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Human intervention, exploitation, and climate change have increasingly led to rapid ecosystem and regime shifts worldwide (Perry et al., 2005; Poloczanska et al., 2013). Long Island Sound (LIS), a tidal [...]

[Display omitted] • Research Dilong's pharmacological effects. • Offer new targets for brain injury. • Present potential treatments for cancer treatment side effects. The experiment was designed to explore the effects and mechanism of Dilong on alleviating cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced brain injury in mice. Fifty male SPF Kunming mice aged 6–8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups: Group A served as the control group; Group B received intraperitoneal injection of CTX; Groups C, D, and E were administered Dilong at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg respectively for 14 days after intraperitoneal injection of CTX. Results showed that after modeling, the movement speed of mice significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the number of neurons in the hippocampus and cortex decreased. Dilong can mitigate the behavioral abnormalities and reduction of brain neuronal cells caused by CTX. CTX had no significant effect on the number of astrocytes, microglia, and microglia M1 and M2 polarization, but it had a significant damaging effect on neuronal cells (P < 0.05). The mechanism of action is that CTX causes a decrease in cellular mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity (P < 0.05) and abnormal mitochondrial structure, which leads to the activation of the cellular scorching pathway. Dilong significantly increased mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity (P < 0.05), and the mitochondrial structure was restored to some extent. By significantly reducing NLRP3/TLR4/caspase1/pro caspase1/GSDMD (P < 0.05), it increased neuronal cell survival. This resulted in an increase in neuronal cell survival, thus exerting a protective effect on the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitochondrial genome of Metazoa is predominantly maternally inherited, providing a valuable genetic marker in various fields such as phylogenetics and phylogeography. However, mitochondrial heteroplasmy, where multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) coexist within an individual or even cell, presents a challenge to the use of mtDNA markers. This phenomenon may arise from replication errors, mutagenic processes, or paternal leakage. In this study, we investigated mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the freshwater bug Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Fabricius, 1794) using both Sanger and Illumina sequencing approaches. Our analyses confirmed the presence of diverse mtDNA variants within individual specimens collected from various locations across Europe. Signals of mitochondrial heteroplasmy were observed in chromatograms derived from both female and male individuals, indicating a prevalent phenomenon across A. aestivalis populations in general. Further comparative analyses of COI (partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) haplotypes indicated their high similarity and complex phylogenetic relationships. In turn, Illumina sequencing of a single male specimen revealed 102 heteroplasmic sites across the protein-coding sequences of mitogenome. Our results suggest the widespread and heritable nature of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in A. aestivalis, highlighting its importance for future phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Triatoma garciabesi is a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi , the causative agent of Chagas disease, and is found across northwest and central Argentina, southern Bolivia, and western Paraguay. It frequently invades rural houses during the warm seasons and is common in peridomestic and wild environments. Recently, the existence of two lineages has been demonstrated based on variation in cytochrome c oxidase I gene (coI). These lineages occur across the species distribution range and coincide with different ecological regions. Here, we aim to examine how phenotypic variation in flight-related traits is structured, determine the association between these traits and geographic distance, and identify the climatic, geographic, and/or vegetation cover variables that best explain the morphometric variation in flight-related traits. Methods: A total of 198 males of T. garciabesi from 24 populations in Argentina and Paraguay were included in this study, covering almost the entire T. garciabesi distribution range. Size and shape components of the forewing, membranous, and stiff portions of the forewing and head were measured using a landmark-based methodology. Results: Our study documents that the size component of the membranous and stiff portions showed significant variation across the species range. Although forewing and head shape did not show significant differences in Procrustes distances across all pairs of populations, the membranous and stiff portions did. There is a strong and consistent association between shape and geographic distances at all levels of comparison (species and lineage ranges). The size and shape components and the geographic, climatic, and/or vegetation indexes explained covariation in all flight-related traits. Discussion: T. garciabesi appears to be a species sensitive to vegetation cover and landscape features. This study provides evidence for this by showing clear variation in flight-related traits across the species and lineage distribution range, as well as indications of isolation by distance and variation in flight-related traits according to climate, geography, and vegetation cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine interstitial habitats (mesopsammon) have been understudied due to complications of exploring its millimetric and highly adapted organisms. The restrictive ecological conditions of this neglected habitat include faint light and a limited amount of space. These have forced its fauna, with gastropod molluscs as one of the most common groups, to adapt by reducing body size to minute (often shell-less) vermiform organisms. These usually simplified heterobranch species are hard to collect and problematic to determine, often including cases of cryptic and pseudo-cryptic speciation. Here, we explore the interstitial heterobranch diversity alongside the Spanish and Catalan coast (Western Mediterranean) to shed light on the taxonomy of this group. Among the 15 localities, we have collected 315 specimens directly from coarse samples and associated habitats, belonging to ca. 39 different species, providing live photographs, species identification based on the current taxonomic knowledge, and species delimitations based on newly generated sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). Results show the first records for Spain and the Catalan Coast for some of these neglected taxa, thereby reinforcing or expanding its distribution with molecular data. Moreover, two species are described, the lower heterobranch Rhodope salviniplawenisp. n. and the nudibranch Embletonia mediterraneasp. n. and the cephalaspidean Laona vestita comb. nov. is reassigned to a different family. Overall, this study represents a significant advancement in the taxonomic and biogeographic knowledge of interstitial fauna, highlighting the value of continued research in these underexplored habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ticks are ecto-parasites of domestic animals, rodents, and wildlife living for periods at a time on one or more vertebrate hosts. They are important vectors of viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases in livestock and humans. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and the spotted fever rickettsiae are some of the tick-borne diseases of public health importance reported in Kenya. Their distribution and public health risks among communities, especially pastoralists, remain poorly characterized due to limited surveillance, affected partly by inadequate capacity for tick identification arising from a limited number of skilled taxonomists. Materials and Methods: The aim of this survey was to identify tick species currently circulating in different livestock hosts in northern Kenya. Ticks were sampled from cattle, sheep, goats, and camels in Turkana, Isiolo, Baringo, and West Pokot counties, and differential identification was carried out using morphological identification keys followed by molecular characterization based on the cytochrome c oxidase I gene (cox1). Haplotypes were determined using the DnaSP v6 software and phylogenetic relationships inferred using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Results: A total of 12,206 ticks were collected, from Turkana (45.4%), Isiolo (23.1%), Baringo (22.7%), and West Pokot (8.8%) counties in Kenya. Ten species were confirmed by molecular analysis; H. rufipes, H. impeltatum, H. dromedarii, R. pravus, R. camicasi, R. pulchellus, R. evertsi evertsi, A. variegatum, A. gemma, and A. lepidum. There was no disparity in the morphological and molecular identification of Amblyomma species. However, molecular analysis provided insight into the complexity of morphological identification especially among Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species. High haplotype diversities (0.857-1.000) and low nucleotide diversities (0.00719-0.06319) were observed in all the tick samples tested. Conclusion: The findings highlight the diversity of tick species in dry pastoral ecologies in Kenya and the importance of confirming morphological identification by molecular analysis thus contributing to accurate mapping of tick-borne disease distribution and risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insectivorous bats play an essential role as predators in natural ecosystems and contribute to pest control in agricultural landscapes. However, characterizing diets of specific bat species is difficult using conventional methods that cannot capture detailed dietary information. In this study, we used metabarcoding of the cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene to analyze fecal samples of Myotis velifer and provide insight into the seasonal variation of diet from a colony located in the Chihuahuan Desert region of Texas. After filtering sequence reads, we recovered and analyzed 706 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) in the diet of M. velifer. We found 484 taxa (species and genus level) belonging to 11 insect orders in 66 fecal samples collected from March to October 2021. The orders containing the most MOTUs were Diptera (n = 353), Lepidoptera (n = 160), and Blattodea (n = 59). In their diet, we identified important insect crop pests, non-native insects, and substantial consumption of mosquitoes. Dietary composition shifted throughout seasons. Bats captured in summer months consumed the highest diversity of arthropod orders, and those captured in the spring consumed more diet items but were less diverse in arthropod orders. Our results uncovered 2 additional orders consumed by M. velifer , Blattodea and Odonata, that have not been previously described in their diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove plants, which have evolved to inhabit tidal flats, may adjust their physiological and morphological traits to optimize their growth in saline habitats. Furthermore, the confined distribution of mangroves within warm regions suggests that warm temperature is advantageous to their growth in saline environments. We analyzed growth, morphology and respiratory responses to moderate salinity and temperature in a mangrove species, Rhizophora stylosa. The growth of R. stylosa was accelerated in moderate salinity compared with its growth in fresh water. Under warm conditions, the increased growth is accompanied by increased specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length. Low temperature resulted in a low relative growth rate due to a low leaf area ratio and small SLA, regardless of salinity. Salinity lowered the ratio of the amounts of alternative oxidase to cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in leaves. Salinity enhanced the leaf respiration rate for maintenance, but under warm conditions this enhancement was compensated by a low leaf respiration rate for growth. In contrast, salinity enhanced overall leaf respiration rates at low temperature. Our results indicate that under moderate saline conditions R. stylosa leaves require warm temperatures to grow with a high rate of resource acquisition without enhancing respiratory cost. Summary statement: Under moderately saline conditions, a typical mangrove species, Rhizophora stylosa, requires warm temperatures to grow with a high rate of resource acquisition without enhancing respiratory cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mole crickets of the genus Gryllotalpa Latreille, 1802 are widely distributed across the Oriental region, including Thailand. While the species G. orientalis Burmeister, 1838 was thought to be the most common although there was limited genetic information existed for Thai specimens. This study collected 271 mol crickets from 14 localities in Roi Et province, Thailand. The sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (CO1) and 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) were examined. High genetic diversity was observed with 37 CO1 and 15 16S rDNA haplotypes. Haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees classified the mole cricket into six genetic groups (I – VI). The most common genetic group detected throughout the studied areas was group I. While, groups III and IV were specifically found in Kaset Wisai and At Samat districts, respectively. The CO1 sequences of G. orientalis from other countries deposited in the GenBank database were clustered as a distinct genetic group. Phylogenetic trees revealed six genetic groups which were classified into three species groups (Sp. 1 – Sp. 3). There were slight differences in male genitalia and tegmen venation between Sp. 1 and Sp. 3. Our findings suggest that in Roi Et Province, the genus Gryllotalpa contained cryptic species, with at least three species involved. The need was identified for a comprehensive investigation of their biology, ecology, and genetic diversity throughout Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we conducted a molecular analysis, based on the comparison of mtDNA sequences of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) of the species Tanymastix stagnalis Linnaeus, 1758 from Algeria, with other available sequences. Phylogenetic analysis clarified the status of this species and its phylogenetic links between European and North African populations. This analysis clearly demonstrated that the only two populations from Algeria (Reghaïa and El Frine) are included within European sub-clad comprising northern Spain, France, northern Italy and Germany. We also provided ecological data over a decade of monitoring, which revealed that the population of T. stagnalis from El-Frine is stable and active during winter and spring. It lives in sandy pools and prefers low temperatures and conductivity (11.9 ± 2.2 °C, 0.26 ± 0.15 mS cm−1, respectively). The mean density of its individuals was 1.43 ± 3.44 ind. L−1, with an egg-bank of 0.35 ± 0.14 egg cm−3. The cohabitation of T. stagnalis with the Decapoda Atyaephyra desmaresti (Millet, 1831) in the El-Frine ponds is reported for the first time. Conservation measures should be undertaken to protect this endangered species in North Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amplifying large fragments from degraded and non-invasive samples poses a significant challenge in species identification. Accurately identifying any species is crucial for understanding evolutionary history and species radiations from such samples. To address this challenge, we developed a novel mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) primer for the Indian rhesus macaque, amplifying a 440 bp segment to identify non-invasive degraded fecal samples for effective conservation planning. Wild Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) fecal samples were collected from seven states across India. We analyzed 47 sequences of Indian rhesus macaques alongside 120 sequences of the genus Macaca to see the genetic relationship. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using COI sequences. Our analysis suggests that, compared to other species in the cercopithecine subfamily, Indian macaques form a polyphyletic assemblage, comprising two potential lineages: one from Northern India and the other from Eastern India. These findings are crucial to aid in the conservation management and translocation process of Indian rhesus macaques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phylogenies support monophyly of Azygiidae and membership of Azygioidea within Hemiurata. • Azygia includes Leuceruthrus , which is proposed as a junior synonym. • Proterometra was supported in a minority of phylogenetic analyses. • A new species of Azygia is described from northeastern North America. • The marine origin of Azygiidae and the Palearctic origin of freshwater azygiids are shown in phylogenies. The Azygiidae Looss, 1899 is a family of digeneans with a Holarctic distribution in which members of some genera mature in marine elasmobranchs while others occur only in freshwater teleosts. Some have questioned whether the marine genus Otodistomum Stafford, 1904 indeed belongs to the same family as the freshwater azygiid genera, namely Azygia Looss, 1899, Proterometra Horsfall, 1933, and Leuceruthrus Marshall and Gilbert, 1905. We present phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial genomes, rDNA operons, and partial cytochrome c oxidase I (Cox1) sequences from North American and Asian species that support the monophyly of Azygiidae, and placement of Azygioidea in the suborder Hemiurata, in contrast to recently published mitochondrial genome phylogenies. All phylogenies indicate that Azygia includes Leuceruthrus , which we therefore propose to be a junior synonym, together with suppression of the Leuceruthrinae. The status of Proterometra was equivocal, with support in some but not all analyses of 28S, but not in other markers. We describe a new species of Azygia from northeastern North America. Our results confirm the morphological variability of adults in Azygia , with worm size positively correlated with host size in Azygia angusticauda. Phylogenies suggest a marine origin for the Azygiidae, and a Palearctic origin for freshwater azygiids, with a single trans-Atlantic radiation to the Nearctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The first known demonstration of the presence of Litomosoides , a bat microfilaria, in bats in an urban landscape. • Bat microfilaria prevalence is higher in tropical forests compared with urban areas in Mexico. • Within urban areas, impervious surfaces harbor bats with higher microfilaria prevalence than the city periphery. • A potential new species of Litomosoides was discovered in bats, mites, and bat-flies. Litomosoides includes filarial nematodes capable of infecting various vertebrate species. While Litomosoides has been extensively studied in rodents, research on its association with bats remains limited. The transmission dynamics of this parasite are complex, involving moving between different invertebrate hosts before reaching the final host. Most investigations concerning microfilariae have concentrated on their morphological characteristics, with scant attention paid to ecological aspects, particularly in human-altered landscapes. This study represents the first known documentation of Litomosoides in bats within an urban environment. It investigates their response to urbanization in their interaction with the synanthropic bat Artibeus jamaicensis and its ectoparasites. The objective was to explore the influence of urban landscapes on Litomosoides prevalence in synanthropic hosts. Blood samples were collected along urban–rural gradients, and parasite presence was confirmed through direct observation in blood smears and PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COX1), which exhibited robust support values, indicates that the microfilaria found in A. jamaicensis is closely related to Litomosoides chandleri. However, it also suggests the possibility of an unidentified, and therefore potentially new, species within the genus Litomosoides. Additionally, Litomosoides DNA was detected in Periglischrus iheringi (Acari: Spinturnicidae) and in the bat fly Trichobius intermedius collected from the bat. The parasite sequences obtained from these three interacting species exhibited a genetic distance as low as 0.002. The highest prevalences were recorded in forested areas (28.6%) compared with urban areas (21.2%). However, within the urban landscape, prevalence varied from 3.8% to 21.2%, being highest in densely built-up areas. Analysis of the urban landscape suggested that the prevalence of Litomosoides in A. jamaicensis is the result of a multifactorial and synergistic process involving ectoparasite load, host abundance, and the extent of impervious surfaces (NDBI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated whether mitochondrial DNA variants in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), which affect proteins of the respiratory chain and mitochondrial function, could be associated with an increased risk and poor prognosis of IPF. From 2020 to 2022, we recruited 36 patients (age: 75.3 ± 8.5; female: 19%) with IPF, and 80 control subjects (age: 72.3 ± 9.0; female: 27%). The mitochondrial genome of peripheral blood leukocytes was determined using next-generation sequencing. During a 45-month follow-up, 10 (28%) patients with IPF remained stable and the other 26 (72%) progressed, with 12 (33%) mortalities. IPF patients had more non-synonymous (NS) variants (substitution/deletion/insertion) in mitochondrial COX3 gene (coding for subunit 3 of complex IV of the respiratory chain), and more mitochondrial tRNA variants located in the anticodon (AC) stem, AC loop, variable loop, T-arm, and T-loop of the tRNA clover-leaf structure in PBLs than the control group. The succumbed IPF patients were older, had lower initial diffusion capacity, and higher initial fibrosis score on high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) than the alive group. NS variants in mitochondrial COX3 gene and tRNA variants in PBLs were associated with shorter survival. Our study shows that (1) leukocyte mitochondrial COX3 NS variants are associated with risk and prognosis of IPF; (2) leukocyte mitochondrial tRNA variants located in the AC stem, AC loop, variable loop, T-arm, and T-loop of the tRNA clover-leaf structure are associated with risk, and the presence of tRNA variants is associated with poor prognosis of IPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was previously reported that tyrosine 97 (Y97) of cytochrome c is phosphorylated in cow heart tissue under physiological conditions. Y97 phosphorylation was shown to partially inhibit respiration in vitro in the reaction with purified cytochrome c oxidase. Here, we use phosphomimetic Y97E Cytc to further characterize the functional effects of this modification both in vitro and in cell culture models. In vitro, phosphomimetic Y97E Cytc showed lower activity in the reaction with purified cow heart cytochrome c oxidase (COX), decreased caspase-3 activity, and reduced rate of reduction. Additionally, the phosphomimetic Y97E Cytc tended to be resistant to heme degradation and showed an increased rate of oxidation. Intact mouse Cytc double knockout fibroblasts were transfected with plasmids coding for phosphomimetic Y97E Cytc and other variants. Compared to cells expressing wild-type Cytc, the cells expressing phosphomimetic Y97E Cytc showed reduced respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species production, and protection from apoptosis. In an oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation cell culture model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production were decreased. These data show that Cytc phosphorylation controls the overall flux through the electron transport chain by maintaining optimal intermediate ΔΨm potentials for efficient ATP production while minimizing reactive oxygen species production, thus protecting the cell from apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM) is a rare congenital myopathy that commonly manifests with liver involvement. In most XLMTM cases, disease-causing variants have been identified in the myotubularin gene (MTM1) on chromosome Xq28, which encodes myotubularin protein (MTM1). The impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) enzyme activity in muscle has been observed in the XLMTM mouse model. Though several reports mentioned possible mechanisms of liver involvement in XLMTM patients and animal models, the precise underlying mechanisms remain unknown, and there is no report focused on mitochondrial functions in hepatocytes in XLMTM. We encountered two patients with XLMTM who had liver involvement. We measured MRC enzyme activities in two muscle biopsy specimens, and one liver specimen from our patients to investigate whether MTM1 variants cause MRC dysfunction and whether mitochondrial disturbance is associated with organ dysfunction. MRC enzyme activities decreased in skeletal muscles but were normal in the liver. In our patients, the impaired MRC enzyme activity found in muscle is consistent with previously reported mechanisms that the loss of MTM1-desmin intermediate filament and MTM1-IMMT (a mitochondrial membrane protein) interaction led to the mitochondrial dysfunction. However, our study showed that liver involvement in XLMTM may not be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is a significant pest for tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables and has a detrimental impact on the global economy. Subsequent samples were successfully identified using the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Wolbachia are naturally occurring endosymbiotic bacteria found in the reproductive tissues of arthropods. The prevalence of endosymbiont Wolbachia and the diversity of its strains in populations of B. zonata were explored. The screening of 422 samples revealed (29–40) positive samples for Wolbachia infection through 16S rRNA, wsp, and MLST genes. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbour-joining (NJ) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods exhibited that the identified Wolbachia strains were clustered with those belonging to supergroup A. The newly identified strain of Wolbachia, named wBzon, differs from previously published sequences of B. zonata, indicating its potential for the incompatible insect technique (IIT). This discovery offers an eco-friendly method for managing B. zonata populations and highlights the importance of Wolbachia in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating brain oxygen metabolism during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is essential for improving neurological outcomes and guiding clinical interventions in high-stress medical emergencies. This study focused on two key indicators of brain oxygen metabolism: the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and the oxidation state of redox cytochrome c oxidase (rCCO). Using advanced techniques such as hyperspectral near-infrared spectroscopy (hNIRS) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), we conducted a comprehensive analysis of their relationship in pigs during and after cardiac arrest and CPR. Both the entire duration of these experiments and specific time intervals were investigated, providing a detailed view of how these metrics interact. The data reveal a non-linear relationship between rCCO and CMRO2. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how the brain manages oxygen during critical episodes, potentially guiding future interventions in neurological care and improving outcomes in emergency medical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rare and functional edible mushroom, the market potential of ready-to-eat fresh-cut Changgen mushrooms (Oudemansiella raphanipes) is booming in developing countries. However, fresh-cut mushrooms preservation is challenging in distribution and consumption. The present study discovered that exogenous L-cysteine (L-Cys) treatment delayed the weight loss, browning degree, nutrition depletion and microbial contamination of fresh-cut Changgen mushrooms at 4 °C. Based on transcriptomic data, exogenous L-Cys significantly activated the metabolism of 17 amino acids, including L-Cys and methionine, a prerequisite for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis. Exogenous L-Cys also stimulated the activities and gene expressions of cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase, thereby increasing H2S levels. Furthermore, exogenous L-Cys enhanced the energy metabolism by improving cytochrome c oxidase, H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase enzymes activity. Exogenous L-Cys treatment reduced the reactive oxygen species by regulating enzyme activities such as polyphenol oxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. This study contributes valuable insights into the physiological function of L-Cys and the role of H2S on the fresh-cut Changgen mushroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is a widely consumed food product frequently subjected to adulteration, with the mislabeling of its botanical or geographical origin being one of the most common practices. Determining the entomological origin of honey is particularly challenging but of high relevance for ensuring its authenticity, especially for products with protected designation of origin (PDO) labels. This study presents a novel DNA metabarcoding approach targeting a highly informative 406 bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene to differentiate among the three major mitochondrial lineages (A, M, and C) of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) native to Europe. The target region was selected based on the calculated fixation index (FST), which is frequently used in Population Genetics as a measure of differentiation between populations. The approach was validated with 11 honey samples of known entomological origin and applied to 44 commercial honeys from 13 countries. The approach demonstrated high sensitivity, accurately identifying the entomological origin of honey, including samples produced by honey bees of varying ancestries, which could not be resolved by previous methods based on real-time PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of COI metabarcoding in verifying honey authenticity and highlight the predominance of C-lineage honey bees in the production of commercial honeys from northwestern Europe. This finding suggests a limited presence of the native M-lineage ancestry, underscoring the need for conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroautophagy/autophagy enables lysosomal degradation of a diverse array of intracellular material. This process is essential for normal cellular function and its dysregulation is implicated in many diseases. Given this, there is much interest in understanding autophagic mechanisms of action in order to determine how it can be best targeted therapeutically. In mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria via autophagy, mitochondria first need to be primed with signals that allow the recruitment of the core autophagy machinery to drive the local formation of an autophagosome around the target mitochondrion. To determine how the recruitment of different core autophagy components can drive mitophagy, we took advantage of the mito-QC mitophagy assay (an outer mitochondrial membrane-localized tandem mCherry-GFP tag). By tagging autophagy proteins with an anti-mCherry (or anti-GFP) nanobody, we could recruit them to mitochondria and simultaneously monitor levels of mitophagy. We found that targeting ULK1, ATG16L1 and the different Atg8-family proteins was sufficient to induce mitophagy. Mitochondrial recruitment of ULK1 and the Atg8-family proteins induced a conventional mitophagy pathway, requiring RB1CC1/FIP200, PIK3C3/VPS34 activity and ATG5. Surprisingly, the mitophagy pathway upon recruitment of ATG16L1 proceeded independently of ATG5, although it still required RB1CC1 and PIK3C3/VPS34 activity. In this latter pathway, mitochondria were alternatively delivered to lysosomes via uptake into early endosomes. Abbreviation: aGFP: anti-GFP nanobody; amCh: anti-mCherry nanobody; ATG: autophagy related; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; AUTAC/AUTOTAC: autophagy-targeting chimera; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; COX4/COX IV: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4; DFP: deferiprone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; HSPD1/HSP60: heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HTRA2/OMI: HtrA serine peptidase 2; IB: immunoblotting; IF: immunofluorescence; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPA1: OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; OPTN: optineurin; (D)PBS: (Dulbecco's) phosphate-buffered saline; PD: Parkinson disease; PFA: paraformaldehyde; POI: protein of interest; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; RAB: RAB, member RAS oncogene family; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pufferfish are valuable ingredients and important fishery resources in Asia. Among them, approximately 25 Takifugu species have undergone explosive speciation in the marine environments of East Asia. Specifically, T. rubripes, T. pseudommus , and T. chinensis are remarkably similar in appearance and genetics, and their classification remains controversial. Here, we provide comprehensive genetic and genomic evidence regarding their speciation and classification. Methods: Whole genome sequencing was performed on T. pseudommus , leading to the identification and development of 15 novel tandem simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from its genomic data. Genetic diversity, differentiation, and population structure among T. rubripes, T. pseudommus, T. chinensis , and T. xanthopterus were subsequently analyzed using a combination of these 15 SSR loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CoI) and cytochrome b (CytB) gene sequences. Furthermore, genomic variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, and deletions, were identified by comparing the genome of T. pseudommus with the reference T. rubripes genome retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. These variations were screened using ENSEMBL annotation and gene ontology analysis, and their potential association with morphological differences, such as dorsal spot patterns, was evaluated using reference Takifugu specimens. Results and discussion: Population genetic analysis of T. rubripes, T. pseudommus , and T. chinensis using the CoI and CytB genes, combined with the 15 SSR loci, revealed clustering into a single genetic group characterized by remarkably low genetic diversity (four haplotypes, with diversity values ranging from 0.0000 to 0.00065) and minimal pairwise differentiation (microsatellite-based F ST values ranging from -0.0021 to 0.0075). Additionally, comparative genomic analysis between T. pseudommus and the reference T. rubripes genome did not identify genetic variations that could directly explain the observed morphological differences among the species. These findings strongly suggest that T. rubripes, T. pseudommus , and T. chinensis represent a single species sharing a common genetic pool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips tabaci is the main thrips species affecting onion and related species. It is a cryptic species complex comprising three phylogenetic groups characterized by different reproductive modes (thelytoky or arrhenotoky) and host plant specialization. Thrips tabaci populations vary widely in genetic diversity, raising questions about the factor(s) that drive this diversity. We investigated the genetic diversity, reproductive mode, and heteroplasmy frequency in T. tabaci populations from different Allium spp fields in six locations in the Netherlands in 2021 and at two locations from the North and South of Uruguay over three years to unravel how the diversity is structured in the populations and if changes can be associated with weather variables. The thrips populations from each location studied were characterized by sequencing 33 individuals per sampling using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The reproductive mode was determined using specific primers and a phylogenetic analysis. Daily data for the weather variables was obtained from agrometeorological experimental stations located in the Uruguayan sampled crop fields. The diversity, reproductive mode, and heteroplasmy of T. tabaci populations in onion crops exhibited significant year-to-year variation depending on the location. Changes in the relative frequency of each reproductive mode in populations are associated with weather variables: precipitation, temperature, number of frosts, and relative humidity. Heteroplasmy frequency was associated with the same weather variables except temperature. In Uruguay and the Netherlands, T. tabaci thelytokous haplotype H1 was the most common, showing different heteroplasmy levels within and between the populations. In the field populations, a high frequency of heteroplasmic H1 individuals was associated with low precipitation, while all H1 individuals were also associated with high temperature and high relative humidity. In Uruguay, heteroplasmy was associated with arrhenotokous T. tabaci haplotypes, which were highly common in the North, pointing at specific adaptations leading to a faster population build-up. All this information may be instrumental for designing more precise integrated pest management techniques in both conventional and organic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule known to modulate various physiological processes, with specific implications in skeletal muscle and broader applications in exercise performance. This review focuses on the modulation of skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial adaptation and function, redox state by NO, and the effect of nitrate supplementation on exercise performance. In skeletal muscle function, NO is believed to increase the maximal shortening velocity and peak power output of muscle fibers. However, its effect on submaximal contraction is still undetermined. In mitochondria, NO may stimulate biogenesis and affect respiratory efficiency. NO also plays a role in the redox state within the skeletal muscle, partially through its interaction with respiratory chain enzymes and transcriptional regulators of antioxidant production. Nitrate supplementation leads to an increased bioavailability of NO in skeletal muscle. Thus, nitrate supplementation has been investigated for its ability to impact performance outcomes in endurance and resistance exercise. The effect of nitrate supplementation on endurance exercise is currently indecisive, although evidence indicates that it may extend the time to exhaustion in endurance exercise. Alternatively, the effect of nitrate supplementation on resistance exercise performance has been less studied. Limited research indicates that nitrate supplementation may improve repetitions to failure. Further research is needed to investigate the influence of training status, age, sex, and duration of supplementation to further elucidate the impact of nitrate supplementation on exercise performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrin is secreted following a rise in gastric pH, leading to gastric acid secretion. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG), a bariatric surgery where 80% of the gastric corpus is excised, presents a challenge for gastric pH homeostasis. Using histology, and single-cell RNA sequencing of the gastric epithelium in 12 women, we observed that SG is associated with an increase in a sub-population of acid-secreting parietal cells that overexpress respiratory enzymes and an increase in histamine-secreting enterochromaffin-like cells (ECLs). ECLs of SG-operated patients overexpressed genes coding for biosynthesis of neuropeptides and serotonin. Mathematical modeling showed that pH homeostasis by gastrin is analogous to non-linear proportional and integral control, that drives adaptation of the epithelium to acid-secretion demand. Quantitative model predictions were validated in patients. The results demonstrate human gastric epithelium remodeling following SG at the molecular and cellular levels, and more generally how trophic hormones enable robust adaptation of tissue function to meet physiological demand. Sleeve gastrectomy is a common bariatric surgery in which most of the gastric corpus is removed. Here, the authors show the adaptation of the gastric mucosa to surgery in patients, and how it facilitates maintenance of gastric pH homeostasis through a proportional-integral feedback control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In biomanufacturing of surface-active agents, such as rhamnolipids, excessive foaming is a significant obstacle for the development of high-performing bioprocesses. The exploitation of the inherent tolerance of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, an obligate aerobic bacterium, to microaerobic conditions has received little attention so far. Here low-oxygen inducible promoters were characterized in biosensor strains and exploited for process control under reduction of foam formation by low aeration and stirring rates during biosynthesis of rhamnolipids. Results: In this study, homologous promoters of P. putida inducible under oxygen limitation were identified by non-targeted proteomic analyses and characterized by fluorometric methods. Proteomics indicated a remodeling of the respiratory chain and the regulation of stress-related proteins under oxygen limitation. Of the three promoters tested in fluorescent biosensor assays, the promoter of the oxygen-sensitive cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase gene showed high oxygen-dependent controllability. It was used to control the gene expression of a heterologous di-rhamnolipid synthesis operon in an auto-inducing microaerobic two-phase bioprocess. By limiting the oxygen supply via low aeration and stirring rates, the bioprocess was clearly divided into a growth and a production phase, and sources of foam formation were reduced. Accordingly, rhamnolipid synthesis did not have to be controlled externally, as the oxygen-sensitive promoter was autonomously activated as soon as the oxygen level reached microaerobic conditions. A critical threshold of about 20% oxygen saturation was determined. Conclusions: Utilizing the inherent tolerance of P. putida to microaerobic conditions in combination with the application of homologous, low-oxygen inducible promoters is a novel and efficient strategy to control bioprocesses. Fermentation under microaerobic conditions enabled the induction of rhamnolipid production by low oxygen levels, while foam formation was limited by low aeration and stirring rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a new species of Polyxenida from China, Lophoturus sineprocessus sp. nov., along with a species newly recorded from China: Eudigraphis nigricans (Miyosi, 1947), and provides additional descriptions of Eudigraphis sinensis Ishii & Liang, 1990 and Polyxenus hangzhoensis Ishii & Liang, 1990. The study conducted mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequencing for all four species and constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the molecular data. The comprehensive morphological descriptions and molecular analyses confirm the addition of one new species and one newly recorded species for the Polyxenida fauna of China, elevating the total number of known Polyxenida species in the country from 10 to 12. The study also includes an identification key for Polyxenida species in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial peptides P4, A1 and A4 are homologous to amphipathic α-helical fragments of the influenza virus M1 protein. P4 and A4 contain the cholesterol recognition sequence CARC, which is absent in A1. As shown previously, P4 and A4 but not A1 have cytotoxic effects on some eukaryotic and bacterial cells. This might be caused by the dysfunction of cholesterol-dependent cellular structures, inhibition of the respiratory chain, or disruption of the membrane. Here, we analyzed the latter hypothesis by studying the uncoupling effect of the peptides on asolectin membranes. The influence of A4 on Δψ pre-formed either by the valinomycin-dependent K+ diffusion or by the activity of membrane-built cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) was studied on (proteo)liposomes. Also, we investigated the effect of P4, A1 and A4 on liposomes loaded with calcein. It is found that A4 in a submicromolar range causes an immediate and complete dissipation of diffusion Δψ across the liposomal membrane. Uncoupling of the CcO-containing proteoliposomes requires an order of magnitude of higher peptide concentration, which may indicate the sorption of A4 on the enzyme. The presence of cholesterol in the membrane significantly weakens the uncoupling. Submicromolar A4 and P4 cause the release of calcein from liposomes, indicating the formation of membrane pores. The process develops in minutes and is significantly decelerated by cholesterol. Micromolar A1 induces pore formation in a cholesterol-independent manner. We conclude that the peptides P4, A4 and, in higher concentrations, A1 form pores in the asolectin membrane. The CARC-mediated interaction of A4 and P4 with cholesterol impedes the peptide oligomerization necessary for pore formation. The rapid uncoupling effect of A4 is apparently caused by an increase in the proton conductivity of the membrane without pore formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The larvae of the Oestridae family parasitize the tissues, body cavities and gastrointestinal tract of mammalian hosts and thereby cause obligatory subcutaneous, nasopharyngeal and gastrointestinal myiasis, affecting wild and domestic mammals worldwide. The study aimed to present initial morphological and molecular findings regarding nasopharyngeal and subcutaneous myiasis in red deer and roe deer populations in Croatia. Larval specimens were obtained from 45 wild cervids during the timeframe spanning from 2015 to 2024. Subcutaneous larvae in both cervid species were identified as Hypoderma diana, while nasopharyngeal larvae were identified as Cephenemyia simulator in roe deer and Pharyngomyia picta in red deer. Our results provide a reference for similar investigations elsewhere in southeastern Europe, which are important for obtaining a complete understanding of botfly distribution throughout Europe as climate conditions become increasingly favorable to their growth. The infestation of ruminants by fly larvae of the Oestridae family can lead to nasopharyngeal or subcutaneous myiasis, which can harm animal welfare and productivity on sheep and cattle farms. The infestation of wild ruminants allows them to serve as reservoirs for subsequent transfer to domestic animals. The fly species most commonly responsible for myiasis have been well studied in many parts of the world, but less so in southeastern Europe. Here, we identified three botfly species among 197 subcutaneous larvae and 138 nasopharyngeal larvae from 36 wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 9 wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at 30 locations across Croatia. Instars were stored in 75% ethanol and their species and developmental stage were identified based on morphological and morphometric keys. Subcutaneous larvae in both cervid species were identified as Hypoderma diana, while nasopharyngeal larvae were identified as Cephenemyia simulator in roe deer and Pharyngomyia picta in red deer. Partial sequencing of the gene-encoding mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I confirmed the taxonomic classification of C. stimulator and P. picta but was unable to confirm that of H. diana for lack of previously published sequences. This study appears to be the first to combine the morphological and molecular characterization of myiasis-causing botflies in wild cervids in southeastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main contributor to Türkiye's abundant freshwater fish biodiversity is its geographic location. This fauna consists of endemic, native, and non-native fish species. The introduction of Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859 to Lake Amik in the 1920s for the biological control of malaria was the first introduction of nonnative species to Türkiye. Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and other nonnative fish species have recently been introduced to Türkiye's freshwaters. In this research, the first records of invasive Gambusia holbrooki (Keban Dam Lake, in Elazığ Province) and Atherina boyeri (Karakaya Dam Lake, in Elazığ Province) are cited from the Upper Euphrates River Basin in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. In situ electrofishing equipment was used to gather the specimens. Fish muscle samples were used to extract genomic DNA, which was then used to barcode the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to identify different species of fish. The identification of invasive fish species using DNA barcoding is an effective technique, as evidenced by the comparison of amplified COI sequences to the BLAST database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies reported about potential effects of L-carnosine in regulation of tumor growth and metabolism. We evaluated the effects of different concentrations of L-carnosine from Karnozin EXTRA® supplement on mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of human embryo lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), with different energy pathways. Also, we analyzed the proliferation index and expression of various markers of oxidative stress. Treatment with Karnozin EXTRA® (concentration of L-carnosine were 2, 5 and 10 mM) for 24 hours gradually decreased the number of cells and changed their morphological features. In both cell lines, a dose-dependent reduction of cell viability was recorded compared to the control group. Also, experimental groups showed a concentration-dependent decrease in fluorescence intensity of SOD2 expressions in MCF-7, while in MRC-5 we noticed higher fluorescence intensity in Carnosine 2 mM group. Treated cells, in both cell lines, showed different intensity of iNOS cytoplasmic immunopositivity in a concentration-dependent manner. In all experimental groups, we noticed an increased expression of marker of oxidative stress-cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). The effects of Karnozin EXTRA® capsule on mitochondrial respiration, assessed with the Clark-type electrode, were manifested as a reduction of: basal cell respiration, maximum capacity of electron transport chain and mitochondrial ATP-linked respiration. Also, significant decrease in the activity of complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase), complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) and complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) was observed in both cell lines. Bearing in mind that Karnozin EXTRA® is a potential regulator of energy metabolism of MCF-7 and MRC-5, these results provide a good basis for further preclinical and clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health. It is interesting that the shape of mitochondria can vary depending on the type of cell, mitochondrial function, and other cellular conditions. However, there are limited studies that link functional assessment with mitochondrial morphology evaluation at high magnification, even fewer that do so in situ and none in human muscle biopsies. Therefore, we have developed a method which combines functional assessment of mitochondria through Cytochrome c Oxidase (COX) histochemistry, with a 3D electron microscopy (EM) technique, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM). Here we apply COX-SBFSEM to muscle samples from patients with single, large-scale mtDNA deletions, a cause of mitochondrial disease. These deletions cause oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, which can be observed through changes in COX activity. One of the main advantages of combining 3D-EM with the COX reaction is the ability to look at how per-mitochondrion oxidative phosphorylation status is spatially distributed within muscle fibres. Here we show a robust spatial pattern in COX-positive and intermediate-fibres and that the spatial pattern is less clear in COX-deficient fibres. Innovative COX-SBFSEM method integrates mitochondrial function and morphology assessment to study muscle biopsies from patients with mtDNA deletions, revealing spatial patterns in oxidative phosphorylation within muscle fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The subfamily Phlebotominae comprises 1028 species of sand fly, of which only 90 are recognized as vectors of pathogenic agents such as Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Bartonella. In Thailand, leishmaniasis—a sand fly-borne disease—is currently endemic, with 36 documented sand fly species. However, many cryptic species likely remain unidentified. To improve our understanding of the distribution, habitat preferences, and role in disease transmission of these sand flies, further research is necessary. Methods: Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps from 13 locations across four provinces in Thailand between October 2022 and October 2023. Initially, species identification was based on morphological characteristics, employing identification keys, and subsequently confirmed through mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb) sequencing. Species identities were verified using BLASTN and BOLD searches. Species delimitation was conducted using Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) with three substitution models. Additionally, intraspecific and interspecific genetic variation, neutrality tests (including Tajima's and Fu and Li's D* tests), phylogenetic analyses, and TCS haplotype network analysis were performed using the obtained sequences. Results: A total of 3693 phlebotomine sand flies were collected, with 2261 (61.22%) identified as female. Integrative analyses combining morphological data, BLASTN searches, phylogenetic assessments, and species delimitation confirmed the identification of four genera: Sergentomyia, Grassomyia, Phlebotomus, and Idiophlebotomus, encompassing 12 species: Sergentomyia anodontis, Se. sylvatica, Se. perturbans, Se. barraudi, Se. hivernus, Se. khawi, Se. siamensis, Grassomyia indica, Phlebotomus barguesae, Ph. stantoni, Idiophlebotomus asperulus, and Id. longiforceps. Furthermore, molecular analysis revealed cryptic and complex species, including two putatively novel species, Se. sp. 1 and Se. sp. 2, as well as a unique haplotype. Conclusions: This study, which integrated genetic and morphological identification techniques, identified 12 sand fly species and unveiled cryptic and complex species, including two putatively novel species (Se. sp. 1 and Se. sp. 2) and a unique haplotype. The findings underscore the utility of mitochondrial genes, combined with species delimitation methodologies, as reliable approaches for identifying diverse sand fly species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish biodiversity assessments are vital for understanding threats and aquatic ecosystem health. In the Poso River, Central Sulawesi, changes in biodiversity are influenced by habitat alteration, non-native species, and overfishing. This study evaluates fish and crustacean biodiversity in the Poso River system to address these challenges for improving fisheries management, conservation, and fish passage integration into hydropower development. The present biodiversity study utilized a comprehensive methodology that encompassed both traditional taxonomic approaches and DNA barcoding, specifically targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit-1 (COI) gene for accurate species identification and spatial boundary validation. The survey was conducted in the upstream, hydropower area and downstream areas of the river. We found 27 species of fish in the Poso River, including both native (e.g., Anguilla celebesensis, Oryzias nebulosus, Rhyacichthys aspro) and non-native species (e.g., Melanochromis auratus, Amphilophus trimaculatus, Oreochromis niloticus). Two International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red listed endangered species were also observed (e.g., Adrianichthys poptae and Mugilogobius sarasinorum). DNA barcoding was performed to examine species spatial boundaries. The fish population in the Poso River was dominated by non-native species, accounting for 85.70% of the total population. The upstream reaches had the highest fish abundance and diversity, while the downstream reaches had the lowest. There was, however, no significant difference in species richness and diversity across different locations and seasons. The dominance of non-native species in the Poso River necessitates the improvement of existing fishways within the hydropower dams potentially through the development of selective technology that can block the distribution of these non-native species. This research highlights the critical issue of non-native species proliferation and the potential threat they pose to native fish populations, providing valuable insights for conservation and management efforts in Indonesia and similar ecosystems worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desert teak defoliator, Patialus tecomella Pajni, Kumar and Rose, 1991 is redescribed for the first time with habitus images, morphometric details and images of diagnostic characters. Tecomella undulata, an endangered desert forest plant, is frequently and severely attacked by a notorious curculionid pest, P. tecomella, throughout its range in arid and semi-arid areas of India. A DNA barcode was obtained and reported for molecular identification using cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Observations were made on the biology of the species: egg period 4–6 days, larval development period 10–12 days, pupal period 3–6 days and adult longevity 11–13 days. The total lifespan was 28–37 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Neotropical Astyanax fishes migrated north in the Great American Biotic Exchange. • Gyrodactylus evolved in Gondwana and co-migrated with their characid fish hosts. • Astyanax mexicanus and its gyrodactylid parasites are distributed north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) • Parasites found past the TMVB are the most derived clades. • Gyrodactylus spp. infecting Astyanax in Mexico are morphologically cryptic species. The neotropical fish genus Astyanax (Characidae) and its associated helminths migrated northward from South America following the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI): ca. 150 Astyanax spp. are found throughout South and Central America, up to the Mexico-USA border. Most characids are distributed south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), which bisects the country and represents a major transition zone between the neotropical and nearctic realms. Here, we characterize parasites of the monogenean genus Gyrodactylus infecting Astyanax spp. in Mexico: Astyanax aeneus south of the TMBV, Astyanax mexicanus north of it. Based on morphological, phylogenetic (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome oxidase subunit II (cox 2)) and statistical analyses of morphometric data, we confirmed the validity of Gyrodactylus pakan and Gyrodactylus teken , and erected two new species, Gyrodactylus aphaa n. sp. and Gyrodactylus ricardoi n. sp. These four gyrodactylids are part of a complex of morphologically cryptic species, which are phylogenetically closely related to each other, and sister species to Gyrodactylus carolinae and Gyrodactylus heteracanthus , parasites of characins in Brazil. Four gyrodactylid lineages (G. pakan , G. ricardoi n. sp., G. teken , Gyrodactylus sp. A) are distributed north of the TMVB; G. pakan is also widely distributed south of the TMVB, together with G. aphaa n. sp. Based on the ITS phylogeny, Brazilian parasites form a sister clade to all Mexican gyrodactylids, whose derived clades are distributed in progressively more northerly latitudes in Mexico – the three most-derived species north of the TMVB. This would suggest that gyrodactylid species diverged gradually, presumably as their characid fish hosts colonized and adapted to new environments north of the TMVB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), a complication following procedures such as orthopedic surgery, is associated with a worsened prognosis, especially in the elderly population. Several mechanisms have been proposed for communication between the immune system and the brain after surgery. In an experimental tibial fracture (TF) model, we aimed to understand the role of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as mechanisms underlying POCD in aged and adult rats. Adult or aged male Wistar rats were subjected to the TF model and received intracerebroventricular saline or MCC950 (140 ng/kg), a specific small-molecule inhibitor that selectively blocks activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We followed the control (sham) and TF groups treated with MCC950 or saline for seven days to determine cognitive function and survival. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were isolated for NLRP3 evaluation, cytokine analysis, oxidative stress measurements, myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide formation, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Seven days after TF induction, NLRP3 levels increased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in both ages, showed an enhancement in aged rats compared to adults, and experienced a reversal with MCC950 administration. The administration of MCC950 restored memory, IL-1β and IL-10 levels, nitrite/nitrate, lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and preserved catalase activity in the prefrontal cortex in aged rats. At the same age, the complex I activity alteration in both regions and complex II, IV, and SDH in the prefrontal cortex were reversed. In conclusion, NLRP3 activation contributes to POCD development because it is intrinsically involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress after orthopedic surgery in aged rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lacewing genus Afroptera Abdalla & Mansell (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae) is endemic to southern Africa, predominantly found in the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo biomes. The taxonomy of the genus has been recently resolved. However, the monophyly and evolutionary history of the genus has never been addressed. This study employs an integrative phylogenetic approach, by incorporating three ribosomal genes (16S, 28S and 18S) and two protein‐coding genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I and carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase‐aspartate transcarbamoylase‐dihydroorotase), and morphological data to examine the monophyly and historical biogeography of Afroptera. We use Bayesian, parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods to assess the monophyly and relatedness of Afroptera within the Nemopterinae. We also use ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis to infer the historical biogeography of the genus. Our analyses reveal the genus as a monophyletic lineage. The genus Afroptera originated during the Pliocene (5.24–3.13 Mya) in a desert environment, experiencing rapid speciation during the Pleistocene, primarily within the Fynbos and Succulent biomes; and secondarily dispersed into the Nama Karoo and Savannah (Kalahari) biomes. The current distribution patterns of Afroptera species likely stem from intensified aridification in the southwest during the Plio‐Pleistocene, consistent with the dry‐adapted nature of Afroptera's ancestors. Therefore, our findings suggest a climatically driven diversification model for the genus Afroptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) to date based on seven genetic loci—four protein‐coding genes: arginine kinase (AK), carbamoylphosphate synthase 2 domain of CAD (rudimentary; CAD2), cytochrome oxidase I (CO1), NADH1 dehydrogenase (ND1) and three ribosomal DNAs: 12S, 18S and 28S. Our analyses include 122 species including nine outgroup taxa and 113 phorids (representing 61 genera). Phylogenetic relationships based on the approximately 5.3 kb of sequence data were inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results are broadly congruent with recent morphological phylogenies of the group, with some significant exceptions. Our data support the monophyletic Sciadocerinae as sister to the remainder of the family. However, we found Ctenopleuriphora Liu to be sister to Phorinae with low support, and subfamilies Chonocephalinae and Termitoxeniinae are placed deep within Phorinae, and their monophyly is not consistently recovered. Our dating analyses indicate a lower Cretaceous origin of Phoridae at 120.8 Ma (125.4–111.2 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Babyloniidae is a family of marine snails consisting of 21 species and two genera. Current taxonomic debates on the Babyloniidae are mainly due to their extremely similar shell morphologies, which have led to incorrect locality records and mislabelling in legal or illegal international trade. We have therefore constructed a phylogeny of the Babyloniidae with high species coverage (57% of the family) by using multi‐locus genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [COI], 16S, and H3) with four species delimitation methods (Best Close Match [BCM], Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning [ASAP], Bayesian Poisson Tree Process [bPTP] and Multi‐rate Poisson Tree Processes [mPTP]). Based on our results, 13 clades/operational taxonomic unit were observed, which confirms pre‐existing species status for 10 Babylonia and one Zemiropsis taxa: B. areolata (Link, 1807), B. borneensis (Sowerby II, 1864), B. feicheni Shikama, 1973, B. formosae (Sowerby II, 1866), B. japonica (Reeve, 1842), B. lutosa (Lamarck, 1816), B. pieroangelai Cossignani, 2008, B. spirata (Linnaeus, 1758), B. valentiana (Swainson, 1822), B. zeylanica (Bruguière, 1789) and Z. papillaris (Sowerby I, 1825). A monophyletic group with four species collected from Indonesia which includes B. spirata f. balinensis Cossignani, 2009, B. spirata f. semipicta (Sowerby II, 1866) and B. angusta Altena & Gittenberger, 1981, implying they should belong to a single species, B. semipicta. Additionally, we suggest B. formosae habei Altena & Gittenberger, 1981 should be escalated as B. habei, and not as a subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of their important roles in many ecosystems, data regarding population structure and biogeographic patterns of leeches are scarce. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we herein perform a phylogeographic analysis of the North American medicinal leech, Macrobdella decora (Say, 1824). A total of 224 M. decora specimens were collected from 35 localities across large swaths of USA and Canada and covering most of the known range of the species. Using four loci (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [COI] and NADH dehydrogenase I [ND1], as well as nuclear 18S rRNA [18S] and 28S rRNA [28S]), we construct phylogenetic trees using several optimality criteria and superimpose geographic patterns onto the trees in order to tease out any potential structure among the populations. Rather surprisingly, given the large geographic range of the species and abundance of potential geographic barriers to gene flow, the analyses showed a conspicuous lack of structure among the different populations of M. decora. However, an AMOVA did show statistically significant differences between the genetic variation within populations and between populations (COI: FST = 0.65412, p <.00001; ND1: FST = 0.69245, p <.00001), which was largely driven by only 6 out of the 35 populations, and indicated a potential barrier for dispersal across the Appalachian Mountains. Finally, a Mantel test showed a weak, but significant, correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance (COI: r = 0.209, p =.027; ND1: r = 0.1289, p =.030); however, this correlation was primarily driven by a single locality. The overall weak structure suggests that M. decora is panmictic throughout its range, and we discuss this in light of previous population level studies in both bloodfeeding and non‐bloodfeeding species, concluding that the lack of structure in M. decora might be due to its high capacity for dispersal via hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Catalan chub, Squalius laietanus, was described in 2007 and has recently reached Vulnerable status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The assigned range for this species includes the lower course of the Ebro River in Spain and northwards to the Tech, Têt, Agly, and Massane Rivers in Southeastern France. In this study, 246 chub specimens caught at 15 sites in the nine main river basins of the Spanish range were barcoded by sequencing a 624 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene. Squalius laietanus haplotypes were found in 68% of the fish caught. In a tributary of the Ebro River, all specimens (6%) were identified as the Tagus chub, S. pyrenaicus, another endemic Iberian chub species. The remaining fish (26%) had a haplotype typical of the European chub, S. cephalus, populations outside Spain. This haplotype was present in six sites in four basins, being particularly abundant in the Ebro River. Considering that Squalius species can hybridize with other native and non-native cyprinid species, the potential co-occurrence of several species in the same site or basin raises concerns about the real extent of an exclusive range for the Catalan chub and the integrity of its native gene pools throughout its range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the genus Neomerinthe (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae) from northwestern Australia, Neomerinthe costata and Neomerinthe parallelaspina, are described. Neomerinthe costata sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination: lateral lacrimal and 2nd preopercular spines present; 4th preopercular spine directed posteroventrally; upper posttemporal spine present; a distinct longitudinal ridge on lateral surface of maxilla; fin membrane between last dorsal-fin soft ray and caudal peduncle present; usually 19 pectoral-fin rays; 36–38 scale rows in longitudinal series; usually 5 upper gill rakers, 10–13 lower gill rakers (8–10 rakers on ceratohyal); 2nd dorsal-fin ray length 18.6–20.8% of standard length (SL); 3rd dorsal-fin ray length 19.1–20.4% of SL; 4th dorsal-fin ray length 18.3–20.5% of SL; 5th dorsal-fin ray length 17.6–20.3% of SL; 3rd preopercular spine length 1.3–3.0% of head length (HL); 4th preopercular spine length 0.7–2.0% of HL. Neomerinthe parallelaspina sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination: lateral lacrimal and 2nd preopercular spines present; 4th preopercular spine directed parallel to the 3rd spine; upper posttemporal spine usually absent; a distinct longitudinal ridge on lateral surface of maxilla usually absent; fin membrane between last dorsal-fin soft ray and caudal peduncle absent; usually 20 pectoral-fin rays; 40–45 scale rows in longitudinal series; usually 5 upper gill rakers, 10–15 lower gill rakers (7–10 rakers on ceratohyal); 2nd dorsal-fin ray length 18.0–21.3% of SL; 3rd dorsal-fin ray length 17.7–22.4% of SL; 4th dorsal-fin ray length 18.3–22.6% of SL; 5th dorsal-fin ray length 16.8–21.7% of SL; 3rd preopercular spine length 2.3–6.1% of HL; 4th preopercular spine length 1.4–4.7% of HL. A molecular genetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I showed that the two new species form a clade distinct from congeneric species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article from the Journal of Physiology explores the debate on whether there is a decline in the capacity of human skeletal muscle to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation with age. In vivo evidence using 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows conflicting results, with some studies reporting lower oxidative capacity in older muscles and others finding no age differences or even increased capacity in some muscle groups. Ex vivo studies using enzymatic assays and isolated mitochondria suggest that lower mitochondrial enzyme activities in older muscle are often linked to lower physical activity levels rather than age itself. The authors conclude that in the absence of disease or physical inactivity, there is no inherent decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial energy production with aging. [Extracted from the article]

The genus Delminichthys consists of allopatric species restricted to ephemeral watercourses in the karst fields of the left-bank (D. ghetaldii) and the right-bank (D. adspersus and D. jadovensis) Neretva River basin as well as in the Una River drainage (D. krbavensis). The first aim addressed questions of interspecies variation and phylogenetic relationships among Delminichthys based on time-calibrated analysis of cyt b mtDNA (cytochrome b) and COI mtDNA (cytochrome c subunit I) mitochondrial DNA genes. Species-specific haplogroups supported two mtDNA genes as suitable barcoding markers, while we additionally proposed character-based and genetic distance threshold-based delimitation of species. We confirmed that the Pliocene and Pleistocene refugium for freshwater species was the Neretva basin, promoting the diversification of the genus Delminichthys. Our second aim was to test the population structure of D. ghetaldii (Southern Dalmatian minnow) by performing an integrative study using molecular mtDNA data, linear and geometric morphometric data. We consider that the spatial aspects of the population genealogical structure of D. ghetaldii mirror the Pleistocene paleodrainages. The differentiated COI mtDNA clusters corresponding to the populations from Fatničko Polje+Dabarsko Polje and Ljubomirsko Polje+Konavosko Polje represent geographically discrete genetic entities, which should be addressed through conservation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The genus Siphonaria Sowerby, 1823 is a group of typical pulmonates living on intertidal rocks. The fluctuation in the intertidal environment gives rise to variations in the shells of the Siphonaria species, leading to significant uncertainty in species identification using traditional morphological classification methods. In this study, we analyzed 245 Siphonaria specimens collected from the Chinese coast based on both morphological and molecular evidence. Our results revealed that five Siphonaria species were identified, i.e., Siphonaria japonica Donovan, 1824; Siphonaria sirius Pilsbry, 1894; Siphonaria atra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833; and two new species (Siphonaria petasus sp. nov. and Siphonaria floslamellosa sp. nov.). Key features for identifying these species were also provided in this study. The genus Siphonaria is a group of limpet-shaped pulmonates living on intertidal rocks along the Chinese coast. Due to the fluctuating intertidal environment, the morphological characteristics of Siphonaria shells are reshaped, resulting in morphologically divergent evolution within species and inaccuracy of taxonomic identification without molecular evidence. Large-scale identifications on Siphonaria animals combining morphological and molecular evidence are considerably absent. In this study, we sampled 245 Siphonaria specimens along the coast of China (from Guangxi to Shandong) and conducted the identification based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding data including 16S ribosomal RNA, 12S ribosomal RNA, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and Histone 3. The results indicated five Siphonaria species, i.e., Siphonaria japonica Donovan, 1824; Siphonaria sirius Pilsbry, 1894; Siphonaria atra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833; and two new species (Siphonaria petasus sp. nov. and Siphonaria floslamellosa sp. nov., Zang, Ma & Wang). We conducted a detailed comparison of these species and found many morphological differences, with the most distinctive differences being the radial ribs and siphonal ridge. We created a new identification key based on these features, providing new insights into the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Siphonaria. In addition, the divergence time indicated that species of the Siphonaria genus underwent rapid diversification during the late Pliocene to Pleistocene (3.46–1.53 Mya), with climate likely being an important driver of this diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe here a case of the sinus roundworm, Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum, found incidentally in a rabies-positive striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) in Texas, USA. Skunks serve as a natural definitive host for this metastrongylid nematode in North America, in which infections result in observable damage to the host cranium, where adult parasites reside. Additionally, skunks are considered the primary reservoir of rabies in Texas. In November 2022, the animal was discovered in northern Texas displaying neurologic signs before euthanasia and submission to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for rabies testing. Direct fluorescent antibody testing indicated that the animal was rabies-positive, and, upon tissue collection, numerous adult nematodes were recovered from the cranium and identified as S. chitwoodorum by morphology and amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Histologically, we found lymphohistiocytic meningitis in several loci and chronic sinusitis rostral to the cribriform plate. Due to behavioral abnormalities, we additionally tested for Toxoplasma gondii via PCR, but no parasite DNA was detected. Concurrent infection by S. chitwoodorum and rabies virus may contribute to neurologic signs in skunks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tachypleus tridentatus , locally known as "barangkas" in Palawan, Philippines, was classified globally as "Endangered" in 2019 in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. To aid future conservation efforts for this species, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of T. tridentatus in Palawan using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence data. A total of 72 horseshoe crabs were randomly collected from Barangay San Pedro (n = 30) and Barangay San Jose (n = 30) in Puerto Princesa City, and Barangay Punta Baja, Rizal (n = 6), and Barangay San Juan, Dumaran (n = 6) on Palawan Island, Philippines. The samples varied in size, with prosomal width ranging from 6.4 to 34.19 cm and total length ranging from 12.64 to 74.3 cm. Those from San Pedro were mostly juveniles, while those from the other sites were adults. All samples were morphologically identified as T. tridentatus (n = 72). This identification was confirmed by mtDNA sequence data (n = 52), with percent identity ranging from 98.9 % to 99.6 % with the T. tridentatus sequence in the GenBank database. Eight haplotypes were identified among 52 DNA sequences for the 541 bp mtDNA COI fragment, with three haplotypes shared among locations. Overall sequence variation was relatively low, with only ten polymorphic sites observed. The average haplotype diversity was 0.426 ± 0.159, while the average nucleotide diversity was 0.0015 ± 0.0013. Analysis of molecular variance showed genetic differentiation among the samples, with a fixation index (F ST) of 0.37 (p -value = 0.00 ± 0.00). Pairwise F ST s revealed that the collection from Punta Baja, Rizal was genetically distinct from those in other locations, suggesting the utility of two management units or stocks: respectively on the western (Rizal) and the eastern (Puerto Princesa and Dumaran) sides of the island. The low abundance and genetic diversity observed among horseshoe crabs in Palawan suggest an urgent need for measures to protect this species. Moreover, our results suggest the need for coordinated management strategies among sites that share a common stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]