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This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in energy storage applications, focusing on the utilization of fish industry waste as a sustainable resource. The paper is structured into several key sections, each highlighting a different aspect of this emerging field. Firstly, it explores the use of nanoporous carbons for high-density lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, discussing their potential to enhance energy storage capabilities. Secondly, it examines the development of advanced LIB anodes from fish waste-derived nanostructures, showcasing novel approaches to material synthesis. Additionally, the paper delves into the utilization of biomass-derived carbons for sodium-ion battery (NIB) anodes, presenting insights into their role in advancing energy storage technology. Furthermore, it discusses the integration of biomass-derived porous carbons to improve the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries, highlighting strategies to overcome existing limitations. Moreover, the paper explores the application of biomass-derived carbon materials in supercapacitors, emphasizing their potential for high-performance energy storage solutions. Lastly, a significant focus is placed on protein batteries, a novel concept that utilizes seafood waste as a sustainable source for energy storage. The paper elaborates on the processes involved in transforming fish waste into suitable materials for battery electrodes and evaluates the performance of these protein batteries in terms of efficiency, stability, and capacity. Through a structured analysis of recent advancements, this review underscores the potential of biomass-derived materials in addressing sustainability challenges while advancing energy storage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistent increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, makes research directed towards carbon capture and storage (CCS) imperative. In the past few years, among the available adsorbents, biochar has drawn significant interest as a promising carbon-based material for low-temperature CO2 capture from flue/fuel gas (such as biogas or gasification-derived syngas) owing to its environmentally friendly nature, cost-effective and facile preparation method, and sustainable adsorption performance. This work provides a review of recent studies on the development of biochar from biomass feedstocks and its subsequent modification through various approaches, including physical, chemical and physicochemical activations for post-combustion CO2 capture. An overview of the factors, including pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and time, and different modification methods, affecting the physicochemical attributes of biochar such as surface area, microporosity, surface properties and functional groups is presented. Biochar with a large micropore volume, a narrow microporosity (0.3–0.8 nm) and basic surface characteristics would be effective in adsorbing CO2 molecules. In this regard, physical modification of biochar is closely related to pore formation, whereas chemical modification emphasizes the creation of oxygen and nitrogen-containing functional groups; hence, they contribute to the enhanced CO2 capture through porosity development and surface chemistry alteration, respectively. Biochar has presented a strong selectivity towards CO2 compared to other gasses and has revealed a sustainable performance in multi-cycles of CO2 adsorption–desorption; these are crucial features to ensure the large-scale application of biochar for CO2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous accumulation and emission into the atmosphere of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, has been recognized as a primary contributor to climate change associated with the global warming and acidification of oceans. This has led to drastic changes in the natural ecosystem, and hence an unhealthy ecological environment for human society. Thus, the effective mitigation of the ever increasing CO2 emission has been recognized as the most important global challenge. To achieve zero carbon footprint, novel materials and approaches are required for potentially reducing the CO2 release, while our current fossil-fuel-based energy must be replaced by renewable energy free from emissions. In this paper, porous carbons with hierarchical pore structures are promising for CO2 adsorption and electrochemical CO2 reduction owing to their high specific surface area, excellent catalytic performance, low cost and long-term stability. Since efficient gas-phased (electro) catalysis involves the access of reactants to active sites at the gas-liquid-solid triple phase, the hierarchical porous carbon materials possess multiple advantages for various CO2-related applications with enhanced volumetric and gravimetric activities (e.g., CO2 uptake and current density) for practical operations. Recent studies have demonstrated that porous carbon materials exhibited notable activities as CO2 adsorbents and provided facile conducting pathways and mass diffusion channels for efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction even under the high current operation conditions. Herein, we summarize recent advances in porous carbon materials for CO2 capture, storage, and electrochemical conversion. Prospectives and challenges on the rational design of porous carbon materials for scalable and practical CO2 capture and conversion are also discussed.v [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption using bio‐based adsorbents has been pointed out as an economical and environmentally benign technology for CO₂ gas separation and storage. A bio‐based adsorbent can be fabricated from low‐cost worldwide available biomass feedstock and bio‐wastes from different industries (e.g., dairy manure, forestry, agriculture). As a result, it is a carbon rich material of hydrophobic nature, activated to gain high porosity development, and requires mild regeneration conditions. However, large‐scale deployment of bio‐based adsorption processes remains challenging. Our group has been intensively developing biomass‐based adsorbents in conjunction with the design of tailored CO₂ adsorption‐based cyclic processes for the envisioned application. Herein, key concepts on adsorption technology, biomass waste management, and different activation techniques for biomass‐based adsorbent precursors are discussed. This review addresses the most relevant studies in the literature, from lab experimentation on a milligram scale (volumetric and gravimetric tests) to dynamic tests in bench or large‐scale cyclic adsorption processes (i.e., pressure swing adsorption, temperature swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption). Therefore, the main target is to give a holistic view of the industrial applications where CO₂ separations with these materials are more suitable. Finally, concluding remarks and future perspectives of bio‐based adsorbents in carbon capture are presented. © 2023 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Renewable carbon materials are attractive materials with great potential for many applications. Macadamia nutshell is a by‐product of the nut industry, with high yield and fast regeneration. It is a potential precursor for biomass‐based activated carbon. In this study, we prepared an adsorbent using macadamia nutshell as a precursor and KOH as an activator. To prepare the samples with the highest CO2 uptake, the preparation process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Interactions between different activation conditions were investigated, and their effects on CO2 uptake were explored. Meanwhile, visual three‐dimensional images were used to describe the effects of activation conditions and interactions on adsorption capacity. It was found that the activation conditions affected the location of the central region (high CO2 uptake region) of the carbon material. Meanwhile, the interaction between different activation conditions has a significant influence on the growth of pores during the activation process. The preparation conditions optimized by RSM in this study are as follows: activation temperature is 771°C, KOH/C is 1.7, and time is 2.3 h. At 0°C and 1 bar, the carbon sorbent prepared under optimized conditions has a CO2 adsorption capacity of 6.58 mmol/g. This study confirms that RSM is an effective method to optimize the preparation process of high‐efficiency carbon adsorbents for CO2 uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]