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1. Global oceanic diazotroph database version 2 and elevated estimate of global oceanic N2 fixation

Author

Shao, Zhibo, Xu, Yangchun, Wang, Hua, Luo, Weicheng, Wang, Lice, Huang, Yuhong, Agawin, Nona Sheila R, Ahmed, Ayaz, Benavides, Mar, Bentzon-Tilia, Mikkel, Berman-Frank, Ilana, Berthelot, Hugo, Biegala, Isabelle C, Bif, Mariana B, Bode, Antonio, Bonnet, Sophie, Bronk, Deborah A, Brown, Mark V, Campbell, Lisa, Capone, Douglas G, Carpenter, Edward J, Cassar, Nicolas, Chang, Bonnie X, Chappell, Dreux, Chen, Yuh-ling Lee, Church, Matthew J, Cornejo-Castillo, Francisco M, Detoni, Amália Maria Sacilotto, Doney, Scott C, Dupouy, Cecile, Estrada, Marta, Fernandez, Camila, Fernández-Castro, Bieito, Fonseca-Batista, Debany, Foster, Rachel A, Furuya, Ken, Garcia, Nicole, Goto, Kanji, Gago, Jesús, Gradoville, Mary R, Hamersley, M Robert, Henke, Britt A, Hörstmann, Cora, Jayakumar, Amal, Jiang, Zhibing, Kao, Shuh-Ji, Karl, David M, Kittu, Leila R, Knapp, Angela N, Kumar, Sanjeev, LaRoche, Julie, Liu, Hongbin, Liu, Jiaxing, Lory, Caroline, Löscher, Carolin R, Marañón, Emilio, Messer, Lauren F, Mills, Matthew M, Mohr, Wiebke, Moisander, Pia H, Mahaffey, Claire, Moore, Robert, Mouriño-Carballido, Beatriz, Mulholland, Margaret R, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Needoba, Joseph A, Raes, Eric J, Rahav, Eyal, Ramírez-Cárdenas, Teodoro, Reeder, Christian Furbo, Riemann, Lasse, Riou, Virginie, Robidart, Julie C, Sarma, Vedula VSS, Sato, Takuya, Saxena, Himanshu, Selden, Corday, Seymour, Justin R, Shi, Dalin, Shiozaki, Takuhei, Singh, Arvind, Sipler, Rachel E, Sun, Jun, Suzuki, Koji, Takahashi, Kazutaka, Tan, Yehui, Tang, Weiyi, Tremblay, Jean-Éric, Turk-Kubo, Kendra, Wen, Zuozhu, White, Angelicque E, Wilson, Samuel T, Yoshida, Takashi, Zehr, Jonathan P, Zhang, Run, Zhang, Yao, and Luo, Ya-Wei

Subjects
Life Below Water, Atmospheric Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

Abstract. Marine diazotrophs convert dinitrogen (N2) gas intobioavailable nitrogen (N), supporting life in the global ocean. In 2012, thefirst version of the global oceanic diazotroph database (version 1) waspublished. Here, we present an updated version of the database (version 2),significantly increasing the number of in situ diazotrophic measurements from13 565 to 55 286. Data points for N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cellabundance, and nifH gene copy abundance have increased by 184 %, 86 %, and809 %, respectively. Version 2 includes two new data sheets for the nifH genecopy abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs and cell-specific N2fixation rates. The measurements of N2 fixation rates approximatelyfollow a log-normal distribution in both version 1 and version 2. However,version 2 considerably extends both the left and right tails of thedistribution. Consequently, when estimating global oceanic N2 fixationrates using the geometric means of different ocean basins, version 1 andversion 2 yield similar rates (43–57 versus 45–63 Tg N yr−1; rangesbased on one geometric standard error). In contrast, when using arithmeticmeans, version 2 suggests a significantly higher rate of 223±30 Tg N yr−1 (mean ± standard error; same hereafter) compared to version 1(74±7 Tg N yr−1). Specifically, substantial rate increases areestimated for the South Pacific Ocean (88±23 versus 20±2 Tg N yr−1), primarily driven by measurements in the southwestern subtropics,and for the North Atlantic Ocean (40±9 versus 10±2 Tg N yr−1). Moreover, version 2 estimates the N2 fixation rate in theIndian Ocean to be 35±14 Tg N yr−1, which could not be estimatedusing version 1 due to limited data availability. Furthermore, a comparisonof N2 fixation rates obtained through different measurement methods atthe same months, locations, and depths reveals that the conventional15N2 bubble method yields lower rates in 69 % cases compared tothe new 15N2 dissolution method. This updated version of thedatabase can facilitate future studies in marine ecology andbiogeochemistry. The database is stored at the Figshare repository(https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21677687; Shao etal., 2022).

Published
2023

3. Planktonic habitats in the Amazon Plume region of the Western Tropical North Atlantic.

Author

Pham, Anh H., Choisnard, Noémie, Fernández-Carrera, Ana, Subramaniam, Ajit, Strope, Erica K., Carpenter, Edward J., Voss, Maren, and Montoya, Joseph P.

Subjects
REGIONS of freshwater influence, HABITATS, DYNAMICAL systems, UNITS of measurement, WATER use
Abstract

The Western Tropical North Atlantic is a highly dynamic marine system where the Amazon River Plume (ARP) generates a patchwork of environmental condi t ions that favor di fferent phytoplankton groups. To study phytoplanktonic community structure in such heterogeneous conditions, we used a set of five standard ship-based measurements taken from oceanographic surveys between 2010 and 2021 to characterize different habitat types. We then utilized a variety of multiparametric approaches to examine phytoplankton biodiversity in the different habitats to assess the biological relevance of our delineated habitats. Our approach generated a consistent set of habitat types across cruises carried out in multiple different years and the Amazon's two predominant (wet and dry) seasons. Our phytoplankton community analyses revealed strong distinctions among all habitats along the plume gradient using in-vivo fluorescence and diagnostic pigments, and clear contrasts of diazotroph community along the mesohaline waters using direct cell-count, a pattern consistent with niche partitioning among similar species. The few apparent mismatches we found between phytoplankton community composition and habitat may reflect recent hydrographic changes driven by mixing and/or upwelling and thus may be a useful index to biologically-relevant temporal variation. Our habitat classification approach is straightforward and broadly applicable in identifying biologically distinct areas within heterogeneous and dynamic regions of the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. A growing plastic smog, now estimated to be over 170 trillion plastic particles afloat in the world's oceans-Urgent solutions required

Author

Eriksen, Marcus, Cowger, Win, Erdle, Lisa M., Coffin, Scott, Villarrubia-Gómez, Patricia, Moore, Charles J., Carpenter, Edward J., Day, Robert H., Thiel, Martin, Wilcox, Chris, Eriksen, Marcus, Cowger, Win, Erdle, Lisa M., Coffin, Scott, Villarrubia-Gómez, Patricia, Moore, Charles J., Carpenter, Edward J., Day, Robert H., Thiel, Martin, and Wilcox, Chris

Abstract

As global awareness, science, and policy interventions for plastic escalate, institutions around the world are seeking preventative strategies. Central to this is the need for precise global time series of plastic pollution with which we can assess whether implemented policies are effective, but at present we lack these data. To address this need, we used previously published and new data on floating ocean plastics (n = 11,777 stations) to create a global time-series that estimates the average counts and mass of small plastics in the ocean surface layer from 1979 to 2019. Today’s global abundance is estimated at approximately 82–358 trillion plastic particles weighing 1.1–4.9 million tonnes. We observed no clear detectable trend until 1990, a fluctuating but stagnant trend from then until 2005, and a rapid increase until the present. This observed acceleration of plastic densities in the world’s oceans, also reported for beaches around the globe, demands urgent international policy interventions.

Published
2023
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6. Supplement of Global oceanic diazotroph database version 2 and elevated estimate of global oceanic N2 fixation

Author

Ya-Wei Luo [ywluo@xmu.edu.cn], Shao, Zhibo, Xu, Yangchun, Wuang, Hua, Luo, Weicheng, Wuang, Lice, Huang, Yuhong, Agawin, Nona S. R., Ahmed, Ayad, Benavides, Mar, Bentzon-Tilia, Mikkel, Berman-Frank, Ilana, Berthelot, Hugo, Biegala, Isabelle C., Vif, Mariana B., Bode, Antonio, Bonnet, Sophie, Bronk, Deborah A., Brown, Mark V., Campbell, Lisa, Capone, Douglas G., Carpenter, Edward J., Cassar, Nicolas, Chang, Bonnie X., Chappell, Dreux, Lee Chen, Yuh-ling, Church, Matthew J., Cornejo-Castillo, Francisco M., Sacilotto Detoni, Amália Maria, Doney, Scott C., Dupouy, Cecile, Estrada, Marta, Fernández, Camila, Fernández-Castro, Bieito, Fonseca-Batista, Debany, Foster, Rachel A., Furuya, Ken, García, Nicole, Goto, Kanji, Gago, Jesús, Gradoville, Mary R., Hamersley, M. Robert, Henke, Britt A., Hörstmann, Cora, Jayakumar, Amal, Jiang, Zhibing, Kao, Shu-Ji, Karl, David M., Kittu, Leila R., Knapp, Angela N., Kumar, Sanjeeb, LaRoche, Julie, Liu, Hongbin, Liu, Jiaxing, Lory, Caroline, Löscher, Carolin R., Marañón, Emilio, Messer, Lauren F., Mills, Matthew M., Mohr, Miebke, Moisander, Pia H., Mahaffey, Claire, Moore, Robert, Mouriño-Carballido, Beatriz, Mulholland, Margaret R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Needoba, Joseph A., Raes, Eric J., Rahav, Eyal, Ramírez-Cárdenas, Teodoro, Furbo Reeder, Christian, Riemann, Lasse, Riou, Virginie, Robidart, Julie C., Sarma, Vedula V. S. S., Sato, Takuya, Saxena, Himanshu, Selden, Corday, Seymour, Justin R., Shi, Dalin, Shiozaki, Takuhei, Singh, Arvind, Sipler, Rachel E., Sun, Jun, Suzuki, Koji, Takahashi, Kazutaka, Tan, Yehui, Tang, Weiyi, Tremblay, Jean-Éric, Turk-Kubo, Kendra, Wen, Zuozhu, White, Angelicque E., Wilson, Samuel T., Yoshida, Takashi, Zehr, Jonathan P., Zhang, Run, Zhang, Yao, Luo, Ya-Wei, Ya-Wei Luo [ywluo@xmu.edu.cn], Shao, Zhibo, Xu, Yangchun, Wuang, Hua, Luo, Weicheng, Wuang, Lice, Huang, Yuhong, Agawin, Nona S. R., Ahmed, Ayad, Benavides, Mar, Bentzon-Tilia, Mikkel, Berman-Frank, Ilana, Berthelot, Hugo, Biegala, Isabelle C., Vif, Mariana B., Bode, Antonio, Bonnet, Sophie, Bronk, Deborah A., Brown, Mark V., Campbell, Lisa, Capone, Douglas G., Carpenter, Edward J., Cassar, Nicolas, Chang, Bonnie X., Chappell, Dreux, Lee Chen, Yuh-ling, Church, Matthew J., Cornejo-Castillo, Francisco M., Sacilotto Detoni, Amália Maria, Doney, Scott C., Dupouy, Cecile, Estrada, Marta, Fernández, Camila, Fernández-Castro, Bieito, Fonseca-Batista, Debany, Foster, Rachel A., Furuya, Ken, García, Nicole, Goto, Kanji, Gago, Jesús, Gradoville, Mary R., Hamersley, M. Robert, Henke, Britt A., Hörstmann, Cora, Jayakumar, Amal, Jiang, Zhibing, Kao, Shu-Ji, Karl, David M., Kittu, Leila R., Knapp, Angela N., Kumar, Sanjeeb, LaRoche, Julie, Liu, Hongbin, Liu, Jiaxing, Lory, Caroline, Löscher, Carolin R., Marañón, Emilio, Messer, Lauren F., Mills, Matthew M., Mohr, Miebke, Moisander, Pia H., Mahaffey, Claire, Moore, Robert, Mouriño-Carballido, Beatriz, Mulholland, Margaret R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Needoba, Joseph A., Raes, Eric J., Rahav, Eyal, Ramírez-Cárdenas, Teodoro, Furbo Reeder, Christian, Riemann, Lasse, Riou, Virginie, Robidart, Julie C., Sarma, Vedula V. S. S., Sato, Takuya, Saxena, Himanshu, Selden, Corday, Seymour, Justin R., Shi, Dalin, Shiozaki, Takuhei, Singh, Arvind, Sipler, Rachel E., Sun, Jun, Suzuki, Koji, Takahashi, Kazutaka, Tan, Yehui, Tang, Weiyi, Tremblay, Jean-Éric, Turk-Kubo, Kendra, Wen, Zuozhu, White, Angelicque E., Wilson, Samuel T., Yoshida, Takashi, Zehr, Jonathan P., Zhang, Run, Zhang, Yao, and Luo, Ya-Wei

Published
2023

7. Global oceanic diazotroph database version 2 and elevated estimate of global oceanic N2 fixation

Author

National Natural Science Foundation of China, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Shao, Zhibo, Xu, Yangchun, Wuang, Hua, Luo, Weicheng, Wuang, Lice, Huang, Yuhong, Agawin, Nona S. R., Ahmed, Ayad, Benavides, Mar, Bentzon-Tilia, Mikkel, Berman-Frank, Ilana, Berthelot, Hugo, Biegala, Isabelle C., Vif, Mariana B., Bode, Antonio, Bonnet, Sophie, Bronk, Deborah A., Brown, Mark V., Campbell, Lisa, Capone, Douglas G., Carpenter, Edward J., Cassar, Nicolas, Chang, Bonnie X., Chappell, Dreux, Lee Chen, Yuh-ling, Church, Matthew J., Cornejo-Castillo, Francisco M., Sacilotto Detoni, Amália Maria, Doney, Scott C., Dupouy, Cecile, Estrada, Marta, Fernández, Camila, Fernández-Castro, Bieito, Fonseca-Batista, Debany, Foster, Rachel A., Furuya, Ken, García, Nicole, Goto, Kanji, Gago, Jesús, Gradoville, Mary R., Hamersley, M. Robert, Henke, Britt A., Hörstmann, Cora, Jayakumar, Amal, Jiang, Zhibing, Kao, Shu-Ji, Karl, David M., Kittu, Leila R., Knapp, Angela N., Kumar, Sanjeeb, LaRoche, Julie, Liu, Hongbin, Liu, Jiaxing, Lory, Caroline, Löscher, Carolin R., Marañón, Emilio, Messer, Lauren F., Mills, Matthew M., Mohr, Miebke, Moisander, Pia H., Mahaffey, Claire, Moore, Robert, Mouriño-Carballido, Beatriz, Mulholland, Margaret R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Needoba, Joseph A., Raes, Eric J., Rahav, Eyal, Ramírez-Cárdenas, Teodoro, Furbo Reeder, Christian, Riemann, Lasse, Riou, Virginie, Robidart, Julie C., Sarma, Vedula V. S. S., Sato, Takuya, Saxena, Himanshu, Selden, Corday, Seymour, Justin R., Shi, Dalin, Shiozaki, Takuhei, Singh, Arvind, Sipler, Rachel E., Sun, Jun, Suzuki, Koji, Takahashi, Kazutaka, Tan, Yehui, Tang, Weiyi, Tremblay, Jean-Éric, Turk-Kubo, Kendra, Wen, Zuozhu, White, Angelicque E., Wilson, Samuel T., Yoshida, Takashi, Zehr, Jonathan P., Zhang, Run, Zhang, Yao, Luo, Ya-Wei, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Shao, Zhibo, Xu, Yangchun, Wuang, Hua, Luo, Weicheng, Wuang, Lice, Huang, Yuhong, Agawin, Nona S. R., Ahmed, Ayad, Benavides, Mar, Bentzon-Tilia, Mikkel, Berman-Frank, Ilana, Berthelot, Hugo, Biegala, Isabelle C., Vif, Mariana B., Bode, Antonio, Bonnet, Sophie, Bronk, Deborah A., Brown, Mark V., Campbell, Lisa, Capone, Douglas G., Carpenter, Edward J., Cassar, Nicolas, Chang, Bonnie X., Chappell, Dreux, Lee Chen, Yuh-ling, Church, Matthew J., Cornejo-Castillo, Francisco M., Sacilotto Detoni, Amália Maria, Doney, Scott C., Dupouy, Cecile, Estrada, Marta, Fernández, Camila, Fernández-Castro, Bieito, Fonseca-Batista, Debany, Foster, Rachel A., Furuya, Ken, García, Nicole, Goto, Kanji, Gago, Jesús, Gradoville, Mary R., Hamersley, M. Robert, Henke, Britt A., Hörstmann, Cora, Jayakumar, Amal, Jiang, Zhibing, Kao, Shu-Ji, Karl, David M., Kittu, Leila R., Knapp, Angela N., Kumar, Sanjeeb, LaRoche, Julie, Liu, Hongbin, Liu, Jiaxing, Lory, Caroline, Löscher, Carolin R., Marañón, Emilio, Messer, Lauren F., Mills, Matthew M., Mohr, Miebke, Moisander, Pia H., Mahaffey, Claire, Moore, Robert, Mouriño-Carballido, Beatriz, Mulholland, Margaret R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Needoba, Joseph A., Raes, Eric J., Rahav, Eyal, Ramírez-Cárdenas, Teodoro, Furbo Reeder, Christian, Riemann, Lasse, Riou, Virginie, Robidart, Julie C., Sarma, Vedula V. S. S., Sato, Takuya, Saxena, Himanshu, Selden, Corday, Seymour, Justin R., Shi, Dalin, Shiozaki, Takuhei, Singh, Arvind, Sipler, Rachel E., Sun, Jun, Suzuki, Koji, Takahashi, Kazutaka, Tan, Yehui, Tang, Weiyi, Tremblay, Jean-Éric, Turk-Kubo, Kendra, Wen, Zuozhu, White, Angelicque E., Wilson, Samuel T., Yoshida, Takashi, Zehr, Jonathan P., Zhang, Run, Zhang, Yao, and Luo, Ya-Wei

Abstract

Marine diazotrophs convert dinitrogen (N2) gas into bioavailable nitrogen (N), supporting life in the global ocean. In 2012, the first version of the global oceanic diazotroph database (version 1) was published. Here, we present an updated version of the database (version 2), significantly increasing the number of in situ diazotrophic measurements from 13 565 to 55 286. Data points for N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundance, and nifH gene copy abundance have increased by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Version 2 includes two new data sheets for the nifH gene copy abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs and cell-specific N2 fixation rates. The measurements of N2 fixation rates approximately follow a log-normal distribution in both version 1 and version 2. However, version 2 considerably extends both the left and right tails of the distribution. Consequently, when estimating global oceanic N2 fixation rates using the geometric means of different ocean basins, version 1 and version 2 yield similar rates (43–57 versus 45–63 Tg N yr−1 ; ranges based on one geometric standard error). In contrast, when using arithmetic means, version 2 suggests a significantly higher rate of 223±30 Tg N yr−1(mean ± standard error; same hereafter) compared to version 1 (74 ± 7 Tg N yr−1). Specifically, substantial rate increases are estimated for the South Pacific Ocean (88±23 versus 20±2 Tg N yr−1), primarily driven by measurements in the southwestern subtropics, and for the North Atlantic Ocean (40 ± 9 versus 10 ±2 Tg N yr−1). Moreover, version 2 estimates the N2 fixation rate in the Indian Ocean to be 35 ± 14 Tg N yr−1,which could not be estimated using version 1 due to limited data availability. Furthermore, a comparison of N2 fixation rates obtained through different measurement methods at the same months, locations, and depths reveals that the conventional 15N2 bubble method yields lower rates in 69 % cases compared to the new 15N2 dissolution method. This updated ve

Published
2023

9. TrichodesmiumAround Australia: A View From Space

Author

Qi, Lin, Wang, Menghua, Hu, Chuanmin, Capone, Douglas G., Subramaniam, Ajit, Carpenter, Edward J., and Xie, Yuyuan

Abstract

The cyanobacterium Trichodesmiumis responsible for approximately half of the ocean's nitrogen input through nitrogen fixation. Although it was first recorded near Australia in the 18th century, the knowledge of where and when large quantity of Trichodesmiumaround Australia could be found is still lacking. Here, using multi‐band satellite imagery acquired between 2012 and 2021, we fill this knowledge gap through the use of deep learning, designed to recognize both the spectral shapes of individual pixels and spatial morphology of surface aggregations (scums) of Trichodesmium. Trichodesmiumscums were found nearly everywhere around Australia, with a cumulative footprint (i.e., where the 10‐year average density is >0.001‰) exceeding 4.6 million km2. Strong seasonality was found, with peak months between September and November. Furthermore, temperature, iron‐rich dust and black carbon aerosols, with the latter being a result of frequent bushfires, play major roles in determining the spatial distributions and seasonality of Trichodesmium. Responsible for half of the ocean's nitrogen input through nitrogen fixation, the saltwater cyanobacterium Trichodesmiumis ubiquitous in global tropical and subtropical oceans but particularly abundant around Australia. However, although the earliest report goes back to the 18th century, the knowledge of where and when large quantities of Trichodesmiumcan be found around Australia is still incomplete. Based on satellite imagery and deep learning, we quantified relative abundance of Trichodesmiumaround Australia for the period of 2012–2021. Surface aggregations of Trichodesmiumwere found almost everywhere except the southern coast, with a cumulative footprint exceeding 4.6 million km2. Strong seasonality was found, with peak months between September and November. The spatial distributions and seasonality were found to correlate well with water temperature, iron‐rich dust from Australian desert, and black carbon aerosols from frequent bushfires. With the projected ocean warming in the coming century, Trichodesmiummay expand further south, making the cumulative footprint even larger. Deep learning was applied to multi‐band satellite images to detect and quantify Trichodesmiumsurface scums around AustraliaTrichodesmiumscums were found nearly everywhere around Australia with a seasonality and a cumulative footprint exceeding 4.6 million km2Distribution and seasonality of Trichodesmiumwere driven by temperature, iron‐rich dust and black carbon from the mainland bushfires Deep learning was applied to multi‐band satellite images to detect and quantify Trichodesmiumsurface scums around Australia Trichodesmiumscums were found nearly everywhere around Australia with a seasonality and a cumulative footprint exceeding 4.6 million km2 Distribution and seasonality of Trichodesmiumwere driven by temperature, iron‐rich dust and black carbon from the mainland bushfires

Published
2023
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