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V okviru diplomskega dela smo pripravili vodno raztopino iona [Zn(NH3)4]2+. V vodni raztopini amoniaka smo raztopili cinkov oksid in dodali različne kisline: kinaldinsko, pikolinsko ali pirazinojsko kislino. V vseh primerih se je na cinkov(II) ion koordiniral anion uporabljene kisline (kinaldinat, pikolinat ali pirazinoat). Le v primeru kinaldinata je na cinkov(II) ion ostala koordinirana ena molekula amoniaka. Tako so bile pripravljene naslednje koordinacijske spojine cinka(II): [Zn(quin)2(NH3)], [Zn(pic)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)2] in [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)]n. Na analogen način smo pripravili vodno raztopino z ionom [Cu(NH3)4]2+ in to reagirali z istimi kislinami. Tako so bile pripravljene naslednje koordinacijske spojine bakra(II): [Cu(quin)2(H2O)], [Cu(pic)2]n·2nH2O in [Cu(pyra)2]n. An aqueous solution of [Zn(NH3)4]2+ was prepared within this diploma work. The solution was prepared by dissolving zinc(II) oxide in aqueous ammonia solution. Different acids were added to this solution: quinaldinic acid, picolinic acid or pyrazinoic acid. In all cases, the anionic forms of the used acids, i.e., quinaldinate, picolinate or pyrazinoate, coordinated to zinc(II). In the case of quinaldinate reaction system, one molecule of ammonia remained coordinated to zinc(II). Thereby we isolated the following zinc(II) coordination compounds: [Zn(quin)2(NH3)], [Zn(pic)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)2] and [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)]n. By analogy, an aqueous solution of the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ion was prepared and reacted with the same acids. Thereby the following copper(II) coordination compounds were prepared: [Cu(quin)2(H2O)], [Cu(pic)2]n·2nH2O and [Cu(pyra)2]n.

The purpose of this final work is to evaluate the average annual emission of ammonia ballast gas from a selected pig farm in Hejná of Horažďovice in the Pilsen region. Instruments from the BAT center of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice were used for the measurements. This problem around the ammonia (NH3) ballast gas is further compared with the European Union directive and also evaluated according to the given statistical methods. In order to improve relations between agriculture and the environment, it is above all necessary to reduce emissions of all stress gases (NH3, CO2, N2O, CH4), but especially ammonia. Due to the increasing use of intensive agriculture, ammonia affects not only the environment but also the creation of the landscape, where it affects important landscape elements such as soil, air and water. Agriculture is considered to be the largest producer of ammonia up to 90 % worldwide. The use of the latest products for reducing the concentration of ammonia in the stable environment, in the processing of manure and slurry and protective measures when establishing manure and pits is a suitable method to prevent large-scale ammonia leakage into the air. The final work also has in its content a literature search, which mentions pig breeding in general, statistics and the economics of pig breeding.

Ammonia is currently receiving more interest as a carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE). A promising energy carrier, easy to store and transport, being liquid, and non-carbon-based emissions which make ammonia a green fuel to decarbonize ICE and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper aims to illustrate the impacts of replacing diesel fuel with ammonia in an ammonia/diesel dual fuel engine. Hence, the effects of various ammonia diesel ratios on emissions and engine performance were experimentally investigated. In addition, a developed 1D model is used to analyze the combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel. Results show 84.2% of input energy can be provided by ammonia meanwhile indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) is increased by increasing the diesel substitution. Moreover, increasing the ammonia energy share (AES) changed the combustion mode from diffusion combustion in pure diesel operation to premixed combustion in dual fuel mode. Therefore, combustion duration and combustion phasing decreased by 6.8CAD and 32CAD, respectively. Although ammonia significantly reduced CO2, CO, and particulate matter (PM) emissions, it also increased NOX emissions and unburned ammonia (14800 ppm). Furthermore, diesel must be replaced with more than 35.9% ammonia to decrease GHG emissions, since ammonia combustion produces N2O (90 ppm) that offsets the reduction of CO2.

The subject of the bachelor's thesis is a comparison of methodologies for measuring emissions from pig farming according to the BREF document and the VERA protocol. The work evaluates the differences and matches in ammonia measurements according to the two techniques mentioned.

Ammonia is a promising alternative fuel that can replace current fossil fuels. Hydrogen carrier, zero carbon base emissions, liquid unlike hydrogen, and can be produced using renewable resources, making ammonia a future green fuel for the internal combustion engine. This study aims to show the procedure of utilizing ammonia as a primary fuel with biodiesel in a dual-fuel mode. Hence, a single-cylinder diesel engine was retrofitted to inject ammonia into the intake manifold, and then a pilot dose of biodiesel is sprayed into the cylinder to initiate combustion of the premixed ammonia-air mixture. The effects of various ammonia mass flow rates with a constant biodiesel dose on engine performance and emissions were investigated. Furthermore, a one-dimensional model has been developed to analyze the combustion of ammonia and biodiesel. The results reveal that 69.4% of the biodiesel input energy can be replaced by ammonia but increasing the ammonia mass flow rate slightly decreases the brake thermal efficiency. Moreover, increasing the ammonia load contribution significantly reduced the emissions of CO2, CO, and HC but increased the emission of NO. It was found that ammonia delayed the start of combustion by 2.6CAD compared with pure biodiesel due to the low in-cylinder temperature and the high resistance of ammonia to autoignition. However, the combustion duration of biodiesel/ammonia decreased 19CAD compared with only biodiesel operation at full load, since most of the heat was released during the premixed combustion phase.

This diploma thesis deals with pollutants that escape into the air during intensive breeding of broiler chickens. The biggest polluter is ammonia gas, which mainly results in the creation of the greenhouse effect and thus contributes to global warming. Many scientists are working on ways to reduce this unwanted gas, and are therefore developing modern stables technologies for all types of livestock on intensive farms. The final work evaluates the production of emissions from broiler farming. In particular, the evaluation of the annual ammonia emissions and the reduction of the production of this gas in the selected agricultural holding. The measurement was performed at the private agricultural company ZEFA Nová Pec, spol. s r. o. in the broiler chicken farm, located near Strunkovice nad Blanicí.

Sidestream partial nitritation and deammonification (pN/A) of high-strength ammonia wastewater is a well- established technology. Its expansion to the mainstream is, however mainly impeded by poor retention of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB), insufficient repression of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and difficult control of soluble chemical oxygen demand and nitrite levels. At the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Strass (Austria) the microbial consortium was exhaustively monitored at full-scale over one and a half year with regular transfer of sidestream DEMON® biomass and further retention and enrichment of granular anammox biomass via hydrocyclone operation. Routine process parameters were surveyed and the response and evolution of the microbiota was followed by molecular tools, ex-situ activity tests and further, AnAOB quantification through particle tracking and heme measurement. After eight months of operation, the first anaerobic, simultaneous depletion of ammonia and nitrite was observed ex-situ, together with a direction to higher nitrite generation (68% of total NOx-N) as compared to nitrate under aerobic conditions. Our dissolved oxygen (DO) scheme allowed for transient anoxic conditions and had a strong influence on nitrite levels and the NOB community, where Nitrobacter eventually dominated Nitrospira. The establishment of a minor but stable AnAOB biomass was accompanied by the rise of Chloroflexi and distinct emergence of Chlorobi, a trend not seen in the sidestream system. Interestingly, the most pronounced switch in the microbial community and noticeable NOB repression occurred during unfavorable conditions, i.e. the cold winter season and high organic load. Further abatement of NOB was achieved through bioaugmentation of aerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) from the sidestream-DEMON® tank. Performance of the sidestream pN/A was not impaired by this operational scheme and the average volumetric nitrogen removal rate of the mainstream even doubled in the second half of the monitoring campaign. We conclude that a combination of both, regular sidestream-DEMON® biomass transfer and granular SRT increase via hydrocyclone operation was crucial for AnAOB establishment within the mainstream.