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Synthesis of Ag-ZnO nanorods (Ag-ZnO NR) utilizing biological materials, specifically the extracellular enzymes of Bacillus sp. Combined with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a nanorod pattern template has been proposed. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of varying relative molecular mass (Mr): 6000, 8000, and 10000 was used. Characterization of Ag-ZnO NR with ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–vis) revealed absorption at (λmax) = 300 - 330 nm, a blue shift region that was identical to the growth of the Ag-ZnO crystal nucleus. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) profile of Bacillus sp. revealed high intensity at wave number 1600 -1650 cm−1, indicating the amine NH strain in the extracellular enzyme Bacillus sp.; 1430 – 1387 cm−1, indicating -CH3 strain, and 1050 cm−1 indicating CO in PEG. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed high intensity at 2θ: 31.75°; 34.41°; 36.25° indicates hexagonal wurtzite ZnO (ICDS-ZnO 2017). In contrast, Ag-doped ZnO exhibited high intensity at 2θ: 38. 07°; 44.28°; 66.35° (ICDS-Ag) with crystallite size of 21.85 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed nanorod and spherical particles of 198.96 nm of Ag-ZnO NR PEG-10000. The antifungal effectiveness that was measured based on the number of free radicals •O2 and •OH in the photocatalytic reaction using a p-benzoquinone scavenger reached 85±0.7 %. The highest antifungal activity was detected with an inhibition zone of 3.65-3.04 mm. This finding is very promising for the green synthesis of ZnO and its application as future antifungal application in textile industries.

The Cu(II)-doped TiO2 and Cu(II)-doped TiO2 /Bi2O3 compound have been synthesized using the sol gel method with titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as the TiO2 precursor and Cu(NO3)2.3H2O as the Cu(II) dopant was carried out at various concentration of 0.075%; 0.250% and 1.000%, as well as Bi(NO3)3.5H2O as a Bi2O3 precursor. Based on characterization using the DRSUV-Vis spectrophotometric method with data analysis using a tauch plot, it is known that the band gap energy of Cu(II)-doped TiO2 is 2.89 eV; 2.72 eV; 2.54 eV. The addition of Bi2O3 to Cu(II)-doped TiO2 (1%) causes a decrease in the band gap from 2.54 to 2.18 eV which is equivalent to a wavelength of 567 nm. IR spectrophotometry spectra analysis shows a shift in Ti-O absorption towards smaller wave numbers. Characterization by the XRD method shows that 1% Cu(II)-doped TiO2 /Bi2O3 has an anatase phase with a crystallite size of 24 nm. Photocatalysis activity test on the degradation of rhodamine B solution at a concentration of 10 ppm, under visible light illumination for 180 minutes was able to degrade up to 85.85%.

Southeast Asia is a region known for active land-use changes (LUC) over the past 60 years; yet, how trends in net CO2 uptake and release resulting from LUC activities (net LUC flux) have changed through past decades remains uncertain. The level of uncertainty in net LUC flux from process-based models is so high that it cannot be concluded that newer estimates are necessarily more reliable than older ones. Here, we examined net LUC flux estimates of Southeast Asia for the 1980s−2010s from older and newer sets of Dynamic Global Vegetation Model simulations (TRENDY v2 and v7, respectively), and forcing data used for running those simulations, along with two book-keeping estimates (H&N and BLUE). These estimates yielded two contrasting historical LUC transitions, such that TRENDY v2 and H&N showed a transition from increased emissions from the 1980s to 1990s to declining emissions in the 2000s, while TRENDY v7 and BLUE showed the opposite transition. We found that these contrasting transitions originated in the update of LUC forcing data, which reduced the loss of forest area during the 1990s. Further evaluation of remote sensing studies, atmospheric inversions, and the history of forestry and environmental policies in Southeast Asia supported the occurrence of peak emissions in the 1990s and declining thereafter. However, whether LUC emissions continue to decline in Southeast Asia remains uncertain as key processes in recent years, such as conversion of peat forest to oil-palm plantation, are yet to be represented in the forcing data, suggesting a need for further revision.

A thin layer of TiO2 doped with Cobalt (II) immobilized on the surface of a titanium foil (Co(II)-TiO2/Ti) has been synthesized from a titanium foil (Ti) as a TiO2 precursor as well as a thin layer matrix and CoCl2.6H2O as a source of Co(II) on variations of 0.5%, 1% and 2%. Synthesis was carried out by anodizing method using ethylene glycol electrolyte solution with the addition of NH4F and followed by calcination treatment at 450ºC for 3 hours. The obtained Co(II)-TiO2 /Ti thin films were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis (DRSUV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Doping Co(II) variations of 0.5%, 1.0% dan 2.0% in the TiO2 structure causes a shift in the vibrational absorption peak of Ti-O (460.99 cm-1) towards a smaller wave number of 459.06 cm-1 respectively ; 453.27 cm-1 and 451.34 cm-1. This is supported by the results of the DRUV-Vis analysis using the tauc plot method, which shows a decrease in the band gap energy of TiO2 (3.24 eV) to 2.57 eV, 2.47 eV and 2.28 eV. Based on XRD analysis, it is known that the Co(II)-TiO2/Ti photocatalyst has anatase phase with a crystal size of 15-17 nm. The photocatalytic activity of Co(II)-TiO2/Ti under visible light illumination was evaluated for inhibition of Escherichia coli bacterial growth. Co(II)-TiO2/Ti photocatalyst at 2.0% Co(II) concentration had the best inhibition (43.2%) compared to 0.5% and 1.0% Co(II) concentrations, respectively 18% inhibition and 27%.

Nanopartikel yang dihasilkan melalui metode Green biosintesis berpotensi untuk diterapkan pada dunis medis dan farmasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan senyawa metabolit yang dihasilkan isolat Bacillus spp untuk mereduksi zink sulfat menjadi nanopartikel zink oksida. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran spetrofotometri UV-Vis panjang gelombang optimum koloid nanopartikel yang dihasilkan dari proses Green biosintesis isolate BES 6A dengan penambahan zink sulfat sebanyak 0,2 g/ml yaitu pada 366 nm. Adapun gugus fungsi Zn-O berdasarkan pengukuran FTIR terbaca pada panjang puncak gelombang 438 dan 530 cm-1. Bentuk kristal yang dihasilkan yaitu heksagonal dengan puncak 2Ɵ yang terdeteksi yaitu 31,82°; 34,33°; 36,49°; 47,56°; 57,16°; 63,20°; 66,76°; dan 68,99° yang menandakan kehadiran nanopartikel zink oksida berdasarkan referensi ICDD 00-001-1136. Ukuran nanopartikel yang dihasilkan yaitu 30 – 47 nm.

This study presents a biosynthetic route for TiO2-doped ZnO (Ti/ZnO) using the primary metabolite component of the Aspergillus niger fungi as a source of the capping agent. The effect of biosynthetic variables based on the extracellular (Ti/ZnO) and intracellular (Ti/ZnO) enzymatic cycles of Aspergillus niger during the 3–4 days growth period was analyzed. The morphological differences between the extracellular and intracellular Ti/ZnO produced were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrometry (UV–Vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Analyzing Ti/ZnO with different biosynthetic variables exhibited the same crystal structure, namely hexagonal Wurtzite, but with different morphology and crystal sizes of 27.42–28.99 nm. Furthermore, Ti/ZnO has a pattern of a rod with a length and diameter of 287–455 nm and 126 - 156 nm, respectively. In vitro antimicrobial activity testing against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial cells was performed under exposure to ultraviolet light with the wavelength of λ = 385 nm. The results indicated that the increase in bacterial activity was influenced by the effect of biosynthetic variables based on differences in morphology, size, the shape of Ti/ZnO, enzymatic cycle, and growth time of Aspergillus niger.

Rapid urban development and increasing human activities in the city can affect the decline in the Vegetation Index in Ambon City. The research aims to analyze the vegetation index using sentinel-2 satellite image data with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) in Ambon City in 2023. This research uses Sentinel-2 Satellite Image data which is analyzed using Google Earth Engine with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method. The results showed that the vegetation index value in Ambon City in 2023 was the lowest value of -0.672381 and the highest value of 0.949297. The vegetation index value is then divided into four classes, namely No Vegetation which has an area of 4,448.99 ha or 13.67%, Low Vegetation areas have an area of 1,611.06 ha or 4.95%, Moderate Vegetation areas have an area of 2,895.12 ha or 8.89% and High Vegetation areas have an area of 23,597.35 ha or 72.49%. Analysis of the vegetation index in Ambon City is very important to maintain environmental balance and a healthy and sustainable environment.

ABSTRAK. Sintesis TiO2-rGO telah dilakukan dengan prekursor TiO2 dan rGO yang disintesis dari batang grafit menggunakan metode Hidrotermal. Fotokatalis TiO2-rGO hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) dan Diffuse Reflectance UV-VIS (DRUV). Sintesis rGO dengan metode elektrokimia menggunakan agen pereduksi Alumunium. Dilakukan uji aktivitas menggunakan metilen biru dengan bantuan sinar tampak. Berdasarkan data hasil perhitungan diperoleh nilai celah pita TiO2 sebesar 3,33 eV, TiO2-rGO sebesar 3,23 eV yang setara dengan panjang gelombang 378 nm dan 410 nm. Aktivitas fotokatalitik TiO2 dibawah irradiasi sinar tampak mengalami peningkatan setelah dikompositkan dengan rGO membentuk komposit TiO2-rGO mampu mendegradasi MB hingga 67,05%. Kata Kunci: Fotokatalis, rGO, TiO2-rGO, elektrokimia, metilen biru ABSTRACT. TiO2-rGO synthesis was carried out with TiO2 precursor and rGO that was synthesized from a graphite rod using a hydrothermal method. Photocatalysts TiO2-rGO were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Diffuse Reflectance UV-VIS (DRUV). Synthesis of rGO by the electrochemical method using reducing agent Aluminum. The activity test was carried out using methylene blue with the help of visible light. Based on the calculated data, the band gap value of TiO2 is 3.30 eV, and TiO2-rGO is 3.00 eV, equivalent to a wavelength of 378 nm and 410 nm. These data indicate that the rGO material reduces the band gap but the low band gap decrease. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 under visible light irradiation increased after being composited with rGO to form a TiO2-rGO composite capable of degrading MB up to 67.05% Keywords: Photocatalyst, rGO, TiO2-rGO, electrochemistry, methylene Blue

Food is the most basic need in the hierarchy of human life. This study aims to see the relationship between the implementation of the Sustainable Food Yard Program and household food consumption expenditures of the Women Farmer Group participating in the Sustainable Food Yard Program in Prabumulih City. To analyze the extent to which the implementation of the Sustainable Food Yard Program uses the Scoring Method and is analyzed descriptively and how is the relationship between the implementation of the Program and the reduction in food consumption expenditure costs using the Spearman Rank Correlation Test. The research was carried out from October to December 2021. The research method was carried out in the survey. Sampling used the Cluster method of Random sampling with a total of 100 respondents. Descriptive analysis shows that the implementation of the Sustainable Food Yard Program in Prabumulih City is the criteria for being quite successful. By using a paired t-test sig value is known. (2-tailed) of 0.000

Bencana banjir terjadi hampir setiap tahun di Kota Ambon dan mengingat besarnya dampak dan jumlah korban yang dapat ditimbulkan maka pemetaan daerah rawan banjir merupakan dasar untuk memberikan informasi tentang strategi mitigasi risiko banjir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kawasan rawan banjir dan juga memprediksi kawasan permukiman yang berada di kawasan rawan banjir di Kota Ambon. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Multicriteria Evaluation (MCE) bagi pengambil keputusan dalam menentukan bobot dan metode yang sesuai serta menggunakan Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) dalam menganalisis daerah rawan banjir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kecamatan Teluk Ambon memiliki wilayah terluas pada setiap kelas kerawanan banjir di Kota Ambon dibandingkan dengan kecamatan lainnya, hal ini dikarenakan kecamatan tersebut merupakan yang terbesar di Kota Ambon. Sedangkan luas lahan pemukiman yang tersebar pada kawasan kelas kerawanan tinggi memiliki persentase luas paling besar yaitu 2.222,06 ha. Sebaran permukiman pada kelas kerawanan sedang seluas 2.214,67 ha yang tersebar di lima kecamatan di Kota Ambon. Sedangkan kawasan terbangun yang berada pada tingkat kerawanan sedang adalah 0,39 ha. Salah satu bentuk antisipasi dan mitigasi bencana banjir adalah dengan memperkirakan seberapa luas lahan terbangun pada kawasan rawan banjir untuk meminimalkan kerugian, baik korban jiwa maupun kerusakan fisik

Synthesis of sulphur-doped carbon nanodots immobilized on the TiO2 surface (SCDs/TiO2) composite was carried out using the sol-gel method with SCDs and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as precursors. SCDs were prepared from citric acid monohydrate, urea, and sodium disulphite using the microwave technique. SCDs/TiO2 was then visually observed under UV 365 nm and characterized by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (UV-Vis/DRS), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SCDs/TiO2 composite product had a brown solid with a green luminescent under UV light. Furthermore, UV-Vis/DRS for variations in SCDs concentrations of 0.5%; 1.25%, and 2.5% showed Eg values of 2.33 eV, 2.14 eV, and 1.61 eV, respectively. The results showed that SCDs caused the maximum emission peak (λEm) to redshift and also affected the intensity of PL TiO2. There was also a shift in the absorption peak towards the visible light region. Based on the results, the 0.5% SCDs/TiO2 was the optimum concentration with the lowest intensity as an indication of separation of the (e-) and (h+) charge pairs, which greatly enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency.

Red Mud is a term used for residues or waste materials from bauxite refining. One of the main compositions of red mud is Fe2O3. This study aims to obtain the optimum extraction of Fe2O3 conditions or hematite by using APDC ligands and knowing the characteristics of Fe2O3 generated. In this study, Fe2O3 extraction begins to determine the optimum pH and ligand concentration. The results of determining the optimum conditions showed pH 1 and ligand concentration of 0.5 M. Fe2O3 characteristics can be resolve through the characterization of Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results of FTIR characterization showed the stretching vibration of Fe-O Fe2O3 phase (570.50 cm-1 and 470.20 cm-1), XRD diffractogram showed the resulting crystal shape is rhombohedralsize is 27,08 nm, while the XRF characterization results showed the mass percent Fe2O3 before extraction is 42.48% and the mass percent Fe2O3 after extraction is 72.443%.

Land biosphere processes are of central importance to the climate system. Specifically, ecosystems interact with the atmosphere through a variety of feedback loops that modulate energy, water, and CO2 fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Human land use and land cover modification add a further level of complexity to land–atmosphere interactions. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) attempt to capture land ecosystem processes and are increasingly incorporated into Earth system models (ESMs), which makes it possible to study the coupled dynamics of the land biosphere and the climate. In this work we describe a number of modifications to the LPJ-GUESS DGVM, aimed at enabling direct integration into an ESM. These include energy balance closure, the introduction of a sub-daily time step, a new radiative transfer scheme, and improved soil physics. The implemented modifications allow the model (LPJ-GUESS/LSM) to simulate the diurnal exchange of energy, water, and CO2 between the land ecosystem and the atmosphere and thus provide surface boundary conditions to an atmospheric model over land. A site-based evaluation against FLUXNET2015 data shows reasonable agreement between observed and modelled sensible and latent heat fluxes. Differences in predicted ecosystem function between standard LPJ-GUESS and LPJ-GUESS/LSM vary across land cover types. We find that the emerging ecosystem composition and carbon fluxes are sensitive to both the choice of stomatal conductance model and the response of plant water uptake to soil moisture. The new implementation described in this work lays the foundation for using the well-established LPJ-GUESS DGVM as an alternative land surface model (LSM) in coupled land–biosphere–climate studies, where an accurate representation of ecosystem processes is essential.

The global net land sink is relatively well constrained. However, the responsible drivers and above/below-ground partitioning are highly uncertain. Model issues regarding turnover of individual plant and soil components are responsible.

Understanding uncertainties and sensitivities of projected ecosystem dynamics under environmental change is of immense value for research and climate change policy. Here, we analyze sensitivities (change in model outputs per unit change in inputs) and uncertainties (changes in model outputs scaled to uncertainty in inputs) of vegetation dynamics under climate change, projected by a state-of-the-art dynamic vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS v4.0) across European forests (the species Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris), considering uncertainties of both model parameters and environmental drivers. We find that projected forest carbon fluxes are most sensitive to photosynthesis-, water-, and mortality-related parameters, while predictive uncertainties are dominantly induced by environmental drivers and parameters related to water and mortality. The importance of environmental drivers for predictive uncertainty increases with increasing temperature. Moreover, most of the interactions of model inputs (environmental drivers and parameters) are between environmental drivers themselves or between parameters and environmental drivers. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of environmental drivers not only as contributors to predictive uncertainty in their own right but also as modifiers of sensitivities and thus uncertainties in other ecosystem processes. Reducing uncertainty in mortality-related processes and accounting for environmental influence on processes should therefore be a focus in further model development.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate both internally and externally, that the Holy Bible is indeed the Word of God so that believers become firmer in believing it and love it more as their holy text. Christians consider the Bible to be sacred because it contains messages from God. This is very important because there are many erroneous and misleading teachings about the Bible, which teach that the Bible contains the Word of God, the Bible being the Word of God and the Bible not being the Word of God. Irrespective, believers need to follow the rules it contains for living life and can turn to the teachings of Jesus Christ for moral and the deepest spiritual guidance. The research method used by the author was a qualitative one with a systematic theology study approach, because the domain of this research is in the field of theology, specifically Systematic Theology. In proving internally that the Bible is the Word of God, the primary and only source is the Bible itself with its self-authenticating Scriptures. The Bible is in essence true because it says it is true, and it is the Holy Spirit that bears witness to its profound truths. In proving externally that the Bible is the Word of God, the sources are books. Internal proof that the Bible is the Word of God is the teaching of Jesus, the teaching of Paul, Peter and others, the teaching of important terms, and the teaching of the fulfillment of Biblical prophecy. External evidence that the Bible is the Word of God is evident through the uniqueness of the Bible and evidence through archaeological evidence (inter alia, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Nuzi Inscriptions, Ebla Inscriptions, Discovery in Mari).

Abstract Cover crops (CCs) can improve soil nutrient retention and crop production while providing climate change mitigation co‐benefits. However, quantifying these ecosystem services across global agricultural lands remains inadequate. Here, we assess how the use of herbaceous CCs with and without biological nitrogen (N) fixation affects agricultural soil carbon stocks, N leaching, and crop yields, using the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ‐GUESS. The model performance is evaluated with observations from worldwide field trials and modeled output further compared against previously published large‐scale estimates. LPJ‐GUESS broadly captures the enhanced soil carbon, reduced N leaching, and yield changes that are observed in the field. Globally, we found that combining N‐fixing CCs with no‐tillage technique could potentially increase soil carbon levels by 7% (+0.32 Pg C yr−1 in global croplands) while reducing N leaching loss by 41% (−7.3 Tg N yr−1) compared with fallow controls after 36 years of simulation since 2015. This integrated practice is accompanied by a 2% of increase in total crop production (+37 million tonnes yr−1 including wheat, maize, rice, and soybean) in the last decade of the simulation. The identified effects of CCs on crop productivity vary widely among main crop types and N fertilizer applications, with small yield changes found in soybean systems and highly fertilized agricultural soils. Our results demonstrate the possibility of conservation agriculture when targeting long‐term environmental sustainability without compromising crop production in global croplands.

Legundi (Vitex trifolia L.) is a plant that contains essential oils. Legundi leaf essential oil has the potential as a more environmentally friendly rice lice repellent. The process of extracting essential oils from Legundi leaves uses the steam-water distillation method. The yield obtained from distillation is 0.10% with a bright yellow color, has a distinctive smell of Legundi oil with a specific gravity of 0.9065 gram/cm3. GC-MS search results showed that Legundi leaf essential oil contains 5 main components, namely 2-β-Pinene (16.18 %), trans-caryophyllene (13.75 %), β-Ocimene (11.16 %), Cyclohexanol (10.03%), and Eucalyptol (5.45%). Testing of repellent activity was carried out on rice lice with variations in volatile oil concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20%. The results of the repellent test showed that the highest percentage occurred at a concentration of 20% (P4), which was 56.7%, with an application time of 120 hours (L5). Based on this, it can be said that the greater the concentration of the essential oil used, the higher the percentage of rejection of the population, this also indicates that Legundi leaf essential oil has lice repellent activity (Sitophilus oryzae).

Improved agricultural management plays a vital role in protecting soils from degradation in eastern Africa. Changing practices such as reducing tillage, fertilizer use, or cover crops are expected to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, with climate change mitigation co-benefits, while increasing crop production. However, the quantification of cropland management effects on agricultural ecosystems remains inadequate in this region. Here, we explored seven management practices and their potential effects on soil carbon (C) pools, nitrogen (N) losses, and crop yields under different climate scenarios, using the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. The model performance is evaluated against observations from two long-term maize field trials in western Kenya and reported estimates from published sources. LPJ-GUESS generally produces soil C stocks and maize productivity comparable with measurements and mostly captures the SOC decline under some management practices that is observed in the field experiments. We found that for large parts of Kenya and Ethiopia, an integrated conservation agriculture practice (no-tillage, residue and manure application, and cover crops) increases SOC levels in the long term (+11 % on average), accompanied by increased crop yields (+22 %) in comparison to the conventional management. Planting nitrogen-fixing cover crops in our simulations is also identified as a promising individual practice in eastern Africa to increase soil C storage (+4 %) and crop production (+18 %), with low environmental cost of N losses (+24 %). These management impacts are also sustained in simulations of three future climate pathways. This study highlights the possibilities of conservation agriculture when targeting long-term environmental sustainability and food security in crop ecosystems, particularly for those with poor soil conditions in tropical climates.

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).

The Earth system model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different high-performance computing (HPC) systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new Earth system model (ESM) components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.

Modern warfare is becoming more technological and increasingly employs advanced technologies. Advances in precision location, targeting and strike, navigation, large data transmission, weapon-system range and manoeuvrability, and the growing importance of the outer space and cyber domains are collectively altering the ‘spatial dimensions’ of warfare. But are these rapidly evolving technologies and their use in defence and warfare relevant to developing nations and Africa in particular? There still exist high barriers to implementation, especially in countries with weak military research and development infrastructures. This article examines these 4IR-induced shifts in warfare thinking and practice, and focuses on the implications for Africa. It also probes the options open to states to prepare for the use of digital technologies in the warfare domain, in particular drones and their application. It concludes with a number of recommendations for African security decision-makers to enhance innovative, effective, and efficient security sectors [1].

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) from grain legumes is of significant importance in global agricultural ecosystems. Crops with BNF capability are expected to support the need to increase food production while reducing nitrogen (N) fertilizer input for agricultural sustainability, but quantification of N fixing rates and BNF crop yields remains inadequate on a global scale. Here we incorporate two legume crops (soybean and faba bean) with BNF into a dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Lund–Potsdam–Jena General Ecosystem Simulator). The performance of this new implementation is evaluated against observations from a range of water and N management trials. LPJ-GUESS generally captures the observed response to these management practices for legume biomass production, soil N uptake, and N fixation, despite some deviations from observations in some cases. Globally, simulated BNF is dominated by soil moisture and temperature, as well as N fertilizer addition. Annual inputs through BNF are modeled to be 11.6±2.2 Tg N for soybean and 5.6±1.0 Tg N for all pulses, with a total fixation of 17.2±2.9 Tg N yr−1 for all grain legumes during the period 1981–2016 on a global scale. Our estimates show good agreement with some previous statistical estimates but are relatively high compared to some estimates for pulses. This study highlights the importance of accounting for legume N fixation process when modeling C–N interactions in agricultural ecosystems, particularly when it comes to accounting for the combined effects of climate and land-use change on the global terrestrial N cycle.

Thin film of TiO2 modified Ni2+ cationic (Ni doped-TiO2) thin films were synthesized from titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and Ni(NO3)2.6H2O using the combined sol-gel and dip coating method followed by calcination at 500oC for an hour. This study aims to determine the concentration of Ni2+ and the optimum number of layers for application as self-cleaning. Frontier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometric analysis observed a shift in the vibration absorption peak of Ti-O towards a smaller wave number as an indication that the Ni2+ cationic have incorporated in the TiO2matrix in forming Ni-TiO2. Based on the of x-ray diffraction (XRD) it is known that Ni-TiO2 has anatase crystalline phase with a crystallite size of 149.20 nm. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (DRSUV-Vis) spectrophotometry showed a decrease in the bandgap energy (3.2 eV to 2.22 eV). Surface morphological by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method showed that the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) resulted in a more homogeneous distribution of particles than thin films without PEG. The self-cleaning activity of Ni-TiO2 was tested for surface hydrophilic properties by measuring the contact angle of water and oil droplets under visible light illumination.

Pembudidaya ikan pada umumnya mengalami kesulitan dalam menyediakan pakan buatan (pellet) yang berkualitas karena kurangnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam teknologi pengolahan dan pembuatan pakan alternatif. Disamping itu biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk pengadaan pakan relatif besar mencapai 70 – 80 % dari total biaya produksi. Namun penyediaan pakan sering menjadi kendala karena selain harganya yang semakin hari semakin mahal, juga kualitas pakan yang tersedia tidak selalu sesuai dengan kebutuhan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan oleh ikan. Pemberian pakan berkualitas pada ikan nila yang dibudidayakan secara intensif sangat berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas yang dihasilkan. Semakin tinggi kualitas pakan maka produksi yang dihasilkan juga akan semakin meningkat. Salah satu teknologi yang dapat diterapkan untuk mengatasi hal tersebut adalah pembuatan pakan formulated diet alternatif dengan menggunakan bahan baku lokal. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah transfer ilmu pengetahuan yang disajikan dalam kegiatan sosialisasi berupa: 1) pengenalan jenis-jenis bahan pakan ikan alternatif yang bersumber dari daerah tersebut, (2) Penyusunan formulasi pakan buatan ikan nila, (3) pelatihan teknologi pembuatan pakan buatan (pellet) serta, 4) pemantauan dan pendampingan. Sosialisasi dilakukan dalam bentuk ceramah dan dilanjutkan dengan sesi tanya jawab. Hasil kegiatan peternak mengenal jenis-jenis pakan lokal yang dapat digunakan sebagai pakan ikan, mengetahui formula pakan dan teknologi pembuatan pakan buatan alternatif. Pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang telah dimiliki pembudidaya ikan diharapkan dapat mengatasi kesulitan pembudidaya ikan dalam menyediakan pakan sehingga produksi dan usaha budidaya ikan meningkat.

Titanium dioxide-reduced graphene oxide (TiO2-rGO) was synthesized by hydrothermal method using TiO2 powder and rGO precursor from graphite rod by modified Marcano Method. The obtained TiO2-rGO photocatalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Diffuse reflectance UV (DRUV). Based on XRD diffractogram, it is known that TiO2 has an anatase crystal phase. In the FTIR spectrum, it was observed that there was an absorption peak at the wavenumber of 1630 cm-1 from the vibration (C=C) as an indication that the C atom was incorporated into the TiO2 structure. The incorporation of C atoms into the TiO2 structure to form TiO2-rGO causes the bandgap energy to decrease from 3.29 eV to 3.20 eV. The photocatalytic activity was tested against decolorization of methylene blue solution for 180 minutes under visible light illumination from a 50 watt LED lamp. Every 10 minutes, absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 664 nm. TiO2-rGO photocatalyst has better photocatalytic activity with %D of 96.39% under UV light and 84.32% under visible light illumination, while TiO2 is only able to degrade 93.87% and 36.55%, respectively.

This study reports the application of FeCuNi nano-alloy doped TiO2 synthesized via the sol-gel method as an antibacterial with a sterilization rate greater than 95% under ultra-violet (UV) irradiation. The performance was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the sterilization process of FeCuNi–TiO2 in cell suspension of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis increased the effectiveness of UV irradiation at wavelength (λ) ≥ 385 nm after 120 min. The optimum growth inhibition of FeCuNi–TiO2 was observed in the concentrations 1.5 g/L of E. coli, 1.5 g/L of S. aureus and 2.0 g/L of B. subtilis. The highest antimicrobial efficiency of FeCuNi–TiO2 powder was provided by a particle size of 16.8 nm, surface area of 70.98 m2/g. The increased antimicrobial activity in multiplied-three doped ions was related to the increase of illumination energy of UV absorption in the photo-catalyst process. The inhibition mechanism reaction of the three species of bacteria cell affects the lipid peroxidation process at the microbe cell’s wall. This was indicated by the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Lipid oxidation was based on the reaction of 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) as an indicator of primary and secondary oxidation.

Changes in land use/land cover (LULC) in watersheds of Ambon City are influenced by human activities, mostly driven by socio-economic factors. Changes in land use/land cover (LULC) in the watershed in the center of Ambon City have the potential to trigger land-use change which will have an impact on land degradation, water pollution, flooding, and erosion which will increase in the future. Therefore, the utilization and efficiency of land cover in the watershed area must be increased based on rational land cover planning. The objectives of this study were to analyze land cover changes in watersheds in Ambon City in 2012, 2017, and 2022 and predict land cover in 2031. This study used Cellular Automata Markov Chan (CA-MC) and six factors driving the development of settlements. The results showed that from 2012, 2017, and 2022, the land cover for settlements and open land in the watershed in Ambon City continued to increase, while the land cover for non-agricultural areas and agricultural areas decreased in the area. In 2031, residential land has an area of 1,863.34 ha; this is because the residential land cover will continue to increase along with population growth and high demand for land in watersheds.

The dentate gyrus is both a critical gatekeeper for hippocampal signal processing and one of the first brain regions to become dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, the appropriate balance of excitation and inhibition through the dentate is a compelling target for mechanistic investigation and therapeutic intervention in early AD. Previously, we reported an increased long-term potentiation (LTP) magnitude at medial perforant path-dentate granule cell (MPP-DGC) synapses in slices from both male and acutely ovariectomized female TgF344-AD rats compared with wild type (Wt) as early as 6 months of age that is accompanied by an increase in steady-state postsynaptic depolarization during the high-frequency stimulation used to induce plasticity. Subsequently, we found that heightened function of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) drives the increase in the LTP magnitude, but the increase in steady-state depolarization was only partially due to β-AR activation. As we previously reported no detectable difference in spine density or presynaptic release probability, we entertained the possibility that DGCs themselves might have modified passive or active membrane properties, which may contribute to the significant increase in charge transfer during high-frequency stimulation. Using brain slice electrophysiology from 6-month-old female rats acutely ovariectomized to eliminate variability due to fluctuating plasma estradiol, we found significant changes in passive membrane properties and active membrane properties leading to increased DGC excitability in TgF344-AD rats. Specifically, TgF344-AD DGCs have an increased input resistance and decreased rheobase, decreased sag, and increased action potential (AP) spike accommodation. Importantly, we found that for the same amount of depolarizing current injection, DGCs from TgF344-AD compared with Wt rats have a larger magnitude voltage response, which was accompanied by a decreased delay to fire the first action potential, indicating TgF344-AD DGCs membranes are more excitable. Taken together, DGCs in TgF344-AD rats are more excitable, which likely contributes to the heightened depolarization during high-frequency synaptic activation.

Abstract The Global Carbon Project estimates that the terrestrial biosphere has absorbed about one‐third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions during the 1959–2019 period. This sink‐estimate is produced by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models and is consistent with the land uptake inferred from the residual of emissions and ocean uptake. The purpose of our study is to understand how well terrestrial biosphere models reproduce the processes that drive the terrestrial carbon sink. One challenge is to decide what level of agreement between model output and observation‐based reference data is adequate considering that reference data are prone to uncertainties. To define such a level of agreement, we compute benchmark scores that quantify the similarity between independently derived reference data sets using multiple statistical metrics. Models are considered to perform well if their model scores reach benchmark scores. Our results show that reference data can differ considerably, causing benchmark scores to be low. Model scores are often of similar magnitude as benchmark scores, implying that model performance is reasonable given how different reference data are. While model performance is encouraging, ample potential for improvements remains, including a reduction in a positive leaf area index bias, improved representations of processes that govern soil organic carbon in high latitudes, and an assessment of causes that drive the inter‐model spread of gross primary productivity in boreal regions and humid tropics. The success of future model development will increasingly depend on our capacity to reduce and account for observational uncertainties.

Drylands cover ca. 40% of the land surface and are hypothesised to play a major role in the global carbon cycle, controlling both long-term trends and interannual variation. These insights originate from land surface models (LSMs) that have not been extensively calibrated and evaluated for water-limited ecosystems. We need to learn more about dryland carbon dynamics, particularly as the transitory response and rapid turnover rates of semi-arid systems may limit their function as a carbon sink over multi-decadal scales. We quantified aboveground biomass carbon (AGC; inferred from SMOS L-band vegetation optical depth) and gross primary productivity (GPP; from PML-v2 inferred from MODIS observations) and tested their spatial and temporal correspondence with estimates from the TRENDY ensemble of LSMs. We found strong correspondence in GPP between LSMs and PML-v2 both in spatial patterns (Pearson’s r = 0.9 for TRENDY-mean) and in inter-annual variability, but not in trends. Conversely, for AGC we found lesser correspondence in space (Pearson’s r = 0.75 for TRENDY-mean, strong biases for individual models) and in the magnitude of inter-annual variability compared to satellite retrievals. These disagreements likely arise from limited representation of ecosystem responses to plant water availability, fire, and photodegradation that drive dryland carbon dynamics. We assessed inter-model agreement and drivers of long-term change in carbon stocks over centennial timescales. This analysis suggested that the simulated trend of increasing carbon stocks in drylands is in soils and primarily driven by increased productivity due to CO2 enrichment. However, there is limited empirical evidence of this 50-year sink in dryland soils. Our findings highlight important uncertainties in simulations of dryland ecosystems by current LSMs, suggesting a need for continued model refinements and for greater caution when interpreting LSM estimates with regards to current and future carbon dynamics in drylands and by extension the global carbon cycle.

This work illustrate the solvability of the system consist of tumor cells of two types along with epithelial cells and mesenchymal densities. The role of proteins matrix metalloproteinases and extra cellular matrix are considered. Along with the square integrability of the mesenchymal epithelial transition function, the solvability is illustrated under the Faedo–Galerkin approximation method.

This paper aims to address the impact of jet impingement on nano titanium-based ENi-P composite coatings deposited through electroless deposition on AH36 steel through Taguchi design of experiments. L9 Taguchi DOE was utilised to synthesise nine coatings by varying the four process parameter combinations suggested by the technique. Jet impingement combined with AFS 50/70 quartz sand erosion experimental run was conducted on the acidic, alkaline and nine ENi-P-TiO2 composite coatings administered through a waterjet erosion tester. The influence of C14-SB type Zwitterionic surfactant and nano TiO2 were discussed along with temperature and bath pH to achieve better resistance against the jet impingement on the surface of the coatings. Analysis of variance, the S/N ratio, and interaction plots were used to determine the optimal bath input parameters to deliver the least weight loss from the erosive environment and identify its use in the marine environment. The proposed optimal coating was validated using a confirmation test, and the weight loss was reduced by more than 35% compared to the initial condition parameter (A2B2C2D2). In addition to mechanical properties, the quality of the deposits was analysed through morphological and chemical composition probed through scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-Ray analysis and powder X-Ray diffraction methods. As a result, the Composite Modified Resilience (CMR) value of ENi-P-TiO2 optimal coating was improved by over 41.17%, and its corresponding weight loss was reduced to 35% compared to the initial condition. This experiment paves the way for further study on electroless deposits and their characteristics on AH36 steel generally used for shipbuilding in commercial ships, naval, and marine associated defence applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]