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BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a systemic hematological malignancy usually incurable. The value of some important prognostic factors may gradually decrease. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the non-genetic indexes, prognostic models, and significance of clinical staging systems of MM. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 110 patients with MM who first visit the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between September 2005 to December 2018. RESULTS: Bone marrow plasma cell percentage (BMPC%), cystatin C (CysC), and β 2 microglobulin (β 2-MG) were positively correlated with Durie-Salmon (D-S) and international staging system (ISS) stages, while red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin volume (HGB) were negatively correlated (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that ISS stage, treatment protocol, immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), ratio of red cell distribution width to platelet count (RPR), monocyte count (MONO), lactate dehydrogenase, and immunoglobulin G were significantly associated with the three-year overall survival (OS). IFE, treatment protocol, and β 2-MG significantly affected progression-free survival (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the treatment protocol, ISS stage, RPR, MONO, and IFE were independent prognostic factors for three-year OS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BMPC%, CysC, and β 2-MG were positively correlated with both clinical staging systems and RBC and HGB were negatively correlated. RPR and MONO affect MM prognosis and the established prognostic model can guide patient prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]