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Copyright of Acta Medica Colombiana is the property of Acta Medica Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Extubation is a critical process in the ICU. Pulmonary USG has different applications, those that predict success in extubation, such as the diaphragmatic excursion time index (DEIT). Objective: To determine the diaphragmatic excursion time index is a predictor of the success of weaning off mechanical ventilation in patients in the intensive care unit. Material and methods: Diagnostic performance study in patients in the ICU and in the extubation protocol. Diaphragmatic measurement by USG, evaluating DEIT; cut-off point of 2.42 ± 1.55 cm/s. In the hypothesis test, a JI square was carried out between the two qualitative variables, in order to accept or reject H0, with a statistical significance of p < 0.05 to determine if there is dependence between the dependent and independent variables. Results: Total of 200 patients from the population, with successful extubation in 52.5% and extubation failure in 47.5%. Prognostic values of the DEIT were: S: 77.1% (68.2-84.1%), E: 56.8% (46.8-66.3%). ROC curve for ITED, AUC of 0.665 (0.58-0.74; p = 0.001). In secondary objectives, a correlation was made between ventilatory and demographic variables for successful extubation; with FvT (Rho: 0.680, p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The DEIT for withdrawal of mechanical ventilation has low sensitivity and specificity as a result of successful extubation. The finding that DEIT is not an adequate predictor determining the outcome of successful extubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The description of anastomosis of the phrenic nerve has been little studied and even controversial at present. Classical authors such as Testut have briefly described this anastomosis. 13 anatomical preparations formalized at 10% were used, identifying 26 phrenic nerves from their location in the neck and being dissected to their terminal distribution in the diaphragm muscle. A distribution of the phrenic nerve was observed in 3 terminal branches, anterior, lateral and posterior. These branches penetrate the muscle and run initially between the muscle fibers and then on the underside of the muscle and the fascia. In monitoring the anterior branch of the phrenic nerve, it was found that it divided into several branches. 2 constantly stood out, one anterior towards the sternum and another medial that borders the pericardium, which was of interest to us. In 38% of the cases, anastomoses were found between the right and left phrenic nerves, located mainly anterior to the pericardium, which would indicate a justification for reinnervation due to damage to the phrenic. This anatomical description is of utmost importance in cases of bilateral injury to the phrenic nerve and explains the recovery of the denervated diaphragm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: one of the main effects of invasive mechanical ventilation is injury to the respiratory muscles, specifically the diaphragm. In which structural and functional alterations can occur that partially or totally modify its function. During mechanical ventilation, a process of disuse atrophy of said muscle occurs. Therefore, the clinical utility of measuring diaphragmatic muscle strength is important to know if the patient has the ability to activate the protective mechanisms of the airway to achieve successful extubation and removal of the mechanical ventilator in the shortest time possible. Objective: describe the measurement of muscle strength as a predictor of extubation in intensive care units. Material and methods: a literature review was carried out, carried out between 2011 and 2022. Results: patients who are subjected to prolonged mechanical ventilation generally develop a diaphragmatic muscle disorder, becoming a problem for the weaning, for it is important know the methods of measuring muscle strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Pulmonary congestion is a strong predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the effects of the mild form on functionality have not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of mild pulmonary congestion on diaphragmatic mobility (DM) and activities of daily living (ADL) in hemodialysis (HD) subjects, as well as compare ADL behavior on dialysis and non-dialysis days. In parallel, experimentally induce CKD in mice and analyze the resulting pulmonary and functional repercussions. Methods: Thirty subjects in HD underwent thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography, anthropometric assessment, lung and kidney function, respiratory muscle strength assessment and symptoms analysis. To measure ADL a triaxial accelerometer was used over seven consecutive days. Twenty male mice were randomized in Control and CKD group. Thoracic ultrasonography, TNF-α analysis in kidney and lung tissue, exploratory behavior and functionality assessments were performed. Results: Mild pulmonary congestion caused a 26.1% decline in DM (R2 = .261; P = .004) and 20% reduction in walking time (R2 = .200; P = .01), indicating decreases of 2.23 mm and 1.54 min, respectively, for every unit increase in lung comet-tails. Regarding ADL, subjects exhibited statistically significant differences for standing (P = .002), walking (P = .034) and active time (P = .002), and number of steps taken (P = .01) on days with and without HD. In the experimental model, CKD resulted in increased levels of TNF-α on kidneys (P = .037) and lungs (P = .02), attenuation of exploratory behavior (P = .01) and significant decrease in traveled distance (P = .034). Thoracic ultrasonography of CKD mice showed presence of B-lines. Conclusion: The mild pulmonary congestion reduced DM and walking time in subjects undergoing HD. Individuals were less active on dialysis days. Furthermore, the experimental model implies that the presence of pulmonary congestion and inflammation may play a decisive role in the low physical and exploratory performance of CKD mice. Resumen: Antecedentes: La congestión pulmonar es un fuerte predictor de mortalidad y eventos cardiovasculares en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC); sin embargo, aún no se han investigado los efectos de la forma leve sobre la funcionalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la congestión pulmonar leve en la movilidad diafragmática (MD) y las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) en sujetos en hemodiálisis (HD), así como comparar el comportamiento de las AVD en los días de diálisis y no diálisis. Paralelamente, inducir de forma experimental la ERC en ratones y analizar las repercusiones pulmonares y funcionales resultantes. Métodos: Treinta sujetos en HD fueron sometidos a ecografía torácica y abdominal, evaluación antropométrica, función pulmonar y renal, evaluación de la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios y análisis de síntomas. Para medir las AVD se utilizó un acelerómetro triaxial durante 7 días consecutivos. Se aleatorizaron 20 ratones machos en el grupo control y con ERC. Se realizó ecografía torácica, análisis de TNF-α en tejido renal y pulmonar, comportamiento exploratorio y evaluaciones de funcionalidad. Resultados: La congestión pulmonar leve provocó una disminución del 26,1% en la MD (R2 = ,261; P = ,004) y una reducción del 20% en el tiempo de caminata (R2 = 0,200; P = ,01), lo que indica disminuciones de 2,23 mm y 1,54 minutos, respectivamente, por cada unidad de aumento de las colas de cometa pulmonares. En cuanto a las AVD los sujetos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para estar de pie (P = ,002), caminar (P = ,034) y tiempo activo (P = ,002) y número de pasos dados (P = ,01) en los días con y sin HD. En el modelo experimental la ERC resultó en un aumento de los niveles de TNF-α en los riñones (P = ,037) y los pulmones (P = ,02), la atenuación del comportamiento exploratorio (P = ,01) y una disminución significativa en la distancia recorrida (P = ,034). La ecografía torácica de ratones con ERC mostró la presencia de líneas B. Conclusión: La leve congestión pulmonar redujo la MD y el tiempo de marcha en sujetos sometidos a HD. Los individuos eran menos activos en los días de diálisis. Además, el modelo experimental implica que la presencia de congestión e inflamación pulmonar puede desempeñar un papel decisivo en el bajo rendimiento físico y exploratorio de los ratones con ERC.

Introduction: Diaphragmatic surface electromyography is a procedure designed to assess the diaphragm. The physiological values of the electrical activity may have potential use in rehabilitation, sports training, ventilatory support withdrawal in critical care units and follow-up of respiratory disease. Objective: To assess and describe the diaphragmatic function through surface electromyography in a population of individuals during spontaneous and forced breathing. Methods: Observational, exploratory cross-sectional study including subjects with no comorbidities. Diaphragmatic surface EMG was performed measuring the mean quadratic root during tidal volume and vital capacity breathing. The body composition of the participants was also assessed. Results: 28 males and 22 females were included in the study. The mean quadratic root of the tidal volume for two minutes was 13.94 µV for females and 13.31 µV for males. The vital capacity was 23.24 µV for males and 22.4 µV for females. A correlation was identified between the mean quadratic root, weight, and body surface. Conclusions: Mean quadratic root values of tidal volume in two minutes in healthy females and males have been documented. The mean quadratic root values are correlated with the physiological and functional characteristics of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMEN Introducción. La anestesia regional es una técnica importante, innovadora y popular para el manejo anestésico y analgésico. En el bloqueo supraclavicular del plexo braquial existe incidencia 50-60% de parálisis diafragmática. La presentación clínica es variable de acuerdo con factores externos e internos del paciente. Existen múltiples técnicas radiológicas en el diagnóstico, siendo de gran utilidad la ecografía por su fácil acceso. El objetivo es determinar la incidencia de parálisis diafragmática secundaria a bloqueo supraclavicular del plexo braquial guiado por ecografía en una institución de cuarto nivel. Metodología. Estudio analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo; se seleccionaron 110 pacientes. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes mayores de 18 años sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior con bloqueo supraclavicular de plexo braquial. Criterios exclusión: pacientes ASA (American Society of anesthesiologist) 4 y 5, gestantes, IMC >35 kg/m2, pacientes con antecedentes neuromusculares, enfermedad pulmonar restrictiva u obstructiva, parálisis nervio frénico o disfunción diafragmática. Se realizó un análisis mediante test estadísticos, describiendo los diferentes grados de parálisis diafragmática. Resultados. En los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, la incidencia de parálisis diafragmática fue de 65% (37% parálisis total y 28% parcial), el 1.81% presentó síntomas respiratorios sin cambios hemodinámicos. Discusión. El bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía supraclavicular es una técnica relacionada con parálisis diafragmática, la ecografía ha permitido reducir la incidencia de esta complicación, es un método útil en el diagnóstico postoperatorio. Conclusiones. La parálisis diafragmática post bloqueo plexo braquial supraclavicular es una complicación observada principalmente en pacientes con previo compromiso pulmonar, por lo cual es de importancia la vigilancia estricta. ABSTRACT Introduction. Regional anesthesia is an important, innovative, and popular technique for anesthetic and painkiller management. In supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade, there is a 50-60% rate of diaphragmatic paralysis. Clinical presentation is variable according to the patient’s internal and external factors. There are multiple radiological techniques in diagnosis, with ultrasounds being very useful due to their easy access. The objective is to determine the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade guided by ultrasound in a fourth level institution. Methodology. Prospective, longitudinal, analytical study. 110 patients were selected. Inclusion criteria: patients over 18 years of age subject to upper limb surgery with supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade. Exclusion criteria: ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) 4 and 5 patients, pregnant women BMI >35 kg/m2 patients with neuromuscular background, restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease, phrenic nerve paralysis, or diaphragmatic dysfunction. An analysis was carried out via statistical tests, describing the different degrees of diaphragmatic paralysis. Results. In patients who met the inclusion criteria, the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis was 65% (37% with total and 28% with partial paralysis), 1.81% showed respiratory symptoms without hemodynamic changes. Discussion. Supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade is a technique related to diaphragmatic paralysis. Ultrasound has allowed for the incidence of this complication to be reduced. It is a useful method in post-operative diagnosis. Conclusions. Diaphragmatic paralysis after supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade is a complication mainly observed in patients with previous pulmonary problems. Therefore, it must be strictly monitored. RESUMO Introdução. A anestesia regional é uma técnica importante, inovadora e popular para o manejo anestésico e analgésico. No bloqueio supraclavicular do plexo braquial há uma incidência de 50-60% de paralisia diafragmática. A apresentação clínica é variável de acordo com fatores externos e internos do paciente. Existem múltiplas técnicas radiológicas no diagnóstico, sendo a ultrassonografia muito útil devido ao seu fácil acesso. O objetivo é determinar a incidência de paralisia diafragmática secundária ao bloqueio supraclavicular do plexo braquial guiado por ultrassom em uma instituição de quarto nível. Metodologia. Estudo analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo; 110 pacientes foram selecionados. Critérios de inclusão: pacientes maiores de 18 anos submetidos à cirurgia de membro superior com bloqueio supraclavicular do plexo braquial. Critérios de exclusão: pacientes ASA (American Anesthesiology Society) 4 e 5, gestantes, IMC>35 kg/m2 pacientes com história neuromuscular, doença pulmonar restritiva ou obstrutiva, paralisia do nervo frênico ou disfunção diafragmática. Foi realizada uma análise por meio de testes estatísticos, descrevendo os diferentes graus de paralisia diafragmática. Resultados. Nos pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, a incidência de paralisia diafragmática foi de 65% (37% paralisia total e 28% parcial), 1.81% apresentavam sintomas respiratórios sem alterações hemodinâmicas. Discussão. O bloqueio do plexo braquial supraclavicular é uma técnica relacionada à paralisia diafragmática, a ultrassonografia tem reduzido a incidência dessa complicação e é um método útil no diagnóstico pós-operatório. Conclusões. A paralisia diafragmática após bloqueio do plexo braquial supraclavicular é uma complicação observada principalmente em pacientes com envolvimento pulmonar prévio, pelo que é importante vigilância rigorosa.

Resumo. A ruptura diafragmática traumática é uma afecção de urgência frequente em pequenos animais, o presente trabalho reuniu estudos que apontam os gatos machos, jovens e não castrados como os mais suscetíveis, principalmente os que possuem acesso à rua. Traumas diretos ou indiretos causam a ruptura do diafragma, fazendo com que os órgãos abdominais migrem para a cavidade torácica, danos graves à cavidade e aos órgãos torácicos podem ocorrer como consequência do trauma. Os sinais clínicos podem incluir dispneia, cianose e abafamento dos sons cardiopulmonares à ausculta; entretanto, podem ser inespecíficos dependendo do acometimento e tempo da ruptura. O tratamento é cirúrgico, sendo indicado uma técnica de herniorrafia diafragmática, que consiste na síntese do diafragma no local onde foi rompido para recompor a estrutura anatômica do mesmo, restituindo sua função na respiração e reestabelecendo a pressão negativa do tórax.

Copyright of Nefrologia is the property of Revista Nefrologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To verify the relationship between the rectus femoris crosssectional area and diaphragmatic excursion with successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in chronic critically tracheostomized patients. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study. We included chronic critically ill patients (those who underwent tracheostomy placement after 10 days under mechanical ventilation). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion were obtained by ultrasonography performed within the first 48 hours after tracheostomy. We measured rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion to assess their association with weaning from mechanical ventilation, including their potential to predict successful weaning and survival throughout the intensive care unit stay. Results: Eighty-one patients were included. Forty-five patients (55%) were weaned from mechanical ventilation. The mortality rates were 42% and 61.7% in the intensive care unit and hospital, respectively. The fail group in relation to the success group at weaning presented a lower rectus femoris cross-sectional area (1.4 [0.8] versus 1.84 [0.76]cm2, p = 0.014) and lower diaphragmatic excursion (1.29 ± 0.62 versus 1.62 ± 0.51cm, p = 0.019). When rectus femoris cross-sectional area = 1.80cm2 and diaphragmatic excursion = 1.25cm was a combined condition, it had a strong association with successful weaning (adjusted OR = 20.81, 95%CI 2.38 - 182.28; p = 0.006) but not with intensive care unit survival (adjusted OR = 0.19, 95%CI 0.03 - 1.08; p = 0.061). Conclusion: Successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in chronic critically ill patients was associated with higher measurements of rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Regional anesthesia is an important, innovative, and popular technique for anesthetic and painkiller management. In supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade, there is a 50-60% rate of diaphragmatic paralysis. Clinical presentation is variable according to the patient's internal and external factors. There are multiple radiological techniques in diagnosis, with ultrasounds being very useful due to their easy access. The objective is to determine the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade guided by ultrasound in a fourth level institution. Methodology. Prospective, longitudinal, analytical study. 110 patients were selected. Inclusion criteria: patients over 18 years of age subject to upper limb surgery with supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade. Exclusion criteria: ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) 4 and 5 patients, pregnant women BMI >35 kg/m² patients with neuromuscular background, restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease, phrenic nerve paralysis, or diaphragmatic dysfunction. An analysis was carried out via statistical tests, describing the different degrees of diaphragmatic paralysis. Results. In patients who met the inclusion criteria, the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis was 65% (37% with total and 28% with partial paralysis), 1.81% showed respiratory symptoms without hemodynamic changes. Discussion. Supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade is a technique related to diaphragmatic paralysis. Ultrasound has allowed for the incidence of this complication to be reduced. It is a useful method in post-operative diagnosis. Conclusions. Diaphragmatic paralysis after supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade is a complication mainly observed in patients with previous pulmonary problems. Therefore, it must be strictly monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the aerobic and anaerobic performance of diaphragm thickness in athletes. That study was conducted with 15 team athletes (TA) (age 21.80 ± 2.40 years), 15 individual athletes (IA) (age 18.93 ± 2.31 years) and the control group (CON) 10 people living sedentary lifestyles (age 23.60 ± 2.91 years). In this study, diaphragm muscle thickness (B-mode ultrasonography), respiratory function (spirometry and maximum inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP), aerobic capacity yo-yo intermittent endurance Test 1 (YYIET-1), and anaerobic power by Monark 834 E were assessed. The diaphragm thickness was determined from the intercostalspace between the 8th and 9th ribs at the expiration time by ultrasound and from the intercostal space between the 10th and 11th ribs at inspiration and then, the thickness of the diaphragm was measured from the diaphragm is seen best. There was a positive correlation between DiTins(r= 0.477) and DiTins-ex(r= 0.473) parameters of TA. In IA, there was a significant correlation between DiTins and DiTins-ex parameters and Peak Power (r= 0.495 and 0.435, respectively) and average power (r= 0.483 and 0.446, respectively). No significant correlation in all parameters of the CON group (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that athletes with high diaphragm thickness had higher anaerobic performance, and athletes with thinner diaphragm thickness had better VO2 Max capacity. The diaphragm thickness of the athletes in individual branches was thicker than the team athletes, and their anaerobic performance was also higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing acceptance of ultrasound in the evaluation of the thorax has allowed us to be more accurate in the diagnosis of patients with thoracic pathology; thus, ultrasound in the evaluation of the diaphragm, as the main respiratory muscle, facilitates an easy and reproducible diagnosis, with a short learning curve. So this review provides the ultrasound imaging characteristics of the diaphragm in terms of its anatomical and functional description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anamnesis: paciente SRD de 4 meses e historial clínico de trauma por automotor con evolución de 8 días‚ el tutor manifiesta que lo llevaron a otro centro médico donde le administraron tratamiento analgésico‚ desde entonces presenta dificultad para respirar‚ consume alimento y toma agua con normalidad‚ realiza deposiciones y orina sin dificultad. Hallazgos clínicos y ayudas diagnosticas: al examen físico inicial presenta marcado distrés respiratorio‚ saturación de oxígeno 80 %‚ en la auscultación se perciben estertores pulmonares y crepitaciones‚ moderado dolor a la palpación abdominal‚ en las pruebas de laboratorio se observaron; Hemograma: MCH bajo 29,2 pg‚ MCHC 27‚ Químicas: ALT 123 U/L‚ CRP 10,00 mg/<‚ coprológico: eritrocitos +‚ leucocitos ++‚ moco ++‚ microbiota bacteriana aumentada‚ células epiteliales +++‚ celulosa ++‚ grasa +‚ toxocara sp +‚ en el estudio ultrasonográfico protocolo VetBLUE no se evidencia sliding‚ presencia de líneas B y aumento de espacio pleural ventana CdL‚ venta PhL - MdL parénquima hepático y vejiga biliar distendida‚ ventana CrL parénquima hepático ausencia de sliding líneas B. Hallazgos ecográficos sugestivos de hernia diafragmático peritoneal. Plan terapéutico: se inicia manejo hospitalario con: dipirona 30 mg/kg/ IV‚ furosemida 1 mg/kg/IV‚ ampicilina 30 mg/kg/ IV‚ dexametasona 0,5 mg/kg/IV‚ se procede a una toracostomía en hemitórax izquierdo‚ se indica celiotomía preumbilical y herniorrafia diafragmática. Resultados: intraoperatorio se observa pérdida de continuidad a nivel de la cúpula diafragmática izquierda‚ en el manejo post quirúrgico intrahospitalario se observa resolución clínica del neumotórax presentándose una recuperación total del paciente 72 horas después de la intervención quirúrgica‚ determinando el alta hospitalaria. Conclusión: es frecuente encontrar que los pacientes con trauma de tórax presentan marcado distrés respiratorio para someterse al estrés que se produce en la radiografía torácica. Existen diversos estudios que describen la ecografía torácica como una técnica acertada y segura en el diagnostico de diferentes patologías‚ por tal motivo se sugiere el protocolo ecográfico VetBLUE como método práctico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary congestion is a strong predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the effects of the mild form on functionality have not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of mild pulmonary congestion on diaphragmatic mobility (DM) and activities of daily living (ADL) in hemodialysis (HD) subjects, as well as compare ADL behavior on dialysis and non-dialysis days. In parallel, experimentally induce CKD in mice and analyze the resulting pulmonary and functional repercussions., Methods: Thirty subjects in HD underwent thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography, anthropometric assessment, lung and kidney function, respiratory muscle strength assessment and symptoms analysis. To measure ADL a triaxial accelerometer was used over seven consecutive days. Twenty male mice were randomized in Control and CKD group. Thoracic ultrasonography, TNF-α analysis in kidney and lung tissue, exploratory behavior and functionality assessments were performed., Results: Mild pulmonary congestion caused a 26.1% decline in DM (R 2 =.261; P=.004) and 20% reduction in walking time (R 2 =.200; P=.01), indicating decreases of 2.23mm and 1.54min, respectively, for every unit increase in lung comet-tails. Regarding ADL, subjects exhibited statistically significant differences for standing (P=.002), walking (P=.034) and active time (P=.002), and number of steps taken (P=.01) on days with and without HD. In the experimental model, CKD resulted in increased levels of TNF-α on kidneys (P=.037) and lungs (P=.02), attenuation of exploratory behavior (P=.01) and significant decrease in traveled distance (P=.034). Thoracic ultrasonography of CKD mice showed presence of B-lines., Conclusion: The mild pulmonary congestion reduced DM and walking time in subjects undergoing HD. Individuals were less active on dialysis days. Furthermore, the experimental model implies that the presence of pulmonary congestion and inflammation may play a decisive role in the low physical and exploratory performance of CKD mice., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: To determine the inter-rater reliability in the ultrasonographic (US) measurement of the diaphragmatic excursion (DE) and the diaphragm thickness fraction (DTF) performed by non-medical health professionals in healthy people., Participants and Methods: Prospective observational study in a third level hospital in Cali, Colombia. Measurements were made to 30 healthy volunteers chosen by convenience sampling, without a history of lung diseases, with ages between 18-60 years. A pilot test was previously carried out with 8 healthy volunteers. US measurements of DE, and DTF were based on previously published protocols. Each assessor independently observed several cycles of normal quiet breathing for 3min to establish a baseline. The Intraclass Correlation Index (ICC) was used to evaluate the inter-rater reliability in the measurements of DE and DTF, with 95% confidence intervals and a p&lt;0.05., Results: Substantial agreement was identified in the measurement of DE in the splenic and hepatic windows because the ICC was greater than 0.6 (p&lt;0.05). The measurement of the DTF in the hepatic window showed slight agreement in both 2D and M modes (p&gt;0.05). In the splenic window, the measurement of the DTF in the 2D mode was found to be moderate agreement and for the M mode a slight agreement was found (p&gt;0.05)., Conclusions: The diaphragmatic US constitutes a reproducible method with acceptable inter-rater reliability for the measurement of inspiratory/expiratory thickness, and with little reliability for the measurement of DTF., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de lesiones diafragmáticas, torácicas y abdominales asociadas con traumatismos toracoabdominales penetrantes. Método: En un período de 12 meses se recopilaron los pacientes que ingresaron a un hospital de tercer nivel de complejidad con traumatismo toracoabdominal penetrante y que requirieron manejo quirúrgico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los hallazgos empleando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para las variables cuantitativas y proporciones con intervalos de confianza para las variables cualitativas., Resultados: Se incluyeron 112 pacientes, de los cuales el 91.3% ingresó con heridas por arma blanca, el 60% de las heridas se encontraban del lado izquierdo y en el 66% de los casos debajo del octavo espacio intercostal. El 34% de los pacientes presentaban algún tipo de lesión orgánica y el 27,6% lesión diafragmática. El órgano intraabdominal con más frecuencia lesionado fue el hígado (9,8%), seguido del bazo (6,25%) y el colon (6,25%). Discusión y conclusiones: La zona toracoabdominal más a menudo afectada fue la posterior izquierda, pero la de mayor prevalencia de lesión diafragmática fue la anterior izquierda, siendo el riesgo de lesión diafragmática en esta zona 10 veces mayor en comparación con la zona posterior derecha y casi el doble con respecto a la región posterior izquierda; no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa al compararlo con la región anterior derecha. Las lesiones de víscera sólida son las más frecuentes en la cavidad abdominal.