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Cytokeratins are intermediate fi lament proteins found in epithelial cells. Specifi c cytokeratin expression has been suggested to mark diff erent epithelial cell line and also to associate with mammary stem/progenitor cells. However, a comparative analysis of the expression of cytokaratins in the mammary gland during the late lactation and involution periods was limited. Here, the aim of the present study is to evaluate CK8, CK18 and CK19 expressions of the mammary gland in cows during late lactation and involution periods, immunohistochemically. Th e lobe and lobule structure were prominent in the mammary tissue in the late lactation period, but the amount of connective tissue started to increase, and epithelial cells found on the walls of the alveoli had diff erent appearances based on their secretion status. Th e walls of the ducts were covered by simple columnar epithelial cells during late lactation. CK8 and CK18 showed strong expressions in the epithelial cells of several alveoli and ducts inside the lobes and lobules in the late lactation and involution periods. In both late lactation and involution periods, there was no CK19 expression in the mammary gland tissue. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that CK8 and CK18 were expressed in the alveolar and ductal epithelial cells of the mammary gland in cows in the late lactation and involution periods, but CK19 was not expressed. Th us, our study fi ndings revealed the role of CK8 and CK18 in mammary epithelial diff erentiation and maintenance of the normal mammary epithelial layer.

Abstract: In addition to its many functions, the placenta is characterized by the intensity and characteristics of its hormonal functions. It has been reported that the development and vascularization of the placenta with normal fetal growth is regulated by many factors such as growth factors, transcriptional factors, and homeobox proteins. This study was conducted to determine the distribution and possible physiological roles of HOXA11 and HLX in the uterus and placenta of pregnant cows. In this study, 27 pregnant Holstein breed cow uteri and placentas obtained from private slaughterhouses were used as tissue samples. In order to determine the pregnancy period of the obtained uterus, the ages of the fetuses were calculated according to the age calculation formula. The uteri were classified under three different groups as the first (69-89 days), second (99-178 days), and third (190-269 days) periods of pregnancy so that there are 9 animals in each group. Tissue samples were then subjected to immunohistochemistry to demonstrate the presence of HOXA11 and HLX proteins. It was observed that HOXA11 and HLX immunoreactions occurred prominently in the luminal and glandular epithelial cells of the uterus during pregnancy, and the maternal epithelial cells of the placenta and UTC and TGC/BNCs. In addition, it was determined that HOXA11 immunoreaction also formed in some vascular endothelial cells. Immunohistochemical findings in this study suggested that Hoxa11 and HLX may affect the proliferation and differentiation of cells in the uterus and placenta during pregnancy in cows, and that these proteins may contribute to normal uterine physiology, placentation formation, and continuity of pregnancy in cows. Key words: Hox proteins; HOXA11; HLX; placenta IMUNOLOKALIZACIJA PROTEINOV HOXA11 IN HLX V POSTELJICI KRAVE MED BREJOSTJO Izvleček: Za posteljico so poleg številnih funkcij značilne intenzivnost in karakteristike njenih hormonskih funkcij. Poročali so,da razvoj in ožiljenost posteljice pri normalni rasti ploda uravnavajo številni dejavniki, kot so rastni dejavniki, transkripcijski djavniki in homeoboks proteini. Ta študija je bila izvedena z namenom določiti porazdelitev in morebitno fiziološko vlogo protnov HOXA11 in HLX v maternici in posteljici brejih krav. Za vzorce tkiv smo uporabili maternice in posteljice 27 krav pasem Holstein, pridobljenih v zasebnih klavnicah. Obdobje brejosti smo izračunali na podlagi starosti plodov po formuli. Maternice smoglede na obdobje brejosti uvrstili v tri skupine po 9 vzorcev: 1 (69-89 dni), 2 (99-178 dni) in 3 (190-269 dni). Prisotnost proteinoHOXA11 in HLX v vzorcih tkiv smo preverili z imunohistokemijo. Proteini HOXA11 in HLX so bili prisotni predvsem v luminalnihin žleznih epitelijskih celicah maternice ter v epitelijskih celicah maternalne posteljice, UTC in TGC/BNC. Prisotnost HOXA1je bila zaznavna tudi v nekaterih žilnih endotelijskih celicah. Rezultati imunohistokemije v tej študiji kažejo na morebiten vplivproteinov HOXA11 in HLX na proliferacijo in diferenciacijo celic v maternici in posteljici krav med brejostjo in na morebitno vlogoteh proteinov pri normalni fiziologiji maternice, nastanku posteljice in vztrajanju brejosti pri kravah. Ključne besede: proteini Hox; HOXA11; HLX; posteljica

Copyright of Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine / Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In all mammals, including humans, the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital and urinary systems are the gateway for infectious agents. Against these factors cause diseases, mucosal surfaces are covered with a slimy substance called mucus, which acts as a physiochemical barrier. The study was conducted to investigate the types and distributions of mucins secreted in the bovine uterus and cervix during the follicle and luteal phases of the sexual cycle. For this purpose, organs of 23 healthy Holstein cows were used. After the tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, paraffin was embedded following routine histological procedures. In both cervix and the uterus, the mucins were more dominant in luminal epithelial and gland epithelial cells during the luteal phase than those of the follicular phase. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Aldehyde Fuchsin (AF) were dominant in the cervix during the luteal phase. Uterinal gland epithelial cells reacted more intensely in both follicular and luteal phases in the Best's Carmine staining. In Periodic acid-Phenilhydrazine-Schiff (PAPS) staining, there was no staining of gland epithelial cells in the uterus during sexual cycle. As a result, bovine cervix and uterine mucosae secreted neutral, sulphated acid mucins, Nacetyl sialomucins and glycogen at varying densities during sexual cycle, while carboxylated acid mucins were not present. Considering the physiological functions of the mucus, we can say that they are also involved in creating a protective barrier in the cervix and uterine mucosa and during the implantation periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University / Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of University of Kafkas, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The principal aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between miR-149 T>C (rs2292832) and miR-196a2 C>T (rs11614913) small non-coding RNA polymorphisms and the risk of developing CRC in the Azerbaijani population. The study included 120 patients diagnosed with CRC and 125 healthy individuals. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all the subjects in EDTA tubes and DNA extraction was performed by salting out. Polymorphisms were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. While comparing without gender distinction no statistical correlation was found between the heterozygous TC (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.37–1.15; p = 0.142), mutant CC (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.62–2.45; p = 0.550), and mutant C (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.72–1.49; p = 0.859) alleles of the miR-149 gene and the CT (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.69–2.20; p = 0.485), mutant TT (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.67–2.47; p = 0.452), and mutant T (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.82–1.67; p = 0.388) alleles of the miR-196a2 gene and the risk of CRC. However, among women, miR-149 TC (OR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.19–1.01; p = 0.048) correlated with a reduced risk of CRC, whereas miR-196a2 CT (OR = 2.77; 95% CI = 1.13–6.79; p = 0.025) correlated with an increased risk of CRC. Our findings indicated that miR-149 T>C (rs2292832) might play a protective role in the development of CRC in female patients, whereas the miR-196a2 (rs11614913) polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of CRC in women in the Azerbaijani population, highlighting the importance of gender dimorphism in cancer etiology.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members are responsible for endothelial cells' growth, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and differentiation and proliferation of non-endothelial cell types. VEGF and its receptors are found in mammalian lymphoid organs. The present study was conceived to determine (a) the presence and localization of angiogenic VEGF and its receptors (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 [Flt1/fms], fetal liver kinase 1 [Flk1]/kinase insert domain receptor [KDR], Fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 [Flt4]) and vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) in the quail spleen; and (b) whether their expressions in the spleen components change during the post-hatching growth of the organ, using immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that VEGI, VEGF, and VEGF receptors were expressed in many components, including the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, ellipsoid-associated cells (EACs), and immune cells, of quail spleen and that VEGF and its receptors' immunostaining intensity scores (ISs) varied depending on the post-hatching growth period, while VEGI-IS did not change. In addition, ISs of VEGI, VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4 in EACs were weak to moderate, while flk1/KDR-IS in EACs adjacent to the capsule of Schweigger-Seidel sheaths (ellipsoids) was higher than other proteins, supports a more important and specific role of Flk1/KDR in the EAC function. These specific expressions of VEGI, VEGF, flt1/fms, flk1/KDR, and flt4 proteins in splenic cell types suggest their particular roles, in the functional development of splenic components and thus, are critical to post-hatching maturation of quail spleen. These findings indicate that the expression levels of VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4, except Flk1/KDR, are low in the quail spleen, and only a few components of the spleen express VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4 under normal conditions., (© 2024 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for Anatomy.)