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Water is essential for survival, but one in three individuals worldwide (2.2 billion people) lacks access to safe drinking water. Water intake requirements largely reflect water turnover (WT), the water used by the body each day. We investigated the determinants of human WT in 5604 people from the ages of 8 days to 96 years from 23 countries using isotope-tracking ( 2 H) methods. Age, body size, and composition were significantly associated with WT, as were physical activity, athletic status, pregnancy, socioeconomic status, and environmental characteristics (latitude, altitude, air temperature, and humidity). People who lived in countries with a low human development index (HDI) had higher WT than people in high-HDI countries. On the basis of this extensive dataset, we provide equations to predict human WT in relation to anthropometric, economic, and environmental factors.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Original and modified categories of frequency of fish intake in the Tromsø Study. Table S2. Modifications of the frailtyphenotype in the Tromsø7 Study (2015–2016). Table S3. Characteristics of tracking sample in Tromsø4 and Tromsø6 (n=3229). Table S4. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for fish intake and 8-year follow-up pre-frailty after exclusion of baseline frailty (n = 3219)a. Table S5. Characteristics of participants in Tromsø6 by Tromsø7 participation status (n = 6837)a. Table S6. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for baseline fish intake and pre-frailty with inverse probability weightsa (n = 6183)b. Table S7. Characteristics of participants in Tromsø6 with complete and incomplete data on fish intake (n = 5750)a. Table S8. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for patterns of fish intake and pre-frailty using multiple imputation (MI)a (n = 5750)b. Table S9. Onset of physical frailty characteristics in Tromsø7 (n = 4350)a. Table S10. Frailty prevalence in Tromsø7 stratified by age (n = 4350)a.

Source at https://vkm.no/. In 2006, VKM published “A comprehensive assessment of fish and other seafood in the Norwegian diet”. The assessment supported the recommendation from Norwegian Health authorities to eat more fish both for dinner and on sandwiches. In an update of the assessment in 2014 VKM concluded that “the benefits from fish consumption clearly outweigh the negligible risk presented by current levels of contaminants and other undesirable substances in fish”. Because of new knowledge available, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority requested a new benefit and risk assessment of fish in the Norwegian diet in 2019. In the assignment, they asked VKM to answer the following questions: Which health consequences will it have for the Norwegian population if they: Continue with the same fish consumption levels as of today Increase the consumption of fish to match the recommendations given by the Norwegian Directorate of Health

BACKGROUND: Protein intake is suggested as an important dietary factor in the prevention of frailty, however, the infuence of lifelong intake remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the relationship between daily protein intake and patterns of protein intake over 21 years and the risk of pre-frailty/frailty. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The population-based Tromsø Study in Tromsø municipality, Norway. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 1,906 women and 1,820 men aged >45 years in 1994 who participated in both Tromsø4 (1994–95) and Tromsø7 (2015–16). MEASUREMENTS: Frailty status in Tromsø7 was measured according to Fried’s phenotype, classifying participants as “robust” (frailty components present: 0), “pre-frail” (1–2) or “frail” (>3). Daily intake of protein was estimated from self-reported habitual dietary intake using food frequency questionnaires and assessed as grams per kilogram bodyweight (g/kg BW) and per megajoule energy intake (g/MJ). The protein–frailty association was assessed via longitudinal and crosssectional multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of pre-frailty and frailty in this study was 27% and 1.0%, respectively. Longitudinal analysis showed that the odds of pre-frailty/frailty decreased by 57% (odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confdence interval (CI) = 0.31;0.58, pCONCLUSIONS: Intake of protein in g/kg BW both in mid-life and later in life was inversely associated with pre-frailty/frailty in older adults. This emphasizes the importance of an adequate protein intake to facilitate healthy ageing in Norwegian older adults.