Search

Coccidioidomycosis, listed as a priority mycosis by the WHO, is endemic in the United States but often overlooked in Central and South America. Employing a multi-institutional approach, we investigate how disease characteristics, pathogen genetic variation, and environmental factors impact coccidioidomycosis epidemiology and outcomes in South America. We identified 292 cases (1978-2021) and 42 outbreaks in Piauí and Maranhão states, Brazil, the largest series outside the US/Mexico epidemic zone. The male-to-female ratio was 57.4:1 and the most common activity was armadillo hunting (91.1%) 4 to 30 days before symptom onset. Most patients (92.8%) exhibited typical acute pulmonary disease, with cough (93%), fever (90%), and chest pain (77%) as predominant symptoms. The case fatality rate was 8%. Our negative binomial regression model indicates that reduced precipitation levels in the current (p = 0.015) and preceding year (p = 0.001) predict heightened incidence. Unlike other hotspots, acidic soil characterizes this region. Brazilian strains differ genomically from other C. posadasii lineages. Northeastern Brazil presents a distinctive coccidioidomycosis profile, with armadillo hunters facing elevated risks. Low annual rainfall emerges as a key factor in increasing cases. A unique C. posadasii lineage in Brazil suggests potential differences in environmental, virulence, and/or pathogenesis traits compared to other Coccidioides genotypes.

Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis is an invasive mycosis included in WHO’s priority list. It is endemic and notifiable in the United States but neglected in Central and South America. We used a multi-institutional approach to assess whether disease characteristics, genetic variation in the pathogen or environmental factors affects the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis and disease outcomes throughout the American continent. We identified 292 patients with coccidioidomycosis between 1978 and 2021 in the Piauí and Maranhão states of Brazil; the largest cases series reported outside the US/Mexico epidemic range. The male-to-female ratio was 57.4:1 and the main risk factor was armadillo hunting (91.1%) 4 to 30 days before symptom onset. Forty-two outbreaks involving two to six patients were observed. Most patients (92.8%) presented typical acute pulmonary disease, followed by disseminated (3.4%), chronic pulmonary (2.4%) and regressive pulmonary (1.4%). The most frequent clinical symptoms were cough (93%), fever (90%) and chest pain (77%). Mortality was observed in 8% of the patients. In 2004, and between 2015 and 2017, we observed a spike in coccidioidomycosis in Brazil, particularly in the state of Piauí. Unlike other main hotspots, the soil is acidic in this region and precipitation (p = 0.015) and precipitation one-year prior (p = 0.001) were predictors of higher coccidioidomycosis rates. The Brazilian strains are genotypically divergent from other described C. posadasii within the Texas/Mexico/South America clade. Coccidioidomycosis in Northeastern Brazil has a specific infection profile and armadillo hunters are at higher risk. Low pluviosity and extensive drought appear key to increasing the number of cases in Brazil. A unique C. posadasii lineage exists in Brazil; therefore, environmental, virulence, and/or pathogenesis traits may differ from other Coccidioides genotypes.

Pythiosis is a disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum, mainly reported in equines, dogs and humans and directly transmitted through contaminant zoospores in aquatic environments. We report the first outbreak of equine pythiosis in five equines. Wound samples were submitted for diagnostic testing including mycological culture and nested PCR. Treatment approaches consisted of conventional and alternative therapies. Microbiological analyses were performed using water samples from the riverbanks close to where the animals had grazed. All animals were positive for P. insidiosum cultures, and two animals responded successfully to alternative therapy (ozone therapy). After culture and molecular analysis of environmental samples, the presence of P. insidiosum in one section of the Tietê River was confirmed through a 99% sequence identity. Phylogenetic analyses using the cytochrome oxidase II gene showed that the animal isolates clustered in clade I and the environmental isolates clustered in clade III. Although the environmental and wound isolates belonged to different genetic clades, we concluded that the Tietê River is an important source of infection by P. insidiosum and that research concerning environmental isolation of P. insidiosum from rivers and lakes should be strongly facilitated in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pythiosis is a disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum, mainly reported in equines, dogs and humans and directly transmitted through contaminant zoospores in aquatic environments. We report the first outbreak of equine pythiosis in five equines. Wound samples were submitted for diagnostic testing including mycological culture and nested PCR. Treatment approaches consisted of conventional and alternative therapies. Microbiological analyses were performed using water samples from the riverbanks close to where the animals had grazed. All animals were positive for P. insidiosum cultures, and two animals responded successfully to alternative therapy (ozone therapy). After culture and molecular analysis of environmental samples, the presence of P. insidiosum in one section of the Tietê River was confirmed through a 99% sequence identity. Phylogenetic analyses using the cytochrome oxidase II gene showed that the animal isolates clustered in clade I and the environmental isolates clustered in clade III. Although the environmental and wound isolates belonged to different genetic clades, we concluded that the Tietê River is an important source of infection by P. insidiosum and that research concerning environmental isolation of P. insidiosum from rivers and lakes should be strongly facilitated in Brazil., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)