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The presence of non-Arctic and non-European countries in the Arctic has been growing over the past two decades. Given the geographic distance of these countries from the polar region, their presence in the High North may seem surprising. In this article, we study the presence in Svalbard of scientists from different origins and how they interact through an analysis of the field missions in which they are involved. Combining network analysis and interviews, we highlight the role of the stations located in the archipelago for access to the field and the cooperation strategies of scientists, including those from countries that do not have stations above the Arctic Circle. We tackle issues of integration in this area by empirically discussing three logics: (1) scientific autonomy, (2) core-periphery structure, and (3) regional patterns of cooperation, thus going beyond an approach strictly limited to the analysis of science diplomacy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that, led by the U.S., a transformation of trans-Atlantic counter-terrorism (CT) has occurred since 9/11. However, a theoretically informed framework for understanding how this has happened remains elusive. Using post-Fordist industrial theory and new evidence collected from senior practitioners across the trans-Atlantic space, this article provides a novel conceptual framework for understanding how states have transformed CT organization since 9/11, primarily in response to global jihadism. It shows how many of these solutions are remarkably similar and based on post-Fordist business and/or military best practices, including centralization and decentralization; integration of core and periphery workforces; a network approach to knowledge sharing; and outsourcing. The conclusion discusses the effectiveness of these solutions and their use in meeting new policy challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the economic resilience of cities in Hubei province during the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing highway nighttime lights as a proxy indicator. By February 2020, the pandemic had caused a significant economic contraction in Hubei. However, by May 2021, a strong recovery was observed, with most cities experiencing growth rates of over 20%. Despite initially similar responses to the crisis, this study reveals significant heterogeneity in economic resilience across the examined cities in Hubei. The spatial distribution follows a core-periphery structure, with Wuhan exhibiting greater resistance to economic shocks compared to peripheral cities. Furthermore, the response capacity within the Wuhan urban agglomeration area exhibits regional variations. In summary, lockdown policies had spatially varied impacts on economic resilience across Hubei's cities. These results offer valuable insights into regional economic resilience and contribute to the formulation of strategies aimed at effectively addressing future unforeseen events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the worldwide trade network for polysilicon has undergone significant modifications as a result of the PV industry's explosive growth under the global carbon neutrality target. Based on the complex network theory, this research investigates the dynamics of the global polysilicon trade network and its driving factors. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, the network's overall average path distance is tiny and the clustering coefficient is high, the traits of a "small world" are demonstrated; the "rich club" is evident because the nodal countries' in and out degrees kernel density is single-peaked to the right and follows a long-tail feature; Secondly, China is one of the key core countries, and the network's Core-Periphery structure is constant, with a rising share of core countries and a declining share of periphery countries; Thirdly, the QAP regression results demonstrate that the combined effects of economic size, trade scale, installed PV capacity, CO2 emissions, and environmental performance have a significant impact on the dynamic evolution of polysilicon trade networks. Differences in economic size and trade scale across nations have a large limiting effect, but differences in PV installation, CO2 emissions, and environmental performance have a considerable stimulating effect. China should seize the chance to become the hub of its global trade network, capitalize on geographic closeness to deepen trade relations, inject more "China factors" and actively promote global collaboration and chain integration in the PV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on national agricultural trade panel data of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) countries from 2002 to 2020, the structural characteristics of the RCEP national agricultural trade spatial network are reconstructed by the social network analysis method in this paper. Specifically, the characteristics consist of overall characteristics, individual characteristics, core-periphery structure analysis, and block models. Moreover, the influence factors on the agricultural trade network are also examined by the QAP regression model. The conclusions are summarized as follows. Firstly, the agricultural trade in RCEP countries has significant spatial correlation, showing favorable stability and accessibility. Secondly, Australia, China, Thailand, and Vietnam are the central actor's leading position in the correlation network. While Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and other countries are in the marginal position. Thirdly, the network can be divided into four blocks, including the net benefit block, the two-way spillover block, the broker block, and the net spillover block. The spillover effect between the blocks is transitive. And finally, geographical distance, economic and social conditions, resource endowment, and language proximity index significantly impact the RCEP agricultural trade network structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium has broad applications in several emerging industries and fields, including high energy batteries, energy storage, aerospace, and controlled nuclear reactions. Currently, the discrepancy between the supply and demand for lithium resources increases, and its distribution is uneven. Within the framework of the "Belt and Road" Initiative, the lithium trade pattern evolves constantly. However, the trade pattern of lithium in the nations along the "Belt and Road" is likely to face substantial repercussions in modern world of unilateral protectionism and geopolitical conflicts. Taking the social network analysis approach as a tool, this study first examines the characteristics of the lithium trade network structure as it has evolved over the years in the Belt and Road countries, from 2000 to 2022. Additionally, this study uses the quadratic assignment problem approach to analyze the factors influencing the evolution of the lithium trade network. The study shows that: (1) The spatial patterns of import and export trade network of lithium in countries along the route has a certain path dependence. And the market is mainly concentrated in East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, South America and Southeast Asia. (2) The network density of the countries along the route has increased year after year, but it remains low. And the fluctuation of the network's reciprocity has increased, with a huge magnitude of variation. The number of core countries in the network has decreased over time, but the core-periphery structure has stayed largely steady. China, Chile, and South Korea are the network's main node countries. (3) Regarding the influencing factors, the differences in economic and technological development between these countries have a beneficial impact on the formation of lithium trade; whether or not regional trade agreements have been signed, the differences about average tax rates for mineral products, bordering countries, and similar languages and cultures are all conducive to the establishment of close trade links. The contribution of this essay is of paramount importance for understanding different countries' role along the Belt and Road in the lithium trade network pattern, and promoting regional trade cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a model of network formation in which agents create links following a simple heuristic — they invest their limited resources proportionally more in neighbours who have fewer links. This decision rule captures the notion that when considering social value more connected agents are on average less beneficial as neighbours and node degree is a useful proxy when payoffs are difficult to compute. The decision rule illustrates an externalities effect whereby an agent's actions also influence his neighbours' neighbours. Besides complete networks and fragmented networks with complete components, the pairwise stable networks produced by this model include many non-standard ones with characteristics observed in real life networks like clustering and irregular components. Multiple stable states can develop from the same initial structure — the stable networks could have cliques linked by intermediary agents while sometimes they have a core–periphery structure. The observed pairwise stable networks have close to optimal welfare. This limited loss of welfare is due to the fact that when a link is established, this is beneficial to the linking agents, but makes them less attractive as neighbours for others, thereby partially internalising the externalities the new connection has generated. • A network formation model of heuristic allocation of scarce resources is proposed. • Besides networks of complete components, many non-standard networks are pairwise stable. • The observed pairwise stable networks have close to optimal welfare. • The pairwise stable networks exhibit clustering and can have irregular components. • The stable networks can have cliques linked by intermediaries or a core–periphery structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of talent is crucial in shaping the spatial patterns of industries. ‘Industries following talent’ has emerged as a new trend. However, a unified analytical framework for the causal logic between industrial and talent agglomeration is still lacking, and the micro-level mechanisms of their interaction remain theoretically unexplored. This paper extends the footloose entrepreneur (FE) model in new economic geography by relaxing the strong assumption of simultaneous mobility of talent and firms. It incorporates the driving mechanism of local quality in new spatial economics and the heterogeneity of talent. By establishing a general spatial equilibrium analytical framework, this paper explores the interactions of heterogeneous talent agglomeration and its micro-level mechanisms affecting industrial agglomeration. The conclusions are as follows: low-skilled talent is more likely to generate agglomeration incentives than high-skilled talent and serves as a precursor for initiating and sustaining the agglomeration of manufacturing industries; when trade costs are high, the agglomeration of low-skilled talent exerts a crowding-out effect on high-skilled talent and weakens the industrial agglomeration pattern; conversely, when trade costs are low, low-skilled talent exerts an inducement effect on high-skilled talent and strengthens the industrial agglomeration pattern; due to the differing agglomeration thresholds faced by heterogeneous talent and their interdependent distribution, the economy does not necessarily form symmetric equilibria and core-periphery structures; instead, it may result in interior equilibria characterized by the agglomeration of low-skilled talent and the dispersion of high-skilled talent, and the scattered distribution of industries; the heterogeneity in the type distribution of talent acts as a dispersive force on regional industrial patterns, while the efficiency heterogeneity of talent acts as an agglomerative force. It is recommended that local governments prioritize talent first, attract industries through talent, and formulate strategies for talent introduction tailored to local conditions. Additionally, they should focus on promoting trade integration to reduce trade costs for enterprises. Furthermore, the government should enhance and improve human capital growth channels for lower-tier talent and ordinary workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the sovereign crisis of the Euro debt crisis era, and we address the existence of the relationship of CDS and bond markets sovereign credit risk pricing for selected core and periphery EMU countries, during and after the 2009 EMU crisis. We study this relationship in conjunction to geopolitical risk as a measure of macroeconomic uncertainty. We use daily observations for several bond maturities and CDS premium with reference to the core (France and Germany) versus periphery EMU countries (Portugal, Italy, Ireland Spain, and Greece) for the period 2009 to 2014. To measure global geopolitical risk, we employ the Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) global geopolitics index (GPR). Using alternative econometric approaches, we find adequate evidence of volatility spillovers between the geopolitical risk index and sovereign risk markets mainly during the crisis period (2009–2012) and weaker during the easing of the eurozone debt crisis period (2012–2014). Moreover, based on Granger causality the estimation of the short‐ term dynamics reveals a significant linkage during the post‐crisis period rather than during crisis. During the crisis period, we found significant dynamic responses between GPR and bond yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and dissolution of market categories are explained through segregated processes of cognitive, social and political categorization. We argue that market categories are in constant categorization processes that occur simultaneously day by day, following the ontological philosophy of becoming. With interdisciplinary research and inspired by multi-sited ethnography, we used more than 21 hours of recorded material, media articles, Facebook comments and visual representations to study the dynamics of the contemporary art market category through the becoming of Diva, land art in Pernambuco, Brazil. We highlight five theoretical contributions: (i) the difference between the speed of change at the core and periphery of a category; (ii) the speed of change as the intensity of interactional processes; (iii) cognitive categorization as apparent stability; (iv) the similarity between the socio-material structure of members and their respective category; (v) dynamics of a category as a result of cognitive and sociopolitical categorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four centuries of precolonial diplomatic, economic, and military African–European relations have been neglected in international relations. Refuting common presumptions about European dominance, before, during, and after the heyday of the Atlantic slave trade, African rulers and merchants were generally in a position of equality or superiority in their relations with Europeans. Contrary to expectations that long-term interaction promotes homogenization via institutional diffusion from core to periphery, Africans generally eschewed European political, economic, and military models such as the Westphalian state, the corporation, and the salaried standing army. Instead, they utilized external opportunities in ways that reinforced evolving local differences, or adopted institutions from the Islamic world; Europeans in Africa were more likely to adopt African models than vice versa. That African polities held out against European dominance longer than larger, richer, and more militarily powerful Asian polities, and that stateless African societies held out longest of all, brings into question fundamental assumptions about survival under international anarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autologous-engineered artificial tissues constitute an ideal alternative for radical surgery in terms of natural anticoagulation, self-repair, tissue regeneration, and the possibility of growth. Previously, we focused on the development and practical application of artificial tissues using "in-body tissue architecture (iBTA)", a technique that uses living bodies as bioreactors. This study aimed to further develop iBTA by fabricating tissues with diverse shapes and evaluating their physical properties. Although the breaking strength increased with tissue thickness, the nominal breaking stress increased with thinner tissues. By carving narrow grooves on the outer periphery of an inner core with narrow grooves, we fabricated approximately 2.2 m long cord-shaped tissues and net-shaped tissues with various designs. By assembling the two inner cores inside the branched stainless-steel pipes, a large graft with branching was successfully fabricated, and its aortic arch replacement was conducted in a donor goat without causing damage. In conclusion, by applying iBTA technology, we have made it possible, for the first time, to create tissues of various shapes and designs that are difficult using existing tissue-engineering techniques. Thicker iBTA-induced tissues exhibited higher rupture strength; however, rupture stress was inversely proportional to thickness. These findings broaden the range of iBTA-induced tissue applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper invokes Edward Said's notion of counterpoint to present a transnational sociological account of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. This contrapuntal reading raises questions of sovereignty, violence, and identity, which—filtered through a political sociological lens—offer novel perspectives on the power of empire and colonialism in relation to these key IR categories. Specifically, I argue that the Spanish colonial frontier in Morocco served as a laboratory for distinctive expressions of transnational state-building, violence, and identity-formation, which were reproduced in the metropolitan heartlands of the Iberian Peninsula during the interwar years. The complex interaction between core and periphery in this period had momentous implications for both Spanish and Moroccan history, many of which continue to play out in contemporary politics across the Gibraltar Strait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This inductive research sheds light on the nature of the political ecology of offshore extractives as well as the symptomatic expenses borne by small-scale ocean users and the integrity of marine ecosystems. A literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies and theories on the social construction of the ocean, world systems theory, social performance requirements in offshore extractives, and broad economic drivers of inequality. Thematic analysis was then employed to examine the qualitative data collected from the literature review. Phenomena identified from primary, secondary, and gray sources were integrated into a supportive theoretical work regarding oceanic spatial allocation from the world's core states. It was found that the asymmetrical nature of marine tenure in offshore extractives in part contributes to leaving the world's 60 million artisanal ocean users and the most biologically productive portions of periphery and semi-periphery state waters subject to appropriation, often in favor of core states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Going beyond the conventional approach that locates imperial geographies at either the center or periphery of overseas colonization, this article focuses on coloniality in fin de siècle Hungary to examine the complex negotiation of the colonial project on the global semiperiphery. As a junior partner in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Hungary was simultaneously both an object of Western Europe's orientalizing gaze and an agent of its own civilizing mission on the nation's periphery and in the Balkans. Adopting a decolonial framework, we investigate how Hungarian geographers fit themselves into the colonial paradigm and examine their shifting and ambiguous relationship to colonial notions. Beginning with the institutionalization of Hungarian geography in the 1870s and ending with the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I, we explore this evolving relationship in light of three factors: (1) the attitudes of Hungarian geographers toward Western imperialism in general and Austro-Hungarian imperialism in the Balkans in particular; (2) the diverse perspectives of Hungarian geographers as thinkers embedded in an epistemic community on the global semiperiphery; and (3) their perspectives on ethno-nationalist conceptualizations of national space. Offering critical insight into the history of fin de siècle Hungarian geography, our study also opens the possibility for comparative discussions regarding the semiperipheral coloniality of other broadly similar cases and the decolonizing of semiperipheral geographies and their pasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network analysis can be a powerful tool to better understand the social context of terrorist activities, and it may also offer potential leads for agencies to intervene. Our access to Dutch police information allows us to analyse the relational features of two networks that include actors who planned acts of terrorism and were active in the dissemination of a Salafi-Jihadi interpretation of Islam (n = 57; n = 26). Based on a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative and more formal statistical analysis (exponential random graph models), we analyse the structural characteristics of these networks, individual positions and the extent to which radical leaders, pre-existing family and friendship ties and radicalizing settings affect actors to form ties. We find that both networks resemble a core–periphery structure, with cores formed by a densely interconnected group of actors who frequently meet in radicalizing settings. Based on our findings, we discuss the potential effects of preventive and repressive measures developed within the Dutch counterterrorism framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the tourism economy, causing a severe global shock and effects on tourism mobility unevenly geographically distributed across regions. This paper detects changes in the global tourism flows network (GTN) in the period 2018-2020 due to COVID-19 and explains the GTN dynamics from a network science perspective. The analysis reveals the effect of underlying economic geography, as the pandemic introduced a new social distancing friction that induced centrifugal forces to the tourism network. The network’s topological pattern was described by small-world network characteristics before the pandemic outbreak, while during the pandemic there was a statistically significant reshape into more lattice-like characteristics accompanied by peripheral markets expansion of local hierarchy. The findings also demonstrate a reduction in the number of tourism flows and spatial connectivity, a simplification of the macroeconomic travel behavior, and a resilient performance of the main tourism hubs shaping and a distinctive core-periphery network structure. Overall, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the response of tourism mobility to the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of global environmental challenges and sustainable development goals, this paper pioneers the application of social network analysis to the study of spatial associations in China's agricultural green development. It not only enhances the understanding of the spatial interconnectivity and network structural characteristics of agricultural green developments, but also captures the complex dependencies and interactions among provinces through a network lens, offering a fresh perspective on regional agricultural cooperation and competition. The study reveals: (1) The spatial network of China's agricultural green development displays strong overall connectivity and enhanced stability, with regional green development trends becoming increasingly interlinked and interdependent. (2) The network exhibits a clear hierarchical and core-periphery structure which, over time, shows signs of diminishing, indicating a narrowing of developmental disparities among regions. (3) Significant shifts in the roles and positions of provinces within the network occur due to the relocation of industrial focal points and adjustments in development strategies, highlighting the complexity of dynamic changes among regions. (4) The spatial association network can be divided into four main clusters: Net spillover block, Bidirectional spillover block, Net beneficial block, and Broker block, with significant gradient characteristics in the relationships between these clusters, suggesting directional and differential flows and exchanges of resources and information among regions. (5) Geographic proximity, economic development level, informatization, and agricultural technological advancement significantly influenced the development and structural evolution of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yangmingism, a crucial component of Chinese Confucianism, has profoundly impacted the development of Eastern civilization throughout history and gained new significance within modern contexts. This study employs social network and GIS spatial analyses to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution and patterns of Yangmingism during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Conclusions drawn include: (1) Yangmingism spread during the Ming and Qing dynasties followed five phases (rise-peak-decline-revival-trough), consistent with general cultural diffusion processes. (2) The spatial structure of regions accepting Yangmingism changed from polycentric to localized ribbon-polycentric, then to monocentric, polycentric, and ultimately, fragmented distribution. Diffusion began with a point-axis structure along traffic routes, transitioned to a core-periphery spatial structure, and returned to a point-axis structure due to reduced diffusion potential energy. (3) Yangmingism diffusion exhibited distance decay characteristics, with the most extensive diffusion in the Han cultural region, primarily located within the middle and lower reaches of the Ganjiang River basin and the Yangtze River Delta. (4) Yangmingism diffusion reflected influences from local administrative hierarchies and cultural development. During the rise-to-peak phase, Yangmingism reached areas with higher administrative and cultural levels, while during the peak-to-decline phase, it disseminated from higher to lower hierarchy regions. (5) The spatial diffusion of Yangmingism is mainly relocation diffusion, followed by expansion diffusion. In the process of relocation diffusion, Yangmingism may reverse the diffusion from the "target regions" to the "source regions" due to the influence of the radiation of the high-ranking regions and the cultural innovation of the "target regions". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the friendship paradox in the context of random walks and paths. Among our results, we give an equality connecting long-range degree correlation, degree variability, and the degree-wise effect of additional steps for a random walk on a graph. Random paths are also considered, as well as applications to acquaintance sampling in the context of core-periphery structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of economic crisis, academics, policy-makers, and pundits often debate the correct level and best use of government debt. This paper argues structural political and economic factors grant core economies more fiscal space than peripheral economies. While the federal governments of the US, Germany, and other core economies may easily issue and sell debt in private markets, smaller economies, both municipalities within countries, and countries in the global periphery, are more vulnerable to demand fluctuations. All economies may benefit from explicit commitments by monetary authorities to resume their historic roles as governments' banks, especially during crises. By highlighting present political constraints, monetary structures, and market factors that may inhibit governments' successful placement of bonds, this paper deepens present debate about the potential feasibility of functional finance to facilitate fiscal activity, even in unprecedented times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article focuses on Raúl Prebisch's center and periphery framework, connecting his early, mid-career, and later work to cast a different light on one of his most enduring contributions. Using an original institutional economics approach, the article shows that Prebisch held a structuralist perspective throughout his career, but while early on he maintained a standard structuralist position, by the 1960s Prebisch embraced a less rigid version of structuralism, understanding the relationship between center and periphery through a multi-layered analysis. A movement in such direction enriches economic theory, creating a dynamic framework that views social, economic, and political transformation as a result of interactive actions (Lawson [1997]. Economics and Reality. London: Routledge) between agents and structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs the established momentum transport analysis at ASDEX Upgrade [Zimmermann et al., Nucl. Fusion 63, 124003 (2023)] to investigate the parametric variations of the momentum transport coefficients in the core of H-mode plasmas. These experimental results are compared to a comprehensive database of gyrokinetic calculations. Generally, good agreement between predicted and measured diffusive and convective transport coefficients is found. The predicted and measured Prandtl numbers correlate most dominantly with the magnetically trapped particle fraction. The experimentally inferred pinch numbers strongly depend on the logarithmic density gradient and magnetic shear, consistent with the theoretical predictions of the Coriolis pinch. The intrinsic torque from residual stress in the inner core is small, scales with the local logarithmic density gradient, and the data indicate a possible sign reversal. In the outer periphery of the core, the intrinsic torque is always co-current-directed and scales with the pressure gradient. This is consistent with prior experimental findings and global, non-linear gyrokinetic predictions. It suggests that profile shearing effects generate the intrinsic torque in the inner core. Toward the outer core, most likely, effects from E × B -shearing become more influential. These results offer the first comprehensive picture of this transport channel in the core plasma and contribute to validating the corresponding theoretical understanding. The derived scaling laws are used to construct a reduced momentum transport model, which has been validated against an additional dataset. This demonstrates that the model captures the essential contributions to momentum transport in the core of H-mode plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycentric urban regions have been advocated for, and justified as enhancing both economic growth and overall competitiveness while also creating more equitable and balanced metropolitan regions. We examine the role of regional polycentricity in effectuating certain desirable outcomes, specifically enhancing economic productivity and minimizing spatial disparities simultaneously in German urban regions (Großstadtregionen) as a case study. Using econometric analysis of both functional and morphological polycentricity measures, our results indicate that polycentric development can effectively reduce regional disparities in urban regions, but not simultaneously promote economic productivity. These findings confirm previous studies that progress toward one goal hampers progress toward another. Further investigation at a finer scale suggests that the borrowed size effect is essentially a "win-loss" game between peripheries and urban core(s) within the same urban region. Peripheries benefit from the spillovers generated by nearby urban core(s), thereby narrowing regional economic gaps and leading to more equitable regions. However, the gains of the peripheries are canceled out by the losses of the urban cores, and polycentric development has an insignificant overall effect on regional economic productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of economic development in 23 cities across Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Macau from 1990 to 2022. The results indicated a general growth trend in overall economic development, with substantial fluctuations in absolute differences and a significant reduction in relative differences. The economic development appeared to be balanced both within and between cities. Spatially, the study revealed an increasing agglomeration effect, evident polarization in economic levels, and a distinct core–periphery structure, with central cities in the Greater Bay Area exerting a growing influence on their peripheries. Nevertheless, the peripheral cities, despite their economic strides, necessitate augmented policy interventions and capital influx to bridge regional chasms. The study's outcomes serve as a foundational reference for sharpening policy decisions, fostering regional amalgamation, and invigorating urban blueprinting and city-to-city synergies. This research provides an in-depth analysis of economic development trends across 23 cities in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau over 32 years. For policymakers, urban planners, and business leaders, the findings present a clearer picture of the region's economic landscape. Notably, while central cities within the Greater Bay Area have become influential economic hubs, surrounding cities still face challenges. These insights suggest a need for more targeted policies and investments, especially in peripheral cities, to promote more uniform growth across the region. By understanding these dynamics, governments and businesses can make more informed decisions that foster city-to-city collaborations and develop better urban and regional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borders not only delimit state territory but also differentiate state spaces, delineating the periphery from the core. However, a remote borderland is not necessarily the periphery, rather, it can function as a core component in the making of the state. By examining the border islands of Kinmen and Matsu (or Kinma, as abbreviated here) in the Taiwan Strait, we illuminate how the state relocated itself through border measures, and how accidental border activities, in turn, reshaped the state. We contend that since the Chinese civil war abruptly delineated new borders around Kinma Islands in 1949, the dramatic changes in the daily life of the islanders not only passively reflected the geopolitical dynamics during the Cold War, but also actively engendered the (re)building of state and nation in Taiwan and (re)positioning Taiwan in the world. Studying differently scaled and territorialised daily practices as they intersect at the accidental borders, we suggest, provides a contra perspective to rediscover the making of nation/states and the framing of the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-cored solder interconnects have been demonstrated to increase the performance of interconnect structures, while the quantitative understanding of the effect of the Cu-cored structure on microstructure evolution and atomic migration in solder interconnects is still limited. In this work, the effect of the Cu-cored structure on phase migration and segregation behavior of Sn-58Bi solder interconnects under electric current stressing is quantitatively studied using a developed phase field model. Severe phase segregation and redistribution of Bi-rich phase are observed in the Cu-cored Sn-58Bi interconnects due to the more pronounced current crowding effect near the Cu core periphery. The average current density and temperature gradient in Sn-rich phase and Bi-rich phase decrease with an increase in the diameter of the Cu core. The temperature gradient caused by Joule heating is significantly reduced owing to the presence of the Cu core. Embedding of the Cu core in the solder matrix could weaken the directional diffusion flux of Bi atoms, so that the enrichment and segregation of the Bi phase towards the anode side are significantly reduced. Furthermore, the voltage across the solder interconnects is correspondingly changed due to the phase migration and redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses insights from new economic geography (NEG) to examine eight commodities that span the COVID-19 medical value chain from 2000 to 2020 based on the multilayer network approach. Such an approach is distinguished from single layer approaches by taking into consideration interlayer connections. Centrality measures are based on the HITs algorithm to identify dominant exporters (hubs) and importers (authorities). We further examine the determinants of the multilayer trade networks with a gravity model. Three results are reported. First, the core-periphery structure under NEG has weakened over time with the internationalization of production in certain Covid medical commodities (CMCs). Second, home market effect remains relatively strong over time reflecting the role of NEG's agglomeration economies in locations with large home market demand. Finally, countries that restricted certain CMCs (especially PPEs and masks) even as they simultaneously facilitated the imports of other CMCs saw a decrease in exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Brain network studies have revealed that the community structure of ADHD is altered. However, these studies have only focused on modular community structure, ignoring the core–periphery community structure. Method: This paper employed the weighted stochastic block model to divide the functional connectivity (FC) into 10 communities. And we adopted core score to define the core–periphery structure of FC. Finally, connectivity strength (CS) and disruption index (DI) were used to evaluate the changes of core–periphery structure in ADHD. Results: The core community of visual network showed reduced CS and a positive value of DI, while the CS of periphery community was enhanced. In addition, the interaction between core communities (involving the sensorimotor and visual network) and periphery community of attention network showed increased CS and a negative valve of DI. Conclusion: Anomalies in core–periphery community structure provide a new perspective for understanding the community structure of ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the critical need for regional tourism integration and sustainable development by identifying cooperation opportunities among tourist attractions within a region. We introduce a novel methodology that combines association rule mining with complex network analysis and utilizes search index data as a dynamic and contemporary data source to reveal cooperative patterns among tourist attractions. Our approach delineates a potential cooperative network within the destination ecosystem, categorizing tourist attractions into three distinct communities: core, intermediary, and periphery. These communities correspond to high, medium, and low tourist demand scales, respectively. The study uncovers a self-organizing network structure, driven by congruences in internal tourist demand and variances in external tourist experiences. Functionally, there is a directed continuum of cooperation prospects among these communities. The core community, characterized by significant tourist demand, acts as a catalyst, boosting demand for other attractions. The intermediary community, central in the network, links the core and periphery, enhancing cooperative ties and influence. Peripheral attractions, representing latent growth areas within the destination matrix, benefit from associations with the core and intermediary communities. Our findings provide vital insights into the dynamics, systemic characteristics, and fundamental mechanisms of potential cooperation networks among tourist attractions. They enable tourism management organizations to employ our analytical framework for real-time monitoring of tourism demand and flow trends. Additionally, the study guides the macro-control of tourism flows based on the tourism network, thereby improving the tourist experience and promoting coordinated development among inter-regional tourist attractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to structural heterogeneity, the main function and structure of networked systems are significantly influenced by some important nodes rather than each member. In practical, the properties of important nodes could be different from network to network, and thus a variety of algorithms have been specially designed to identify important nodes of different networks and of different dynamics. In this paper we propose a widely applicable algorithm by employing the percolation model in statistical physics, which describes the behavior of connected clusters when nodes are connected randomly. This algorithm appropriately combines the local and global properties of a network, thus it stresses the significance of nodes that neither have a visibly local importance, such as degree and clustering, nor have a visibly global importance, such as betweenness. The effectiveness of our algorithm has been illustrated in a series of networks, including model networks with different degree distributions and different degree correlations, and empirical networks. As a shell decomposition process, the framework of our algorithm has extensive application prospects in analyzing network structure, such as community, core–periphery structure, and shell structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within a generalized vector autoregressive framework comprising 22 country- level economic policy uncertainty indices, this study used a 12-period-ahead forecast error variance decomposition to compute spillovers. The results showed that although it has been in a downtrend since the third quarter of 2016, the overall spillover among the major economies remains high. Net spillover analyses in either the full or rolling samples illustrated that Singapore was the most decisive transmitter of spillovers, followed by Japan. Meanwhile, Ireland, the Netherlands, Russia, Brazil, Colombia, Italy, and Mexico were clear receivers of net spillover. After reorganizing the net pairwise spillovers into a directed weighted network, the core-periphery structure and backbone were extracted, and the diffusion centrality was calculated to ascertain the key player. Regardless of using the full or rolling samples, Singapore played an influential role in the diffusion network of global economic policy uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is considered a transitional energy source in the transition to clean energy owing to its clean, efficient, and ecologically beneficial properties. The trade of liquefied natural gas (LNG) serves as the backbone of the global natural gas trade and significantly influences the dynamics of the global energy trade system. This paper constructs long-term global LNG trade networks, and explores the spatiotemporal evolution and topological structures of the international LNG trade by utilizing multilevel network analysis methods, to provide insights for comprehensively understanding the market dynamics of the global LNG trade system. The findings indicate the following: (1) The global LNG trade volume shows an overall upward trend, and the global LNG trade network exhibits uneven spatial distribution, clear hierarchical differentiation, and an increasingly complicated structure. Global LNG trade is gradually changing from regionalization to globalization, and the international LNG market is undergoing structural reshaping. (2) The global LNG trade network continues to expand in size and density, and the rapidly growing LNG supply and trade relations are driving the formation of the global natural gas market. (3) Global LNG trade is still in a phase of rapid change, with the global efficiency of the network increasing and then decreasing. The trade network has traditionally been centered on ten countries, including Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Qatar. (4) The global LNG trade network exhibits clear core-periphery structures with considerable polarization effects, and the trade network structure is continuously evolving and is growing unbalanced. Finally, we put forward relevant policy suggestions to promote global LNG trade interconnectivity and enhance environmental protection and respond to global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy & Peace is the property of Ihsan Dogramaci Peace Foundation, Center for Foreign Policy & Peace Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many consider research and development (R&D) a crucial pillar of decarbonization, yet few have investigated what actually drives investment. What drives public investment in renewable energy R&D in wealthy democracies? Using OECD data, this research note tests a number of hypotheses from the literature and finds that public investment in renewable energy R&D is most closely associated with growth regimes and their related characteristics. Furthermore, the 'most invested' are dynamic services export‐led growth regimes who are deindustrializing and moving towards knowledge‐based sectors like information and communications technology and finance. In short, economies investing the most in renewable energy R&D have the least structurally carbon‐intensive growth regime. As international economic integration locks many countries into specific path‐dependent roles, these findings suggest that there is a comparative advantage to the green transition. It concludes with a discussion of the asymmetric green capacities between core and periphery countries in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the little-known literary work of the American cartoonist Jay Norwood Darling. The current study was conducted on the travelogues “Ding Goes to Russia” (1932) and “The Cruise of the Bouncing Betsy. A Trailer Travelogue” (1937). This article aims to reveal and contextualize the features of J.N. Darling’s travel texts as peripheral genres. The main objective of this work is to analyze the deep structures of the travelogues chronotope, based on which the hypothesis will be put forward. Its essence is that the intensity of the crisis time experience in different spaces and through these spaces modifies the involved genre clichés, giving rise to a tragic (for Soviet space) and optimistic (for American space) premonition. The research methodology is based on the study of the interaction between the centre and periphery of the literary system, in particular, the concept of “semiosphere” formulated by Yu. Lotman. Genre analysis includes comparative and contextual methods of studying texts. The cultural-historical method deepens the understanding of the context of Darling’s literary work. Particularly, it is used to discover the historical and social factors that impact the peculiarities of others and one’s own world perception and image reconstruction. Genre analysis of travelogues with various graphic components, including caricatures, involves an intermedia method of studying the semantic connections between visual and verbal in travelogues. The examination of Darling’s travelogues “Ding Goes to Russia” and “The Cruise of the Bouncing Betsy. A Trailer Travelogue”, which inherited different genre traditions, revealed their conceptual and poetic affinities. In both texts, the author investigates the common issues of civilization and its advancement, as well as the significance of technological progress for a human being. The features of the unmanifested future or hidden phenomena of the present are felt more strongly at a distance from the centre, at the intersection of transit paths. Geography in these travels is perceived through anthropological optics, implemented, among other things, through the concepts of the mutual influence of society and space in an unstable world. The experience of alienation is constructed through images of places displayed identically in both travelogues. In Darling’s travelogues, places outside of symbolic meaning come to the fore of the spatio-temporal structure. According to the concept of M. Auger, their features can be attributed to non-places. The key features of the chronotope of both travelogues are the peripheralization of space, the transformation of places into space, and the related process, the representation of non-places. The caricaturists’ texts exhibit genre peripherality through the dual nature of their poetic codes. Behind the secondary nature of the genre constructions of both texts, one cannot help but see individual searches reflected in the unique role and methods of spatial metaphors and imaginary topoi explication. Their semantic and visual density force us to recall and re-estimate the factual writing of the cartoonist in the context of future genre development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study focuses on a regional education network in the Mid-Atlantic that aims to facilitate equitable learning practices by providing ongoing teacher/leader support, cross-sector collaboration and professional learning for educators. The authors probe networks as providing core support for systems level change and serving as precursors to the community engagement that is essential for deeper learning. Specifically, this study is driven by the hypotheses that (1) deeper learning may be supported by pathways for students and educators to meaningfully engage with the local community; (2) deeper learning is more likely to happen when educators connect to communities beyond their own school or organization and (3) education networks can help facilitate those functions. Design/methodology/approach: The authors aimed to understand how participation in an education network influenced members (which include school leaders, teachers and leaders of youth programs) and how experiences might differ by level of participation. The authors conducted interviews with individuals across three groups of adults (n = 111 total): core members (n = 16), members with mid-level engagement (n = 30) and peripheral members (n = 65). Findings: Educators who participated most intensely and deeply described the network as a vehicle for learning about and advancing equity through specific practices including individualized learning, increasing access and resource redistribution. Mid-level participants emphasized the professional network building function of the network. For peripheral or new participants, the most salient function of the network was celebration of education and educators. These findings suggest that education networks have a role in strengthening the structures that support leaders to make deeper learning happen. Research limitations/implications: More research is needed on how participants move from the periphery to more core involvement in education networks, where they may gain the full benefits of participation. Further research is also needed to explore the link between education network engagement among school leaders and the deeper learning environments in schools. Originality/value: Research on education networks is limited. To the authors' knowledge, the present study is one of the largest collections and analyses of interviews with education network members to date. The authors present education network engagement as a precursor for community embedded deeper learning in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to researching resilience as a relevant social concept. It puts forward a new idea to study the actual mental consideration of social and political phenomena via purely linguistic tools. As a research methodology, a new approach is offered. In particular, the authors extrapolate Zhabotynska's semantics of lingual networks onto Popova and Sternin's semantic-cognitive analysis. The study is conducted through corpus technologies: a COCA sample of discourse contexts with the resilience lexeme is used to reconstruct a conceptual model of the resilience concept (denotative meaning). Subsequently, this meaning is processed via two cognitive operations: cognitive interpretation and prominence. Finally, the field cognitive model of resilience is obtained. Sorted by frequency in the corpus sample as core and periphery zones, the separate cognitive features indicate what is more or less important for Americans in the current consideration of resilience as a social and political phenomenon. Each research stage is explained and discussed by the authors in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possession of diverse knowledge is vital for countries to maintain competitive advantages as new technologies and other disruptive changes emerge. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become an important instrument to access knowledge and innovation available in other countries with the increasing trend of globalization. However, little is known about how the knowledge base of a country can be enriched in the context of knowledge sourcing through FDI, drawing upon general contexts of knowledge and innovation in countries. By adopting the social network analysis methodology to model and analyze the global outward FDI network for the period 2009–2016 and conducting longitudinal regression analyses, this study reveals that the global outward FDI network has a core–periphery structure, the network centrality position of a country is positively and significantly associated with the knowledge base of the country, and the absorptive capacity of a country positively moderates the association. Equipped with empirical evidence to support our theory, we develop the K-NACK framework to understand the context of knowledge sourcing through FDI. This empirical research article offering novel analysis and a theoretical and conceptual framework will be useful for policymakers at firms and in individual countries to find advanced as well as complementary knowledge from host countries to improve the knowledge base in home countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct a core‐periphery theoretical model based on the cross‐border spillover effects of macroprudential policies, to calculate the financial stability gains from macroprudential policy coordination between the two countries. Numerical simulation results show that the gains from coordination between the core and the periphery are zero when facing reverse monetary policy shocks, when macroprudential policy coordination is not needed; however, in the case of high simultaneous loosening (tightening) of monetary policies in both countries, the macroprudential policy coordination mechanism can reduce the negative externalities of cross‐border financial spillovers and increase the total gains from financial stability; the total gains from macroprudential policy coordination increase as the peripheral macroprudential policy operating space decreases, the degree of cross‐border financial spillovers increases, and the degree of cross‐border spillovers from core monetary policy increases. Therefore, the international coordination of macroprudential policies has certain possibilities and necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study on the imperialist international policies of Rwanda. Topics discussed include the need for theories of imperialism to include a mechanism by which imperial activities are planned and structured, non-hegemonic imperialism from the periphery, and emerging forms of imperialist power.

Knowledge networks are large, interconnected data sets of knowledge that can be represented, studied and modeled using complex networks concepts and methodologies. One aspect of particular interest in this type of networks concerns how much the topological properties change along successive neighborhoods of each of the nodes. Another issue of special importance consists in quantifying how much the structure of a knowledge network changes at two different points along time. Here, we report a cross-relation study of two model—theoretical networks (Erdős–Rényi, ER, and Barabási–Albert model, BA) as well as real-world knowledge networks corresponding to the areas of Physics and Theology, obtained from the Wikipedia and taken at two different dates separated by 4 years. The respective two versions of these networks were characterized in terms of their respective cross-relation signatures, being summarized in terms of modification indices obtained for each of the nodes that are preserved among the two versions. It has been observed that the nodes at the core and periphery of both types of theoretical models yielded similar modification indices within these two groups of nodes, but with distinct values when taken across these two groups. The study of the real-world networks indicated that these two networks have signatures, respectively, similar to those of the BA and ER models, as well as that higher modification values tended to occur at the periphery nodes, as compared to the respective core nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests for convergence of EMU inflation rates and industrial production by testing for the existence of fractional cointegration relations. The notion of fractional cointegration allows for long-term equilibria with a higher degree of persistence than allowed for in the standard cointegration framework. Over the full sample from 1999:Q1–2021:Q4, we find evidence of fractional cointegration in both inflation and industrial production among many country pairs. Our results suggest some evidence for "convergence clusters" among either core or periphery countries in the case of inflation. Similarly, we find stronger evidence of cointegration pairs among core countries for industrial production compared to periphery or mixed core–periphery groups. Testing for a break in the persistence structure, the results show evidence of a break in the persistence of both inflation and industrial production in a number of countries. Inflation persistence is substantially higher after the break, suggesting a higher potential for diverging processes during economic crises. On the contrary, for the case of industrial production, persistence is lower during the post-crisis period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global international relations (IR) generates space for theoretical expressions drawn from outside the experiences of the modern West. Alongside these demands for theoretical pluralism can be found a concern for widening IR's historical frames of reference. Yet, to date, the relationship between global IR and history is the least developed part of the project's agenda. This article suggests two ways in which this relationship can be strengthened. One draws from global history, shows how transboundary connections and relational dynamics forge the units used by advocates of global IR in their analysis: West and non-West, core and periphery, metropole and colony. The other draws from global historical sociology as it advances the role of power asymmetries for understanding the patterns and entanglements in transboundary connections. Connecting global IR to global history and global historical sociology can help produce a fuller understanding of the interactive connections and asymmetrical entanglements between peoples, places, ideas, and institutions that drive historical development. We illustrate this potential through a brief analysis of the rise of the West. This, in turn, demonstrates the ways in which three visions of the global – global IR, global history, and global historical sociology – can be mutually beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-authorship networks, where nodes represent authors and edges represent co-authorship relations, are key to understanding the production and diffusion of knowledge in academia. Social constructs, biases (implicit and explicit), and constraints (e.g. spatial, temporal) affect who works with whom and cause co-authorship networks to organise into tight communities with different levels of segregation. We aim to examine aspects of the co-authorship network structure that lead to segregation and its impact on scientific production. We measure segregation using the Spectral Segregation Index (SSI) and find four ordered categories: completely segregated, highly segregated, moderately segregated and non-segregated communities. We direct our attention to the non-segregated and highly segregated communities, quantifying and comparing their structural topologies and k-core positions. When considering communities of both categories (controlling for size), our results show no differences in density and clustering but substantial variability in the core position. Larger non-segregated communities are more likely to occupy cores near the network nucleus, while the highly segregated ones tend to be closer to the network periphery. Finally, we analyse differences in citations gained by researchers within communities of different segregation categories. Researchers in highly segregated communities get more citations from their community members in middle cores and gain more citations per publication in middle/periphery cores. Those in non-segregated communities get more citations per publication in the nucleus. To our knowledge, this work is the first to characterise community segregation in co-authorship networks and investigate the relationship between community segregation and author citations. Our results help study highly segregated communities of scientific co-authors and can pave the way for intervention strategies to improve the growth and dissemination of scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicola Sturgeon's resignation as First Minister and leader of the SNP has thrown Scottish politics into flux. But beneath the superficial media coverage and frenetic party politics that followed her resignation, the fundamentals of the constitutional debate remain unaltered. One of these fundamentals, the extent to which Scotland is better or worse off being part of the UK political economy, is rarely debated in the depth it deserves. The parlous state of the UK economy and, in particular, the deeply entrenched territorial inequality that results from its extreme core‐periphery structure that safeguards the economic dominance of London and South East England, holds the potential for a surprise shift in the debate over independence to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a driving force for regional development, innovation holds an increasing position in regional competitiveness, and a reasonable and coordinated innovation network structure can promote high-quality regional development. Utilizing the modified gravity model and social network analysis method, an innovation network composed of 27 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2021 was studied. The following conclusions were founded: (1) The innovation development level in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration was constantly improving, and the innovation development level generally showed a spatial pattern of high in the southeast and low in the northwest. (2) The intensity and density of innovation network correlations in urban agglomerations were increasing, and the centrality of network nodes had an obvious hierarchical characteristic. The innovation network had a significant core–periphery spatial structure, with core cities that had higher centrality, such as Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou, playing the role of "intermediaries" and "bridges", while cities with lower centrality, such as Anhui and cities in northern Jiangsu, generally played the role of "periphery actors" in the network. (3) The spatial correlation network of innovation of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration could be divided into four blocks, namely, main benefit, broker, two-way spillover, and net spillover, and the spillover effect among them had obvious gradient characteristics of hierarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrimers made of oligo(phenylene ethynylene) building blocks are highly organised two-dimensional macromolecules that have raised much interest for their potential use as artificial light-harvesting antennae. Excitation-energy transfer is assumed to occur from the periphery to the core via a tree-shaped graph connecting a pair of donors on each acceptor. The received photophysical mechanism involves a converging cascade of crossings among bright electronic states foremost mediated by rigid acetylenic stretching modes. On the other hand, competition with in-plane trans-bending motions has been detected experimentally in oligomers and confirmed by computations in larger species, thus suggesting the additional involvement of dark electronic states acting as intermediates. In the present work, we show that this secondary process represents an alternative pathway that may not be detrimental and could even be viewed as a mechanistic shortcut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topological structure of the world air transportation network has been the subject of much research. However, to better understand the reality of air networks, one can consider the traffic, the number of passengers, or the distance between flights. This paper studies the weighted world air transportation network through the component structure, recently introduced in the network literature, by using the number of flights. The component structure is based on the community or multiple core-periphery structures and splits the network into local and global components. The local components capture the regional flights of these two mesoscopic structures (dense parts). The global components capture the inter-regional flights (links between the dense parts). We perform a comparative analysis of the world air transportation network and its components with their weighted counterparts. Moreover, we explore the strength and the s-core of these networks. Results display fewer local components well delimited and more global components covering the world than the unweighted world air transportation network. Centrality analysis reveals the difference between the top airports with high traffic and the top airports with high degrees. This difference is more pronounced in the global air network and the largest global component. Core analysis shows similitude between the s-core and the k-core for the local and global components, even though the latter includes more airports. For the world air network, the North and Central America-Caribbean airports dominate the s-core, whereas the European airports dominate the k-core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]