega transferina, neznatno povečanje nasičenosti transferina, in majhen pozitiven vpliv uživanja železa na vrednosti VO2max. Delo tako predstavlja sistematično izhodišče za nadaljnjo obravnavo pomanjkanja železa pri športnikih. Iron deficiency is common in athletes. Replenishment and maintain of iron stores with diet only is a special challenge for them. In addition to nutritional interventions, athletes reach for supplements with iron. They are considered to be effective, cheap, and represent a low health risk. We aimed to perform a systematic review, thus evaluate the literature, and perform meta-analysis, with which we tried to answer the question, whether, how and how much nutritional supplements with iron affect iron status in athletes. This review was planned and carried out in accordance with the priority reporting guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis – PRISMA. The review included studies performed in healthy adult athletes (>= 18 years of age) consuming dietary supplements with iron. In a systematic review, a meta-analysis found statistically significant but physiologically small effects of iron supplementation on iron status. In the studies included in meta-analysis, no other dietary intervention was performed. In more than 50 % of studies included in meta-analysis, iron stores increased. Meta-analysis has also revealed possible moderate increase in haemoglobin, a decrease in serum transferrin, a slight increase in transport saturation, and a small positive effect of iron intake on VO2max values. The work thus represents a systematic starting point for further treatment on iron deficiency in athletes.

Spanje pomembno vpliva na zdravje in telesno pripravljenost športnikov. Kljub temu področje spanja v športu pogosto ostaja zapostavljeno in slabo raziskano. Namen magistrskega dela je zato podrobneje raziskati področje spanja in motenj spanja med športniki ter povečati zavedanje o pomenu spanja v športu. V magistrskem delu smo najprej podrobneje raziskali področje spanja, vključno s kratkim opisom o zgodovini raziskovanja spanja, potrebami po spanju, načini merjenja spanja, fiziologijo in fazami spanja ter dejavniki, ki vplivajo nanje. Raziskali smo vpliv kronotipa in cirkadianega ritma na telesno pripravljenost športnikov. Poleg tega smo raziskali pogoste motnje spanja med športniki ter dejavnike, ki jih povzročajo. Zanimal nas je tudi vpliv motenj spanja na zdravje in telesno pripravljenost športnikov. V zaključku smo podali priporočila za izboljšanje, spremljanje ter merjenje spanja športnikov. Ugotovili smo, da športniki pogosto ne spijo dovolj in imajo slabšo kakovost spanja. Na spanje športnikov poleg treningov in tekmovanj (intenzivnost, količina, urnik, potovanja), vpliva tudi uporaba elektronskih naprav, okoljski dejavniki (nadmorska višina) in pri športnicah tudi menstrualni ciklus. Poleg pomanjkanja spanja so med športniki prisotne tudi druge motnje spanja med katerimi so najpogostejše obstruktivna spalna apneja, nespečnost in motnje cirkadianega ritma. Za spremljanje in merjenje spanja športnikov obstaja več praktičnih in dostopnih načinov. Med slednje sodijo vprašalniki, dnevnik spanja ter uporaba aplikacij in pripomočkov. Z dobro spalno higieno in z izobraževanjem športnikov o spanju, se spanje in telesna pripravljenost športnikov lahko izboljša. V zaključku magistrskega dela so podana priporočila za spremljanje, merjenje in izboljšanje spanja športnikov. Sleep has a significant effect on athlete’s health and performance. Nevertheless, sleep in sports often remains neglected and poorly researched. The purpose of this master's thesis is therefore to explore sleep and sleep disorders among athletes in greater detail and increase awareness of the importance of sleep in sportspeople’s performance. In this master's thesis, we first explored sleep, describing a short history of sleep research, sleep needs, sleep measurement methods, physiology and phases of sleep, and the factors that influence these variables. We investigate the influence of chronotype and circadian rhythm on athlete’s physical performance. In addition to sleep, we investigate common sleep disorders among athletes and the factors that cause them. In doing these research, we found that athletes often do not get enough nocturnal sleep and can have poor sleep quality. In addition to training and competitions (intensity, load, schedule, travel), athlete’s sleep is also affected by: electronic devices, environmental factors (altitude) and by menstrual cycle in female athletes. In addition to general sleep deprivation, other sleep disorders present among athletes include obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disorders. There are several practical and affordable ways to monitor and measure athlete’s sleep. The latter include questionnaires, sleep diary and the use of applications and devices. With good sleep hygiene and by education athletes about sleep, athlete’s sleep can be improved their sleep, helping them to achieve their optimal performance. The thesis conclude with summary of recommendations for measuring, monitoring and improving sleep functions in athletes.

Športnikov uspeh je produkt številnih dejavnikov, ki zajemajo fizično, taktično, tehnično ter psihološko področje (Sheard, 2013). V sklopu slednjega se omenja koncept mentalne trdnosti, ki ga številni opredeljujejo kot zbirko lastnosti ali veščin, ki športniku omogočajo konsistentno nastopanje na visokih nivojih ter uspešno spoprijemanje s številnimi zahtevami in obremenitvami (Jones idr., 2007). Nekateri jo pojmujejo kot stabilno osebnostno lastnost (Clough idr., 2002), drugi kot pridobljeno sposobnost oziroma mentalno naravnanost (Sheard idr., 2009). Navkljub neenotnosti v opredelitvah konstrukta ter pomanjkanju sistematičnega teoretskega ozadja velja splošno prepričanje, da je mentalna trdnost pomemben dejavnik športnega uspeha (Bull idr., 2005). V raziskavi se osredotočamo na konstrukt mentalne trdnosti, še posebej na njegovo povezanost z osebnostjo ter na preverjanje razlik v izraženosti konstrukta med skupinami športnikov. Vzorec raziskave zajema aktivne športnike (N = 245), ki so izpolnili dva osrednja samoocenjevalna instrumenta: Vprašalnik mentalne trdnosti športnika VMTŠ (orig. SMTQ Sheard, idr., 2009) ter Vprašalnik velikih pet BFI (Avsec in Sočan, 2007 John idr., 1991). Skladno s predhodnimi raziskavami smo predpostavili in tudi ugotovili statistično pomembne (p < ,01) povezave mentalne trdnosti z nevroticizmom (r = -,63), vestnostjo (r = ,44) in ekstravertnostjo (r = ,39). Prav tako smo ugotovili razlike med tremi vključenimi skupinami, in sicer da moški, tisti, ki trenirajo dalj časa, ter vrhunski športniki poročajo o višji stopnji mentalne trdnosti ter njenih podpodročij v primerjavi z ženskami, tistimi, ki trenirajo krajši čas, ter športniki, ki ne dosegajo statusa vrhunskosti. Rezultati nakazujejo na kompleksnost konstrukta mentalne trdnosti ter podpirajo tezo, da je mentalna trdnost sestavljena tako iz relativno stabilnih kot tudi iz prilagodljivih lastnosti. Nadaljnje raziskave so potrebne, da lahko konstrukt apliciramo v praksi. Na koncu izpostavimo še pomanjkljivosti raziskave ter podamo ideje za prihodnja raziskovanja področja. An athlete's success is the result of a variety of factors, including physical, tactical, technical and psychological aspects (Sheard, 2013). The construct of mental toughness is considered one of the most important factors in sporting success and is defined as a collection of psychological attributes that enable an athlete to consistently perform at a high level and successfully manage various demands (Jones et al., 2007). Some see it as a stable personality trait (Clough et al., 2002), others as an acquired skill (Sheard et al., 2009). This study focuses on the construct of mental toughness, in particular its relationship to personality, and on examining differences in the expression of the construct between specific groups of athletes. The research sample includes active athletes (N = 245) who completed two main self-assessment instruments: the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire SMTQ (Sheard et al., 2009) and the Big Five Inventory BFI (Avsec & Sočan, 2007 John et al., 1991). Consistent with previous research, we hypothesised and also found statistically significant (p < ,01) correlation between mental toughness and neuroticism (r = -,63), conscientiousness (r = ,44), and extraversion (r = ,39). We also found the hypothesised differences between the three groups involved, namely that men, those who train longer, and top athletes have higher levels of mental toughness and its domains than women, those who train shorter, and athletes who do not achieve top status. The results show the complexity of the mental toughness construct and support the proposition that it consists of both relatively stable and adaptive traits. Further research is needed to apply the construct in practise. In conclusion, we highlight the shortcomings of the study and make suggestions for future research in this area.

This study aimed to examine the reliability, validity, and usefulness of the smartphone-based application, My Jump 2, against Optojump in recreationally active adults. Participants (18 women, 28.9 &plusmn, 5.6 years, and 26 men, 30.1 &plusmn, 10.6 years) completed squat jumps (SJ), counter-movement jumps (CMJ), and CMJ with arm swing (CMJAS) on Optojump and were simultaneously recorded using My Jump 2. To evaluate concurrent validity, jump height, calculated from flight time attained from each device, was compared for each jump type. Test-retest reliability was determined by replicating data analysis of My Jump 2 recordings on two occasions separated by two weeks. High test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) &gt, 0.93) was observed for all measures in both male and female athletes. Very large correlations were observed between the My Jump 2 app and Optojump for SJ (r = 0.95, p = 0.001), CMJ (r = 0.98, p = 0.001), and CMJAS (r = 0.98, p = 0.001) in male athletes. Similar results were obtained for female recreational athletes for all jumps (r &gt, 0.94, p = 0.001). The study results suggest that My Jump 2 is a valid, reliable, and useful tool for measuring vertical jump in recreationally active adults. Therefore, due to its simplicity and practicality, it can be used by practitioners, coaches, and recreationally-active adults to measure vertical jump performance with a simple test as SJ, CMJ, and CMJAS.