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Over the last few decades, the authenticity and confidence of scientific work from around the world has been systematically corrupted by predatory journals and their affiliated publication houses. These journals predominantly prey on both aspiring and established academics and researchers from around the world, but primarily on individuals from developing countries, by aggressively soliciting manuscripts for a nominal publication fee without providing a robust editorial service or peer review system and ultimately promising fast track publication in a few days to weeks. Such journals may also diminish the opportunity for authors in developing countries from getting their original work published in legitimate journals. A majority of the work published in these pseudo journals aside from being incorrect and mundane, provide no advancement to science. But more importantly, the negative impact of these journals can have direct implications on patient health care and research.

The goal of this article is to make connections between anthropological methods and performance based on data collected in research about salsa dancing in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The text describes changes in the approach to salsa and focuses on two different dance styles practiced in two ballroom dance schools. The literature on salsa tends to favor its sound structure, leaving aside other sensory stimuli. In contrast, this article presents an ethnographic approach to salsa dancing based on notions of performance. Thus, the purpose is to contribute to dance research from an anthropological perspective. RÉSUMÉ L’article suggère des liens entre la méthode anthropologique et la performance à partir de données recueillies dans une recherche sur la salsa à Rio de Janeiro. Le texte décrit les changements dans l’approche de la salsa et se concentre sur deux types de danse spécifiques et distincts pratiqués dans deux centres de danse de salon. Les études sur la salsa mettent généralement en évidence leur structure sonore, en laissant de côté les autres impulsions sensorielles. Ce texte suggère, en revanche, une approche ethnographique de la danse salsa liée aux notions de performance. Par conséquent, l’article se donne comme objectif de apporter des contributions à la recherche sur la danse dans une perspective anthropologique. RESUMO O artigo propõe articulações entre método antropológico e performance a partir de dados coletados em uma investigação sobre a dança de salsa na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O texto narra mudanças na abordagem da salsa, centrando-se em dois modos específicos e distintos praticados em duas academias de dança de salão. A literatura sobre salsa costuma privilegiar sua estrutura sonora, deixando de lado outros estímulos sensoriais. Em contraste, no presente texto se realiza uma abordagem etnográfica da dança de salsa atrelada a noções de performance. Assim, procura-se trazer contribuições para a pesquisa em dança a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica.

Ijtihād is an important way to discover the law over new issues. The need for ijtihād in the present becomes even more important as the problem develops with the development of science and technology. Scholars (ulama) are urgently needed to discover the law over these new problems by using the correct method of ijtihād, by using texts without putting aside the reality of life and the intentions (maqāshid) behind those texts. This research aims to describe the urgency of maqāshid sharia in ijtihād. The study begins by explaining the meaning of ijtihād as well as maqashid sharia, and finally discovering the use of maqāshid sharia on the contemporary fatwas. The approach used in this research is descriptive-qualitative approach, because this study is intended to reveal and describe the meaning of ijtihād as well as maqāshid sharia, and the use of maqāshid sharia on those fatwas. By using research methods outlined above, it can be concluded that the maqāshid sharia have an important role in ijtihād. Therefore, the contemporary scholars relay on the maqashid sharia in their fatwas; in worship, transactions, family jurisprudence, modern medicine and others. Keywords: maqāshid sharia, Ijtihād, Al-Ijtihād al-Maqāshidi.

This paper aims to recall Keynes’s ideas on money. In this sense, the paper dedicates itself only to recall Keynes’s thoughts on this elements money, putting aside several debates on the topic Keynes undertook with a number of other authors. The paper’s contributions rests in offering, in a rather short length a debate previously done only in book length documents; moreover, this synthesis will be done in Portuguese, something not yet undertaken. Although this contribution might be seen as a very humble one, we argument it is not the case, as to apprehend the course of Keynes’s ideas, it will be analyzed his main economic works, namely the 1923 Tract on Monetary Reform, 1930 Treatise on Money, and 1936 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, which is not a small effort per se. The background to the discussion will be Keynes' departure from neoclassical theory throughout these works. Furthermore, the article briefly debates how Keynes has apprehended the institutional remarks of the Monetary Authority.

This study examines the risk-adjusted performance of actively managed mutual funds versus passively managed mutual funds between 1991 and 2019 and finds that there is no statistically significant difference in performance between the two types of funds when the passively managed funds are compared to competitively priced actively managed funds. The practical implication of this study is that, setting tax considerations aside, as long as investors are cost-conscious in their fund selection process, investing in passively managed funds does not meaningfully improve investor outcomes.

Teachers' duty is to teach. But in honesty, teachers do many things. Aside from relaying the information that their students need to learn, they are also responsible for handling each student with different characteristics and behaviors. Thus, it is a problem if teachers do not know how to facilitate them as well as if they do not have enough understanding of educational psychology. Knowing and understanding students' cause of different behaviors is one way for teachers to facilitate their students appropriately and can teach effectively. This article then discusses salient factors that lead student to behave in such ways. It also gives emphasis on how a teacher will become effective in teaching if she first learn the root of students' behavior.

In guideline development the evidence is more and more coming exclusively from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), while all other evidential levels are too easily brushed aside. This adopted creed is based on the radical ideas of Archibald Cochrane. Randomize until it hurts—which should presumably be read as a stimulus to perform better research—was the initial suggestion of Cochrane. This commentary is based on quotes from Cochrane’s original work. Cochrane’s statements were figured out in a long-gone era in which medical and social inequality prevailed. Adhering to the orthodoxy nowadays hurts both clinicians and patients. I doubt that this was ever Cochrane’s intention. In my opinion, the most important part of guideline development should be making inferences of the total medical content (all available evidence including expert opinion); a process that can only be done by subject experts. Methodological assessment, which is undoubtedly the most essential point in the planning of future studies, should come only second place in guideline development and should be used for grading of the evidential level, not for the decision to reject studies completely. Otherwise, far too much relevant evidence is ignored.

This study aims to explain how kerapan sapi culture can describe corporate governance from the point of view of stewardship theory. Stewardship theory states that managers will carry out their duties and responsibilities in the interests of the organization and shareholders. In this theory, the manager will put aside his personal interests. Kerapan sapi is a Madurese culture that competes for the running speed of a pair of cows using pangonong and kaleles as a place for the tokang tongko' to stand to control the cows. Tokang tongko' is a party that has an important role in creating an effective and efficient running speed of Sapi Kerap in order to become a winner, just like a company manager who is the authorized party to manage the company effectively and efficiently in order to be able to compete with competitors. Tokang tongko' is assumed to have a trustworthy, honest, and responsible nature for the trust that has been given by the owner of the cow, which is often in accordance with the theory of stewardship. Tokang tongko' will take actions in accordance with the interests of sapi kerap owners, like a manager who carries out his duties and responsibilities in the interests of shareholders.

The devastating explosion in Beirut’s port on August 4, 2020 will forever be engraved in the memory of the Lebanese people. Within moments, a city with over 5,000 years of history was in ruins. Aside from the terrible casualties, the blast impacted one of the largest concentrations of heritage buildings in the city, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. For this reason Beirut Heritage Initiative (BHI) was established in an attempt to help restore the city’s built heritage and to preserve both the urban and the social fabric of the damaged neighborhoods. BHI’s first mission was focused on emergency works such as rapid sheltering and consolidation of damaged buildings to prevent further damage due to the winter weather. After this emergency phase, BHI has engaged in partial reconstructions to enable vulnerable inhabitants to return to their homes, and a third phase has focused on full restoration projects for highly damaged buildings.

El estilo de pintura renacentista refleja todo tipo de principios, enfoques y comprensión del diseño plástico como un carácter estándar de las características históricas, políticas, religiosas, culturales y económicas de esa época. Al deshacerse de un tipo de perspectiva estricta y puramente centrada en la iglesia, los artistas del Renacimiento prácticamente comienzan a mirar la naturaleza, la ciencia, la literatura, la filosofía y, obviamente, la anatomía humana en un conjunto de mentes diferente. Una descripción razonable, equilibrada, científica y lógica de la vida humana lleva a los pintores a centrarse más en las partes del cuerpo humano. Aparte de los rostros de las figuras, las manos se convierten en partes esenciales del cuerpo para sujetar un espejo al universo interior de las figuras. Se incluyeron dentro del programa iconográfico tal que reflejaban las emociones y contemplaciones de la figura, y la conexión entre figuras y objetos. En este estudio, un examen a través de varias pinturas renacentistas arrojará luz sobre cómo los pintores como Giotto, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Francesca y más utilizaron la representación de las manos como un aparato y como un lenguaje de sus propósitos creativos. Así, se manifestará una iconografía de manos en la pintura renacentista. Renaissance style of painting reflects all types of plastic design principles, approaches and understanding as a standard character of historical, political, religious, cultural, and economic features of that era. Disposing of unadulterated strict and church focused kind of perspective, Renaissance artists practically start to look on nature, science, literature, philosophy, and obviously human anatomy in a different set of minds. Reasonable, balanced, scientific and logical portrayal of human life leads painters to focus closer on pieces of the human body. Aside from the faces of the figures, hands become essential body parts to hold a mirror to the interior universe of the figures. They were included within the iconographic program such mirrored the emotions and contemplations of the figure, and the connection among figures and objects. In this study, an examination through various Renaissance paintings will shed light on how the painters like Giotto, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Francesca, and more utilized the portrayal of hands as an apparatus and as a language of their creative purposes. Thusly, an iconography of hands in Renaissance painting will be manifested.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted higher education globally. Teaching staff have pivoted to online learning and employed a range of strategies to facilitate student success. Aside from offering a testing ground for innovative teaching strategies, the pandemic has also provided an opportunity to better understand the pre-existing conditions that enable higher education systems to be resilient-that is, to respond and adapt to disturbances in ways that retain the functions and structures essential for student success. This article presents a case study covering two transdisciplinary undergraduate courses at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia. The results highlight the importance of information flows, feedbacks, self-organisation, leadership, openness, trust, equity, diversity, reserves, social learning and nestedness. These results show that resilience frameworks developed by previous scholars are relevant to university teaching systems and offer guidance on which system features require protection and strengthening to enable effective responses to future disturbances. © The Author/s 2021.

Online news blogs and websites are becoming influential to any society as they accumulate the world in one place. Aside from that, online news blogs and websites have efficient strategies in grabbing readers’ attention by the headlines, that being so to recognize the sentiment orientation or polarity of the news headlines for avoiding misinterpretation against any fact. In this study, we have examined 3383 news headlines created by five different global newspapers. In the interest of distinguishing the sentiment polarity (or sentiment orientation) of news headlines, we have trained our model by seven machine learning and two deep learning algorithms. Finally, their performance was compared. Among them, Bernoulli naïve Bayes and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) achieved higher accuracy than other machine learning and deep learning algorithms, respectively. Such a study will help the audience in determining their impression against or for any leader or governance; and will provide assistance to recognize the most indifferent newspaper or news blogs.

Ride-sourcing services play an increasingly important role in meeting mobility needs in many metropolitan areas. Yet, aside from delivering passengers from their origins to destinations, ride-sourcing vehicles generate a significant number of vacant trips from the end of one customer delivery trip to the start of the next. These vacant trips create additional traffic demand and may worsen traffic conditions in urban networks. Capturing the congestion effect of these vacant trips poses a great challenge to the modeling practice of transportation planning agencies. With ride-sourcing services, vehicular trips are the outcome of the interactions between service providers and passengers, a missing ingredient in the current traffic assignment methodology. In this paper, we enhance the methodology by explicitly modeling those vacant trips, which include cruising for customers and deadheading for picking up them. Because of the similarity between taxi and ride-sourcing services, we first extend previous taxi network models to construct a base model, which assumes intranode matching between customers and idle ride-sourcing vehicles and thus, only considers cruising vacant trips. Considering spatial matching among multiple zones commonly practiced by ride-sourcing platforms, we further enhance the base model by encapsulating internode matching and considering both the cruising and deadheading vacant trips. A large set of empirical data from Didi Chuxing is applied to validate the proposed enhancement for internode matching. The extended model describes the equilibrium state that results from the interactions between background regular traffic and occupied, idle, and deadheading ride-sourcing vehicles. A solution algorithm is further proposed to solve the enhanced model effectively. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the model and solution algorithm. Although this study focuses on ride-sourcing services, the proposed modeling framework can be adapted to model other types of shared use mobility services.

The use of Space has drastically evolved these last ten years. Tomorrow will see easier and cheaper access to Space, satellite servicing, in-orbit manufacturing, human private spaceflights to ever increasing number of Orbital Stations, road to the Moon, Asteroids, Mars … It seems fundamental to make sure we can rely on robust, reliable, frequent and affordable access to and from LEO with both automatic systems and human missions; such systems are the bricks with which all the future operations in Space will be built. Independent human access to space from Europe for our astronauts is a key to any future in Space. It has been studied in depth since the 80's with Hermes Spaceplane, then through numerous studies, pre-development activities, and demonstrations such as ARD, X38-CRV or IXV, which now allow Europe to reconsider such an endeavor with a much higher confidence. We have worked during one year on every aspect of a European Human spaceflight system aimed at being launched from Guiana Space Center. It would be a logical addition to new orbital infrastructures in LEO which, following the ISS retirement, are already under deployment by governments and commercial entities in the US, Russia, China, India. We found out that Europe could play a very specific role, deploying a “universal” vehicle capable to visit any future LEO architecture; following its historical tradition, Europe would be in a position to cooperate potentially with everyone in LEO! We traded the various types of potential vehicles dealing with the recovery techniques for both nominal and abort cases. The launch with Ariane 6 has been looked at in detail and a particular effort has been devoted to the adaptation of the Guiana Space Center. A cautious examination of the required technologies shows that European industry is fully ready, and that most of these technologies are available. In particular, we have shown the readiness of Human-Rating systems, based on the ATV, Orion ESM and ISS pressurized modules. Even if the capability requires a significant budget, the question is to know if Europe can be left aside in the future? Such a program would release a very strong positive sign for the young generations cradled with the feats of our astronauts; it would give motivating STEM objectives to the next generation of students. As a major space power it is clearly strategic for Europe to develop independent human access to LEO in the current multipolar world.

In the art market, it is a real possibility that the conduct to be adopted in the preservation ofcontemporary art cannot be put into practice without secession with the conservation andrestoration guidelines. The aim of this study is to analyse if the most prominent professional guidelines fit into the market framework, or if it is possible to find divergences or reasons to lay aside in commercial practice. The work compared the fundamental guidelines with the practicalobjectives of the art market, qualitatively analyzing the results with the personal testimony collected from the agents of the national market on the issue raised. From this analysis, it was possible to identify the need for diagnostic models balanced with the safeguard of the commercial circumstance of the assets, seeking to develop a line of diagnostic guidelines that offer analytical usefulness to the conservator, in actions in the context of the contemporaryart market in Portugal., No mercado da arte, é real a possibilidade de a conduta a adotar na preservação da artecontemporânea, não ser possível de aplicar sem haver cisão com as diretrizes da conservação erestauro. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar se, por um lado, as orientações profissionais maispreeminentes se enquadram na lógica do mercado ou se, por outro lado, é possível encontrar noseu elenco divergências e/ou motivos de reserva da prática comercial. O trabalho confrontou osfundamentos das diretrizes com os objetivos práticos do mercado, analisando qualitativamenteas ilações com o testemunho pessoal de agentes do mercado nacional sobre a problemática levantada. Dessa análise, foi possível identificar a necessidade de modelos de diagnóstico equilibrados com a salvaguarda da circunstância comercial dos bens, procurando-se desenvolver uma linha de orientações de diagnóstico que ofereça utilidade analítica ao conservador restaurador, em atuações no contexto do mercado da arte contemporânea em Portugal.

This article explores and extrapolates an emerging concept within community practice: namely that of organic community co-production. The concept is influenced by previous uses of the term ‘organic’, specifically as applied by Tönnies in relation to certain types of community, and Gramsci in respect of a concept of leadership. Our development of the term has been generated within the context of reflective practitioner experience, located in a community-led action campaign Voice4Deptford, in South East London. The case study explores the interdisciplinary roots of this form of co-production. It highlights the way that these pre-existing principles and methods have been adapted, reflected upon and improvised in the light of 30 years’ grassroots engagement by Green to evolve a bespoke approach that we are proposing to call ‘organic community coproduction’. The case study outlines several original dimensions or modalities of community organic co-production including; stepping aside; the academic as a non-expert and giving voice. It unpacks the different elements of impact and transformation, that are consequent upon organic community co-production. These include; evidence of change; working together and community reflective time. The article concludes with a discussion of the issues involved in reframing of local power, the campaigns early successes and its continuing challenges.

The confirmation bias – “the seeking or interpreting of evidence in ways that are partial to existing beliefs, expectations, or a hypothesis in hand” (Nickerson, 1998, p. 175) – has been described by contemporary researchers as “ubiquitous” (Nickerson, 1998), “perhaps the best known and most widely accepted notion of inferential error to come out of the literature on human reasoning” (Evans, 1989, p. 41). Earlier scholars had similar insights. Here is, for instance, Francis Bacon:The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion . . . draws all things else to support and agree with it. And though there be a greater number and weight of instances to be found on the other side, yet these it either neglects and despises, or else by some distinction sets aside and rejects; in order that by this great and pernicious predetermination the authority of its former conclusions may remain inviolate.

La idea de República ha colapsado cuando los estudiosos en historia, optaron por la parcialidad al solo resaltar el papel de los personajes principales, dejando de lado a los verdaderos protagonistas de la historia. El constructo se despliega dentro del diseño cualitativo, acompañado de la teoría fundamentada en donde se recoge la ontología y la versión suigéneris de los cuatro “otros” que plantean su posición sobre el rol de la historia. La pretensión del tratado no es desmerecer el aporte de los hombres que a diario se esforzaron por mantener a pie la ciencia llamada historia, pero sí cuestionar de forma crítica su papel, al no mostrar ni presentar los acontecimientos vivenciados desde la otredad. De manera que, si hoy este tema está cambiando, existen todavía ciertas taras de seguir escribiendo desde el escritorio de cristal y la comodidad sin criterio sociohistórico; pues, de seguir así, la historia como tal está condenada a nada más que un pasado de mal aliento.

The book Beyond the Dichotomy Between Altruism and Egoism (Mangone in Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing Inc., 2020a) raised compelling comments by distinguished scholars. Some of them were, in my opinion, particularly poignant, highlighting both strengths and weaknesses of the elements addressed in the book. I aim to answer the remarks by Roberto Cipriani, Estrella Gualda, Ratiba Hadj-Moussa, Adrian Scribano, and Nikolay Zyuzev. I will leave the strengths aside and focus instead on the aspects that most attracted the reflections of the commentators, which I can summarise in three macro areas: 1) the centrality of the relationship; 2) responsibility and choices; and, finally, 3) the role of sociology. I will attempt to get to the heart of these areas with a theoretical systematization, providing a general answer to the remarks as well as addressing the specific points raised by each commentator.

Since first coming to power in May 2014, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has eagerly embraced diplomacy, travelling widely and engaging in regular bilateral and multilateral summitry with other apex leaders. His supporters have acclaimed this energetic personal diplomacy, praising it for restoring pride to India and moving the country closer to being a ‘leading power’ in the world. This chapter sets Modi’s diplomacy in context, noting that both precedent and institutional shortcomings have placed greater emphasis on prime ministerial engagement in international affairs than might be the case in other states. It explores some of the innovations of Modi’s time in office aside from his energetic travel and summitry, including new emphases on religious diplomacy and diaspora engagement. And it analyses his personal diplomacy in India’s bilateral relationships with China and Pakistan. It argues that Modi’s embrace of personal diplomacy is neither wholly new nor entirely positive, since it points to continued institutional weaknesses and has not delivered all that it has promised.

From a critical point of view, tourism activity in the parishes of Catacocha, Casanga and Yamana is limited only to natural attractions and cultural manifestations, leaving aside the vernacular architecture of the heritage houses as a possible tourism resource. In this context, the research aims to identify vernacular architecture as a resource for tourism. The methodology used was based on criteria of selection, purification, sifting and properties of housing, these criteria with qualitative and quantitative approaches, in addition the encueta was used to determine the effective demand for tourism development. The results of the research showed that the owners are willing to venture into tourism-related activities based on the use of vernacular architecture. It is concluded that the research is strategic for the authorities to take initiatives in the promotion and dissemination of this heritage that is extensive in the territory and to generate that the owners empower themselves of the great architectural wealth they possess and venture into tourism.

This study aims to generate reflection processes on the factors that influence the inclusion / exclusion processes of older adults who live in the Sergio Toral 1 cooperative in the city of Guayaquil to promote their participation and integration in their territory. This research represents a contribution to the city of Guayaquil, since it will not only benefit older adults, but, in turn, will deconstruct erroneous perceptions that society presents about aging, hoping that, through this process, direct, educate and transform the community into an inclusive group, leaving aside prejudices and stereotypes deeply rooted in culture. The research has a qualitative design with an exploratory scope. The data were collected through the application of surveys to the elderly, the inhabitants of the community (neighborhood actors), the interviews applied to the elderly, the observation and the social cartography constructed with the neighborhood leaders. Factors such as insecurity, lack of infrastructure, lack of accessible health centers, and fractured communication and interaction circuits between the population of the sector and the elderly affect the perception of exclusion of this age group.

A través de la perspectiva y obra de las “Cinco pieles” del artista y arquitecto austríaco Hundertwasser, se invita a repensar la forma de permanecer en el mundo, lo que lleva a realizar una propuesta de análisis por medio de las interfaces, dejando a un lado el ámbito tecnológico y entendiéndose como lenguajes que derivan en ‘formas de interacción’ ambiental, artística y arquitectónica. Con esto se propone una visión más compleja con respecto de las “Cinco pieles” para la significación del universo, en la que se logre la convivencia equilibrada entre el animal humano, las especies no humanas y el entorno, como un todo de permanencia común. The perspective proposed in the work of the Austrian artist and architect Hundertwasser “Five skins”, invite us to rethink the way of staying in the world, which leads to an analysis through the interfaces, leaving aside the technological field, and being understood as languages that derive in environmental, artistic and architectural “forms of interaction”. This is a complex vision about to the artist and “Five skins” for the meaning of the universe, in which a balance between the human animal, non-human species and the environment as a whole coexiste.

In Amazonian archaeological discussion the concept of tradition presupposes a keen connection between pottery styles and specific language groups. Multicultural traditions or transcultural adaptions are often pushed aside. Denise Schaan returned to the concept of horizon in order to explain a number of archaeological phenomena from a wide geographical and chronological perspective. Also in this study the concept of Polychrome Horizon is used, but it is divided between Early and Late Polychrome Horizons. At the same time an entirely new area, eastern Acre, and its archaeological sub-phase Tequinho, dated 50BC – AD200 with its polychrome pottery, are brought into the discussion.

Describing cognitive processes without reference to their neural underpinnings has led to conceptualizations that do not match how the brain functions. A data-driven re-examination of the neuroimaging literature reveals an alternate conceptual framework combining mind and brain that disrupts current neuroscientific thought.

Makerspaces have spread to schools, museums, and libraries around the world. These are spaces that make technology construction more accessible and afford practices that situate makers as everyday designers. In this paper, the connection between makerspaces and makers' everyday lives is examined. For this study, thirteen makers were interviewed about the process of their everyday maker projects, and the data material was analyzed for practices, reflections on agency, and relations to places like the makerspace, the home, and beyond. Three distinct practices have been discovered and are described. Crafting is an individual, recreative, skillful, and immersive practice that connects to an individual workspace aside from the makerspace. Connecting is a creative, object-oriented, and interventionist practice that connects to everyday life situations open for inventions. Commoning is a social and communal practice that connects to the makerspace community. The makers' practices inform a discussion of the agency the makerspace enables, and the spatial practices that both enable and constrain actions. Also, because makerspaces are places that intend to make technology construction accessible and inclusive, diversity in maker communities, barriers to inclusion, and strategies to overcome these are discussed.