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: If we have to define the concept of "consumer behavior", we can generally define it as the relationship between the consumer and the companies that offer certain goods or services. Sales of goods and services in the market depend on consumer behavior and willingness to buy. The imposition of goods on the market depends on the willingness of customers to purchase and own them. Consumer behavior is determined by a number of factors: social, personal, cultural and psychological. User behavior depends on the type of purchase - accidental or planned. Depending on the reaction in the behavior during the purchase, we distinguish several types of behavior: complex (when buying a durable good, e.g. a car); uncertain (fluctuation from the time of use of a given product - e.g. onetime use); formed (the goods are offered by the seller); habitual (buying the same products every time). Consumer behavior is formed over a long period of time and passes through the following stages: desire, search, evaluation, purchase, satisfaction. In the article, we will try to track the consumer's behavior during a purchase decision and defend the thesis that the emotional state and attitude are decisive for rational behavior. The methods of analysis and evaluation will be a review of literature sources and author theses and statistical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach to the management of customer flows is considered, which takes into account the uniformity of the daily intensity as an efficiency criterion. An intensity model is proposed to assess the degree of uniformity. A new formulation of the task of managing the flow of buyers has been introduced, the main feature of which is the criterion of management efficiency, based not on the economic effect, but on the uniformity of the flow. At the same time, the time of making a purchase is, as a rule, a random value. Then the ratio of the instantaneous intensity of the flow and its power per day is the probability of visiting the store at a certain point in time. The relative intensity thus specified can be examined using the density function of the purchase time distribution. To assess uniformity, it is suggested to switch to the daily flow intensity model. The built map of the cluster structure of flows allows you to visually analyze the effectiveness of managing the intensity of customer flows, in particular, during peak pricing activities. The economic effect is justified by the economic benefit, which is achieved not only due to the equalization of the intensity of the purchase flow during the day, but also due to the increase in the volume of sales, which compensates for the reduction of the mark-up in periods of low purchase activity. Therefore, along with the relative intensity, changes in the power of the flow and its qualitative composition according to the average purchase volume were also studied. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of peak pricing measures in terms of smoothing daily fluctuations in the intensity of the flow of buyers in retail chains. To achieve the goal, a new formulation of the task of managing the flow of buyers was introduced, the main feature of which is the criterion of management efficiency, based not on the economic effect, but on the uniformity of the flow. To assess such uniformity, it is suggested to switch to the daily flow intensity model. It is important to take into account the relationship between the characteristics of the structural components of the flow on one of the components leading to a change in the intensity of the other. In general, the proposed formulation of the task of flow management and the model of its intensity are also applicable in the activities of companies of other types of economic activity that face the problem of peak demand, for example, in the electric power sector. This opens up opportunities to identify new patterns in consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Due to the worldwide coronavirus epidemic, models of consumer behaviour related to the purchase of food need to be revised. Materials and methods. An empirical study was conducted with a questionnaire survey. The research took place in Hungary in the summer of 2020, involving 724 consumers. Results and discussion. A high percentage of consumers in Hungary reacted to the coronavirus crisis by panic buying. The consumption of healthier foods has spread in connection with the coronavirus crisis, and that the demand of Hungarian consumers for dairy products has also increased. Furthermore, there are differences between the products consumed by panic buyers and normal shoppers. The results showed those who were not afraid of the coronavirus paid less attention to their eating habits (Pearson's correlation: - 0.119, sign.:0.01). Some 59.9% of respondents said that it was worth storing large quantities of food because of the coronavirus epidemic. Females and males did not differ on this issue (Chi-square 0.160, df: 2, sign.:0.923, p=0.05). Correlation tests showed that for dairy purchases, butter, cheese, fruit yoghurt and sour cream were significantly correlated with each other. By age, respondents aged 40-60 bought the most dairy products, while consumers aged 30 bought the least. Conclusion. The coronavirus pandemic has seriously affected not only the global economy, but also the daily life of the world's population. Negative consequences were also reflected in the attitude to the purchase of food and there were significant changes in the composition of consumed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]