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Backgroundobjective: Post-oncological nasal reconstruction presents both aesthetic and functional challenges. While established methods exist for quantitatively evaluating functional results following surgery, equivalent systems for assessing aesthetic outcomes are lacking. Three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry, already used in maxillofacial and orthodontic surgery for aesthetic evaluation, overcomes some limitations of traditional methods like direct anthropometry. However, its applicability in oncological facial reconstruction has not yet been explored. In our study, we applied the 3dMDtrio™ system for the quantitative analysis of line and surface modifications following nasal reconstruction., Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study enrolling patients with skin neoplasms located on the nose undergoing surgical excision and reconstruction. Using the 3dMDtrio™ system, we measured the dimensions and projections of nasal surfaces and the positions of specific landmarks before and after surgery. The surface measurements were then correlated with aesthetic evaluations performed by three plastic surgeons, not involved in the procedure, using a 5-point Likert scale., Results: We included 33 patients with a mean age of 71 years, ranging from 40 to 94. We obtained complete documentation of all postoperative measurements for 21 patients. We observed significant changes in the positions of the landmarks post-surgery, limited to the right ala and nasion. The average nasal surface area was 4674.41 mm 2  ± 477.24 mm 2 before surgery and 4667.95 mm 2  ± 474.12 mm 2 after surgery, with no significant discrepancies. The evaluation using the Likert scale revealed an average score of 3.04 ± 0.48, with a significant negative correlation to the measured surface changes., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that 3D photogrammetry can be considered a valid method for objectively assessing volumetric changes associated with post-oncological nasal reconstructive surgery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no financial or personal relationships, activities, or interests to disclose in relation to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Asian Surgical Association and Taiwan Society of Coloproctology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Facial asymmetry is common and can be clinically related to dental malocclusion, facial bone development, muscular imbalance, and soft tissues thickness, which should be assessed during diagnosis to choose proper treatment options. This study aimed to quantify the amount of symmetry/asymmetry in previously defined symmetrical and asymmetrical subjects, analyzing full-face 3-dimensional images., Methods: Seventy-six orthodontic patients' 3-dimensional face images were obtained with the 3dMD Trio-system (Atlanta, Ga) and processed with the Geomagic Control (64-bit; 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC) software. Patients were divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical groups through a surface-based technique. Sixteen facial landmarks were positioned, an asymmetry index was calculated for each landmark, and an evaluation diagram of facial asymmetry was created through the asymmetry index mean and standard deviation of symmetrical and asymmetrical landmarks., Results: The asymmetry index mean varied from 0.05 to 1.51 in the symmetrical group and from 0.05 to 2.84 in the asymmetrical group. This study suggests that landmarks located in the lower third of the face have a greater asymmetry index than other landmarks., Conclusions: The landmark-based technique does not exhibit statistically significant differences among asymmetrical and symmetrical patients for some landmarks. This approach provides useful information about the localization and the extension of asymmetry, in which bilateral landmarks showed a higher amount of asymmetry than median landmarks., (Copyright © 2022 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Craniosynostosis are a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions characterized by the premature fusion of the skull bones. The most common forms of craniosynostosis are Crouzon, Apert and Pfeiffer syndromes. They differ from each other in various additional clinical manifestations, e.g., syndactyly is typical of Apert and rare in Pfeiffer syndrome. Their inheritance is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance and one of the main genes responsible for these syndromes is FGFR2, mapped on chromosome 10, encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. We report an FGFR2 gene variant in a mother and daughter who present with different clinical features of Crouzon syndrome. The daughter is more severely affected than her mother, as also verified by a careful study of the face and oral cavity. The c.1032G>A transition in exon 8, already reported as a synonymous p.Ala344 = variant in Crouzon patients, also activates a new donor splice site leading to the loss of 51 nucleotides and the in-frame removal of 17 amino acids. We observed lower FGFR2 transcriptional and translational levels in the daughter compared to the mother and healthy controls. A preliminary functional assay and a molecular modeling added further details to explain the discordant phenotype of the two patients.

Objectives: To compare three-dimensional facial scans obtained by stereophotogrammetry with two different applications for smartphone supporting the TrueDepth system, a structured light technology., Materials and Methods: Facial scans of 40 different subjects were acquired with three different systems. The 3dMDtrio Stereophotogrammetry System (3dMD, Atlanta, Ga) was compared with a smartphone (iPhone Xs; Apple, Cupertino, Calif) equipped with the Bellus3D Face Application (version 1.6.11; Bellus3D Inc, Campbell, Calif) or Capture (version 1.2.5; Standard Cyborg Inc, San Francisco, Calif). Times of image acquisition and elaboration were recorded. The surface-to-surface deviation and the distance between 18 landmarks from 3dMD reference images to those acquired with Bellus3D or Capture were measured., Results: Capturing and processing times with the smartphone applications were considerably longer than with the 3dMD system. The surface-to-surface deviation analysis between the Bellus3D and 3dMD showed an overlap percentage of 80.01% ± 5.92% and 56.62% ± 7.65% within the ranges of 1 mm and 0.5 mm discrepancy, respectively. Images from Capture showed an overlap percentage of 81.40% ± 9.59% and 56.45% ± 11.62% within the ranges of 1 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively., Conclusions: The face image acquisition with the 3dMD device is fast and accurate, but bulky and expensive. The new smartphone applications combined with the TrueDepth sensors show promising results. They need more accuracy from the operator and more compliance from the patient because of the increased acquisition time. Their greatest advantages are related to cost and portability., (© 2022 by The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation, Inc.)