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Primates rely on two eyes to perceive depth, while maintaining stable vision when either one eye or both eyes are open. Although psychophysical and modeling studies have investigated how monocular signals are combined to form binocular vision, the underlying neuronal mechanisms, particularly in V1 where most neurons exhibit binocularity with varying eye preferences, remain poorly understood. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to compare the monocular and binocular responses of thousands of simultaneously recorded V1 superficial-layer neurons in three awake macaques. During monocular stimulation, neurons preferring the stimulated eye exhibited significantly stronger responses compared to those preferring both eyes. However, during binocular stimulation, the responses of neurons preferring either eye were suppressed on the average, while those preferring both eyes were enhanced, resulting in similar neuronal responses irrespective of their eye preferences, and an overall response level similar to that with monocular viewing. A neuronally realistic model of binocular combination, which incorporates ocular dominance-dependent divisive interocular inhibition and binocular summation, is proposed to account for these findings.

It has been demonstrated that heat absorption method by using the inorganic material rod to cool the molten steel can significantly reduce the macrosegregation level of the large steel ingot. However, owing to the opacity of the molten steel, the physical mechanism of the heat absorption method is not clear. In this work, a transparent hydraulic physical model with water and paraffin wax was built to simulate the melting and floating processes of inorganic materials in the molten steel. A mathematical simulation was also carried out to analyze the connection between the actual ingot and the physical model. Results show that it is feasible to simulate the molten steel and inorganic materials with water and paraffin wax. With the help of the physical model, the process of the melting of paraffin wax and its floating to the surface of water were clearly observed, during which the temperature of water at some characteristic positions in the mold was recorded. The visualization findings demonstrate that the melting and floating processes of paraffin wax can help to bring the heat from the center of the mold to the top surface more quickly, which reduces the superheat and significantly accelerates the cooling rate of water. The experimental results show that for the water with a certain superheat, the use of a larger mass of paraffin wax can accelerate the cooling of the water, but there is a risk of incomplete melting of the paraffin wax. A higher superheat of water will lead to a quicker melting rate for a given mass of paraffin wax, while a lower superheat leads to the incomplete melting of paraffin wax as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]