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The study was conducted with main purpose to assess the floral diversity and explore invasive species on rhinoceros habitat in two different research sites with in Chitwan National Park. The rhino is placed in the list of endangered species by International Union for Conservation of Nature and highly threatened due to loss their habitat by rapidly increasing invasive species. The study was done for a period of one month in (September to October) 2020. The 10 m, 5 m, and 1 m radius circular quadrates were utilized to gather data on trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively. A total of 25 plant species were recorded from 15 plots. The importance values of each species of trees were analyzed. Seven species of invasive types were recoded from 15 plots (10 plots from riverine forest and 5 plots from grassland). Mikania micrantha was most dominant species with IVI 103.02 followed by Pogostemon benghalensis with IVI 78.93 and Chromolaena odorata with IVI 34.57 as the second and third most dominant invasive species respectively. The conclusion is that invasive species have an impact on the grassland and riverine forest, which are needed by the mega herbivore. The management of rhino habitat and the preservation of the rhino population are seriously threatened.

The main aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of early marriage and examine its effects on the health of adolescent mothers. The research was conducted at BanakariyaTol of Manahari rural municipality, Makawanpurin the year of 2023. Simple random sampling technique (lottery method) was applied to select 97 respondents out of 235 households. Chi-square and Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyse the data. It is found that educational attainment among locale was significantly associated (p-value=0.01) with early marriage practices. Apart from educational attainment, other variables are unassociated. Significant association was found between age of marriage and effects on health while bearing child in early ages χ2 (2, N = 97) = 12.908, p < .001.Low level of education as well as the socio-cultural practices of the people were the main factors for high preference and prevalence of early marriage among female adolescents. The concern people, government and other agencies should formulate the suitable plan and policies to create awareness towards the reproductive health problems of adolescent mothers as well as to protect their reproductive health rights and uplift them for proper decision-making capacity and self-dependency.

Solid waste is global problem relating to environment, society and economics. Waste management is challenging issue as the quantity has been increasing with increase of population, urbanization and economic status. Some dozens of printed and online published books, journals, dissertations, website of agencies etc. were reviewed and by making outline and following guideline this article was prepared. It is found that the waste production varies from 0.25Kg to 1.38 Kg per capita per day in developing countries. In south South American countries it was recorded 1.07 Kg/capita/day, in Asian countries 0.4 to 1.62Kg/capita/day and in African region it was found 0.49 Kg/capita/day of waste production. The waste contains mostly biodegradable (50% to 80%). The collection system was very poor and from rural area only 10% to 20% waste and in urban area 44% to 90% of total produced waste was carried to collecting and management system. The common waste management’s adopted in developing countries were open dumping, landfill site, composting, incineration and open burning etc. From 18% to 92% of waste were found to dumping. In east pacific region 46% and in American countries 68.5% of total waste was carried to landfill site. The use of incinerator is scarcely found. Only in few countries well managed composting plants could be observed. Some landfill sites and incinerating plant shave generated electricity, biogas, brickets etc. Some pointed research gaps in this field are waste management and biodiversity, medicinal and hazardous waste management, vermicomposting etc. It can be recommended that for the waste management public awareness, participation of locals, application of reduction, reuse and recycling concept, waste management inside house premise, modernization and scientific management of solid wastes. Further researches are needed in different aspects of waste and management for the complete solution.

In a capacitated network, an optimum solution of the maximum flow problem is to send as much flow as possible from the source node to the sink node as efficiently as possible by satisfying the capacity and conservation constraints. But, because of the limited capacity on the arcs, total amount of flow out going from the source may not reach to the sink. If the excess amount of flow can be stored at the intermediate nodes, total amount of flow outgoing from the source can be increased significantly. Similarly, different destinations have their own importance with respect to some circumstances. Motivated with these scenarios, we introduce the lexicographic maximum flow problems with intermediate storage in static and dynamic networks by assigning the priority order to the nodes. We extend this notion to arc reversals approach, a flow maximization technique, which is widely accepted in evacuation planning as it increases the outbound arc capacities by using the arc capacities on the opposite direction as well. Travel times along the anti-parallel arcs is considered to be unequal and we take into account the travel time of the reversed arcs to be equal to the travel time of the non-reversed arc towards which the arc is reversed. We present polynomial time algorithms for the solution of these problems.

We calculate the one-photon exchange contribution to the interatomic interaction potential between electrically neutral, identical atoms, one of which is assumed to be in an excited state, by matching the scattering matrix (S matrix) element with the effective Hamiltonian. This approach allows us to use covariant perturbation theory, where the two possible time orderings of emission and absorption are summarized in a single Feynman amplitude. Our results encompass the full retardation correction to the one-photon exchange van-der-Waals potential. We employ the temporal gauge for the virtual photon propagator. Based on the Feynman prescription, we obtain the imaginary part of the interaction energy, which leads to an interaction-induced correction to the decay rate. Our results lead to precise formulas for the distance-dependent enhancement and suppression of the decay rates of entangled superradiant and subradiant Dicke state, as a function of the interatomic distance. We apply the result to an example calculation involving two hydrogen atoms, one of which is in the ground state, the other in an excited P state., 15 pages; 4 figures

Background and Aims: Worldwide many patients are receiving intravascular contrast media (CM) during interventional procedures. Contrast media are used to enhance visualization and guide percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).1 However, the use of CM also carries the risk of complications and it is important to be aware of these complications. Complications with CM range from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis, hypotension and renal dysfunction and contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of them which can have both short and long term consequences.2 This study aimed to know the incidence of CIN in our center and possible predictors associated with it. Methods: This is the single hospital based cross sectional observational study. Patients undergoing primary PCI were enrolled in the study. All the patients underwent thorough history taking and physical examination. Baseline required laboratory investigations were sent. Electrocardiogram and echocardiography screening was done before taking patient to primary PCI as per the protocol of the hospital. Results: The number of patients enrolled in the study was 83 out of which 65(78.2%) were males and mean age was 59.7±13.2. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) among the patients was 103.8±21.3. Almost 2/3rd of the population received intravenous fluids. Minimum contrast volume used was 50ml and maximum was 270. When absolute rise in creatinine was considered 12 (14.5%) had CIN and when percent rise was also considered total 28 (33.7%) had CIN. While evaluating the predictors of CIN, higher mean age (p=0.01), hypotension with mean MAP 100ml (p=0.04) was found to be significant. Conclusion: The incidence of CIN in patients undergoing PPCI was similar to the studies done in other parts of the world. Evaluating the predictors of CIN, higher mean age, hypotension and higher contrast volume was the significant predictor.

Background and Aims: Frontal QRS-T angle has been previously correlated with long term mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of frontal QRS-T angle and in-hospital outcomes in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: We evaluated 97 consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department of Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre with chest pain of less than 12 hours duration, who were subsequently diagnosed as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a prospective observational study. The study was conducted from July 2020 to June 2021.The data evaluation included demographics, clinical variables, electrocardiogram, length of hospital stay and in hospital mortality. Patient outcomes were stratified into three groups according to frontal QRS-T angle. The relationship between mortality and frontal QRS-T angle was tested with chi-square test. The p-value across the groups was again tested for inter-group significance. Results: Out of 97 patients 67 (69.07%) were male and 30 (30.92%) were female., The mean age of study population was 55.8±11.8 years. The patients under study were divided into three groups based on the calculation of fQRST angle as Group 1 (0-45°) being 46(47.4%), Group 2(46-90°) being 20(20.6%) and Group 3 (>90°) with 31(32%) cases. Diabetes and Congestive heart failure (CHF) patients were more likely to have increase in frontal QRST angle (P value 0.029, 0.012 respectively). Atrial fibrillation (AF) was higher among patients in group 3(>90° frontal QRST angle) which was statistically significant (0.012). Although the mean length of hospital stay was higher among patients with highest frontal QRST angle, it was statistically insignificant (p Value 0.062) however, the chance of hospital stay durations significantly increases across three groups at a 5% significance level (p-value: 0.018). In hospital mortality increased with increase in frontal QRST angle with 8.7%, 15% and 22.6% in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively however it was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Diabetes, CHF and AF patients were more likely to have increase in frontal QRST angle. The chance of hospital stay duration significantly increases with increase in frontal QRST angle Although the in hospital mortality increased with increase in the frontal QRST angle, it was statistically insignificant. A prospective study with larger sample size will help to clarify its association.

Background and Aims: Hypertension being one of the commonest non communicable diseases is major risk factor leading to premature death.1 With development of, the left ventricular strain imaging technique by echocardiography the consequences of hypertension may be identified and intervene earlier. The aim of study was to show abnormalities in cardiac function in the form of left ventricular strain imaging in hypertensive patients with preserved Ejection fraction. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, comparative and observational study done in Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre and National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital Kathmandu which included hypertensive patients with baseline examination including a medical history, clinical examination and a standardized trans thoracic echocardiography and strain imaging examination and the findings were compared among age and sex frequency matched 82 healthy adults in 1 : 2 ratio. The independent paired t test was used for the comparative statistical analysis. Results: We enrolled 240 patients in this study, 158 were hypertensive (mean age 48.5 ±6.1 years with 50.6 % female) and 82 healthy control (mean age 45.62 ±6.3 years with 51.2% female). There was no significant difference in conventional echocardiographic parameters between two groups except for left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness that was highest in hypertensive group (p value of

Since studies on fluid flow and energy dissemination through a bending duct (BD) plays prodigious contribution to both engineering and industrial standpoint, scientists have paid considerable attention to disclose new features of fluid flow through a BD. Taking this factor into account, the current work explores a computational approach on flow features and energy distribution through a bending rectangular duct of curvature 0.001 applying a spectral-based numerical scheme over a wide domain of the Dean number 0 < Dn ≤ 3000.The geometry is such that the bottom and outer side walls are thermally heated while the other walls are kept in room temperature. Newton-Raphson iteration method (N-R method) is adopted to inspect the branching structure of steady solutions (SS) which explores that there exist four branches of asymmetric steady solutions comprising 2- to 14-vortex solutions. The axial and secondary velocity distribution for each branch is investigated through different grid points by using different values of Dn. Unsteady flow characteristics are analyzed exquisitely by performing time-advancement of the solutions and flow transition is well determined by analyzing power spectrum (P-S) of the solutions. Axial flow, secondary flow, and temperature profiles have been depicted in accordance with Dn to wander the flow pattern, and it is predicted that the time-dependent flow (TDF) consists of asymmetric 2- to 10-vortex solutions. Finally, convective heat transfer (CHT) is analyzed by acquiring temperature contours for various types of physically realizable solutions. The study also demonstrates that centrifugal force comprehensively influences the fluid nature of the bending channel and CHT is more intensified due to chaotic phenomena of the flow.

Blue nevi are benign, melanocytic neoplasms that show a range of clinical and morphologic patterns and include common/dendritic, cellular, and atypical cellular subtypes. Like other nevi, they most commonly occur in skin but can occasionally involve lymph nodes where they may be misinterpreted as representing metastatic melanoma. Moreover, whether benign blue nevi can metastasize to lymph nodes and their natural history and prognostic significance has been the subject of great controversy. To date, few cases of nodal blue nevi have been reported in the literature, and those reports have had limited clinical follow-up and supporting molecular data. This study sought to determine the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of blue nevi involving lymph nodes, clarify their clinical significance, provide evidence for understanding their pathogenesis, and highlight potential pitfalls in the interpretation of lymph nodes with an ultimate aim of improving patient care. Thirteen cases of blue nevi involving lymph nodes were identified in the archives of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia (1984-2018). A detailed assessment of the clinical and pathologic features of each case was performed, including an evaluation of all available immunohistochemical stains. Extended clinical follow-up was available for 9 patients. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for GNAQ Q209L, Q209P and GNA11 Q209L mutations was performed on 7 cases of blue nevi within lymph nodes together with matching cutaneous (presumed primary) blue nevi in 2 cases. All cases showed typical histologic features of blue nevi. BAP1 was retained in all cases (n=7). There were no recurrence or metastasis of blue nevus in any case on long-term clinical follow-up (n=9, median follow-up, 12 y). The majority of cases (n=5 of 7 evaluated) had GNAQ and GNA11 driver mutations. The 2 patients with a matched primary cutaneous blue nevus and regionally associated nodal blue nevus had the same GNAQ Q209L mutation in both sites in each patient. We conclude that blue nevi can involve lymph nodes and are associated with benign clinical behavior, and probably represent so-called "benign" metastasis. Awareness of these lesions is important when evaluating lymph nodes to avoid misdiagnosis as metastatic melanoma.

In this study, we used an Ar plasma jet to enhance reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Atmospheric air was mixed directly with the working gas through the hole of the quartz tube in the discharge region. The electrical, optical, and chemical characteristics of air-mixed Ar plasma via a hole and pure Ar plasma without a hole were compared and analyzed. The hydroxyl (OH) radicals, singlet oxygen (O), and N2 second positive system (SPS) produced in the gas phase were significantly higher in the air-mixed Ar plasma than that in the pure Ar plasma. In addition, the generation of OH radicals was higher in the gas and liquid phases. Furthermore, the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in air, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitrite (NO2−) the in liquid phase were measured and were found to be higher in the air-mixed Ar plasma than that in pure Ar plasma. The naturally sucked atmospheric air through the drilled hole could be utilized to enhance the RONS by keeping similar power consumption with pure Ar plasma in the gas and liquid phases at a low cost compared to the discharge conditions of other noble gases. This study will be beneficial in the commercialization of non-thermal plasma jets which could be relevant in biomedical and other non-thermal plasma-related applications.

Pressure shifts inside an atomic beam are among the more theoretically challenging effects in high-precision measurements of atomic transitions. A crucial element in their theoretical analysis is the understanding of long-range interatomic interactions inside the beam. For excited reference states, the presence of quasi-degenerate states leads to additional challenges, due to the necessity to diagonalize large matrices in the quasi-degenerate hyperfine manifolds. Here, we focus on the interactions of hydrogen atoms in reference states composed of an excited nD state (atom A), and in the metastable 2S state (atom B). We devote special attention to the cases n=3 and n=8. For n=3, the main effect is generated by quasi-degenerate virtual P states from both atoms A and B and leads to experimentally relevant second-order long-range (van-der-Waals) interactions proportional to the sixth inverse power of the interatomic distance. For n=8, in addition to virtual states with two states of P symmetry, one needs to take into account combined virtual P and F states from atoms A and B. The numerical value of the so-called C6 coefficients multiplying the interaction energy was found to grow with the principal quantum number of the reference D state; it was found to be of the order of 1011 in atomic units. The result allows for the calculation of the pressure shift inside atomic beams while driving transitions to nD states.