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Background and aims: Lipid profile results are of clinical interest for assessing the presence of dyslipidemia and the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to characterize lipid profile parameters in a large adult population from different regions of Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Adults with a complete lipid profile [TC, c-HDL, non-c-HDL, c-LDL, Triglycerides] from a national reference laboratory between 2018 and 2022 were included. Lipid profile levels are reported as medians and adjusted means and are also presented according to different guideline thresholds. Mixed dyslipidemia frequencies are also reported. Results: 1,030,195 subjects were included, with a median age of 49 years (IQR 36–61 years); 59.8 % were females. Adjusted mean value for TC was 188.1 mg/dl (CI95 % 188.0–188.2), 110.1 mg/dl (CI95 % 110.0–110.1) for c-LDL, 45.9 mg/dl (CI95 % 45.9–46.0) for c-HDL, 139.1 mg/dl (CI95 % 139.0–139.2) for non-c-HDL and 129.5 mg/dl (CI95 % 129.4–129.6) for triglycerides. The most frequent single dyslipidemia was c-HDL 130 mg/dL (n = 138,366, 17.0 %). Elevated c-LDL (≥130 mg/dL) was found in 32.4 % of the population, while c-LDL levels ≥190 mg/dL were observed in 2.0 % (n = 21,045). Triglyceride levels ≥500 mg/dL were identified in 0.3 % (n = 3103). Conclusion: This large study on lipid markers from a selected sample of Colombian adults’ highlights variations in dyslipidemia by gender, age, and region. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk. Identifying high-risk groups is essential to improving outcomes in developing countries.

Contextualización: A pesar del aumento en el área producida de mango en Colombia, el departamento del Tolima presenta un rendimiento inferior comparado al promedio nacional, situación que evidencia los desafíos en la adopción de tecnologías de los productores de este cultivo en el departamento. Vacío de conocimiento: Existe escasa información relacionada con: i) las innovaciones adoptadas por los agricultores tolimenses y ii) el acceso al conocimiento en sus territorios. Propósito: Analizar los índices de adopción de innovaciones y la red de acceso al conocimiento de los agricultores de mango del centro del Tolima. Metodología: Se realizó un catálogo de 39 innovaciones en mango, que luego fue usado para realizar una encuesta a 64 agricultores. El tipo de muestreo fue por bola de nieve y la recolección de los datos fue utilizando una escala ordinal. Primero, se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo para entender la dinámica del sistema productivo y el perfil de los productores. Luego, fueron calculados los indicadores de adopción por medio del análisis de gestión de la innovación y por último un análisis de redes de conocimiento. Resultados y conclusiones: Los productores de mango del Tolima se centran en prácticas productivas (reproducción, nutrición, sanidad y manejo sostenible de recursos), sin embargo, presentan un Índice de Adopción de Innovaciones (INAI) bajo (43%). Se recomienda fortalecer la adopción de innovaciones en categorías como cosecha y administración, con el fin de aumentar el rendimiento actual del departamento (7,12 t/ha). Adicionalmente, existe poca interacción entre los agricultores, limitando la difusión de conocimiento. Se sugiere implementar estrategias como las escuelas de campo, para fomentar la interacción y el aprendizaje entre los agricultores del Tolima.

BackgroundDesmoid-type fibromatosis of the breast is a rare, benign, but locally aggressive tumor that typically affects women. Its presentation in male patients is exceedingly rare, and even more so following a cosmetic procedure such as liposuction. This case report describes a unique presentation of breast fibromatosis in a male patient, who developed the condition after undergoing liposuction for cosmetic purposes to define the pectoral area. The case highlights the diagnostic challenges it poses due to its malignancy-like appearance on imaging.Materials and methodsA 28-year-old male patient presented with a right palpable mass in the breast following a liposuction procedure aimed at enhancing pectoral definition. Imaging studies, including ultrasound and MRI, raised suspicion of a malignancy. However, histopathological analysis from a core needle biopsy revealed fibromatosis. The patient underwent surgical excision of the tumor, and histological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of benign desmoid-type breast fibromatosis.ResultsHistopathological examination revealed benign fibromatosis with no evidence of malignancy. The tumor was completely excised with clear margins, and the patient has had no signs of recurrence during the follow-up period.ConclusionsThis case highlights the rare occurrence of breast fibromatosis in a male patient following liposuction for cosmetic purposes. Given its ability to mimic malignancy on imaging, early diagnosis and complete surgical excision are essential for effective management and to prevent recurrence.

College students have experienced an increment in mental health issues due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When students start college, their mental health can be affected by emotional, social, or academic requirements. It is essential to provide tools for supporting the mental health of this population. In this paper, we present the validation of the Emotions&Care app, a mobile application for supporting the mental health of college students. Emotions&Care follows a user-centered design and provides mental health screening and monitoring. We used gamification techniques to motivate the sustained use of the app. Emotions&Care also allows mental health specialists to monitor college students’ mental health by tracking daily notes and emotions and by controlling appointments. We validated Emotions&Care with eleven college students and four mental health specialists. Our results indicate that Emotions&Care has the potential to provide college students with mental health screening and monitoring; however, several design issues should be addressed to ensure its extended-term use.

Pediatric fractures, especially distal forearm fractures, represent a significant global medical concern, affecting up to 50% of pediatric fracture cases. This narrative review aims to compare diagnostic modalities to determine which offers higher accuracy, minimizes radiation exposure, and is adaptable to diverse clinical settings. In the choice between ultrasound and X-ray for diagnosing distal forearm fractures in children, each modality has its merits. X-ray provides accuracy and value in well-equipped facilities, while ultrasound, being radiation-free, is effective in resource-limited areas and is essential for pediatric patients to avoid radiation exposure. Professional training and continual updates are crucial. Moreover, it underscores that alongside diagnostic imaging, comprehensive clinical assessment remains pivotal for making informed medical decisions. The choice of method should consider individual case factors and prioritize patient safety.

In the context of smart agriculture, accurate soil moisture monitoring is crucial to optimise irrigation, improve water usage efficiency and increase crop yields. Although low-cost capacitive sensors are used to make monitoring affordable, these sensors face accuracy challenges that often result in inefficient irrigation practices. This paper presents a method for calibrating capacitive soil moisture sensors through data assimilation. The method was validated using data collected from a farm in Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain, which utilises a drip irrigation system. The proposed solution integrates the Hydrus 1D model with particle filter (PF) and the Iterative Ensemble Smoother (IES) to continuously update and refine the model and sensor calibration parameters. The methodology includes the implementation of physical constraints, ensuring that the updated parameters remain within physically plausible ranges. Soil moisture was measured using low-cost SoilWatch 10 capacitive sensors and ThetaProbe ML3 high-precision sensors as a reference. Furthermore, a comparison was carried out between the PF and IES methods. The results demonstrate that the data assimilation approach markedly enhances the precision of sensor readings, aligning them closely with reference measurements and model simulations. The PF method demonstrated superior performance, achieving an 84.8% improvement in accuracy compared to the raw sensor readings. This substantial improvement was measured against high-precision reference sensors, confirming the effectiveness of the PF method in calibrating low-cost capacitive sensors. In contrast, the IES method showed a 68% improvement in accuracy, which, while still considerable, was outperformed by the PF. By effectively mitigating observation noise and sensor biases, this approach proves robust and practical for large-scale implementations in precision agriculture.

Salvo por la invasión ilegal perpetrada por Saddam Hussein contra Kuwait, el mundo no había presenciado una agresión internacional tan prístina y manifiesta como la perpetrada por los líderes políticos y militares de la Federación Rusa contra la República de Ucrania. El presente trabajo tiene el cometido de analizar dicho delito de agresión internacional o crimen contra la paz, tanto en su regulación por el Estatuto del Tribunal Militar Internacional de Núremberg (y su homólogo de Tokio) como en el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional conforme a la redacción dada por la Conferencia de Kampala de 2010. En el primer caso, siguiendo la llamada “teoría de la responsabilidad colectiva” diseñada por Murray Bernays, fundada en dos velocidades: (i) la determinación de una conspiración (conspiracy) por parte de los líderes políticos y militares para lanzar una guerra de conquista sobre otro u otros Estados, así como la declaración de ilegales/criminales a aquellas organizaciones o instituciones creadas por dichos líderes para ejecutar tal plan criminal; y (ii), la determinación de la responsabilidad penal de todos aquellos individuos que, con conocimiento de ello y libremente, hayan decidido integrar tales organizaciones o instituciones ilegales y hayan interactuado con los demás miembros en la prosecución del resultado criminal. En el segundo caso (Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional), el delito se ha tipificado como un tipo penal especial propio, respecto del cual no se habilita a imputar responsabilidad alguna a título de partícipe sobre los extranei. Asimismo, se argumentará sobre la necesidad de constituir un tribunal internacional penal ad hoc o híbrido mediante un tratado bilateral celebrado entre Ucrania y la Asamblea General de la ONU, cuya misión sea el juzgamiento y castigo de todos los responsables por el delito de agresión internacional perpetrado contra el pueblo ucraniano. Este tribunal debería ostentar competencia sólo sobre el delito de agresión internacional, así como habilitar el enjuiciamiento in abstentia.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el índice de adopción de innovaciones del cultivo de arracacha en el municipio de Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo aleatorio simple para seleccionar una muestra de 104 productores a partir de una población conocida, con un nivel de confianza del 90% y un error máximo permisible del 10%. Se evaluaron 28 innovaciones relacionadas con el cultivo, además de una caracterización de productores. Se calculó el índice de adopción de innovaciones, la tasa de adopción de innovaciones, además de un análisis estadístico descriptivo univariado y el análisis multivariante de correspondencias múltiples. Se observó una tendencia hacia la adopción de prácticas destinadas a aumentar la productividad en el cultivo de arracacha, aunque se evidenció la falta de asistencia técnica y servicios de extensión rural, así como la necesidad de fortalecer los procesos de asociatividad y la participación de los agricultores en procesos de aprendizaje.

We carry out a theoretical investigation about quantum noise in coherent mixtures of states with different statistics. On the one hand, we investigate the dependence between the behavior wave-particle and associated noise. On the other hand, we are interested in studying the persistence of chaotic behavior in mixtures of states with quantum and classical behavior. For this, we perform mixtures of single photons with coherent states of different averages. We find that the noise associated with quantum chaos depends on the proportion of the quantum–classical mixture and that quantum wave states are more efficient than classical wave states in terms of their randomness properties.

Automatic or smart irrigation systems benefit irrigation water management. However, measurement sensor networks in automatic irrigation systems are complex, and maintenance is essential. Regional soil moisture estimation avoids the multiple measurements necessary when deploying an irrigation system. In this sense, a fuzzy estimation approach based on decision-making (FEADM) has been used to obtain soil moisture point estimates. However, FEADM requires intelligent weather adjustment based on spatial features (IWeCASF) to perform regional soil moisture estimation. The IWeCASF-FEADM integrated approach for regional soil moisture estimation is developed in this work. IWeCASF provides the inputs for FEADM. FEADM is performed R times; R is the number of checkpoints at which a point estimate is obtained. In this way, regional estimation is achieved when the set of R soil moisture point estimates is completed. Additionally, IWeCASF-FEADM considers the irrigation water records, which are not included in either method individually. This method can detect when the soil moisture is deficient in a region, allowing actions to prevent water stress. This regional estimation reduces an irrigation system’s operational and maintenance complexity. This integrated approach has been tested over several years by comparing the results of regional soil moisture estimation with measurements obtained at many points in the study region.

Arracacha, a root crop indigenous to the Andean region of South America, holds significant agronomic and socio-economic importance in Colombia. The study aims to evaluate the impacts of adopting the ‘Agrosavia La 22’ variety on agricultural sustainability and productivity, encompassing economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Additionally, it analyzes the preferences of farmers and other stakeholders regarding the sustainability of the introduced technological innovations. Conducted over three years (2021–2023), the study offers comprehensive insights into adoption trends and stakeholder perceptions. Utilizing the Ambitec-Agro methodology, the research assesses the environmental, social, and economic impacts of ‘Agrosavia La 22’. Data collection involved field observations and interviews with farmers and key actors in the arracacha supply chain. Results indicate a substantial increase in the cultivated area from 1500 hectares in 2021 to 2650 hectares in 2023, with the proportion of total cultivated area rising from 47.6% to 84.1%. Economically, ‘Agrosavia La 22’ demonstrated significant input cost savings, reducing costs by USD 347 per hectare by 2023 and enhancing producer surplus from USD 30.95 to USD 651.16 per hectare. Yield comparisons show higher median yields for ‘Agrosavia La 22’ (20 t ha−1 in 2023) compared to traditional varieties (12.5 t ha−1). Socially, there was a marked improvement in farmers’ income perceptions, and environmentally, there was a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (324.05 kg CO2-eq ha−1) due to optimized fertilizer and pesticide applications. Eco-efficiency (EE) analysis shows that ‘Agrosavia La 22’ consistently demonstrated positive EE values, indicating economic viability alongside lower GHG emissions. In 2021, its EE stood at 2.2 USD/kg CO2-eq, increasing to 27.75 USD/kg CO2-eq by 2023, reflecting substantial economic gains relative to environmental impact. Conversely, the traditional variety initially exhibited lower EE due to high GHG emissions. Challenges such as soil quality decline and market price volatility were noted. Overall, the findings underscore the economic, social, and environmental benefits of ‘Agrosavia La 22’. Furthermore, the methodology used in this study can be applied to the evaluation of other varietal innovations in developing countries with limited resources for assessing agricultural technology impacts.

En este artículo, se aborda, desde una óptica Spinoziana, el problema de la libertad. Spinoza rechaza la libertad como el libre albedrío. Sin embargo, considera que podemos tener agencia (libertad) en tanto, guiados por el conocimiento de las causas de nuestros afectos, actuemos en favor de nuestro conatus. Esta investigación está dividida en tres capítulos: En el primero, se reconstruye, someramente, la posición de Spinoza sobre el libre albedrío; en el segundo, se desarrolla su propuesta de agencia; finalmente, en el tercero, se busca reactualizar las consideraciones de Spinoza en torno a la discusión contemporánea sobre problema de la libertad.

El caso de estudio se desarrolla en el municipio de Nezahualcóyotl, México, durante las décadas de los ochentas y noventas del siglo XX, caracterizado por el estallido cultural de los Chavos Banda. Para conocer la influencia de este movimiento en la producción social del hábitat del municipio se realizaron ocho entrevistas a exintegrantes de algunas bandas. Afirmamos que las prácticas culturales de los jóvenes, enmarcadas en un orden urbano, son una parte importante del proceso de producción social del hábitat en urbanizaciones populares, como el caso del municipio de Nezahualcóyotl.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo concientizar sobre el daño que hacen los plásticos vertidos en el mar y proporcionar información acerca del manejo médico de ejemplares de tortugas verdes del pacifico bajo cuidado humano ante la necesidad de atención de los mismos. Se presenta un caso de un ejemplar hembra adulto de Chelonia mydas rescatado en la ciudad de Constitución a 200 Km al sur poniente del Centro de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre (CRFS) de Parque Safari. El ejemplar evidencia un cuadro de síndrome de embollamiento con flotación caudal, debido al acumulo de gases propio del íleo paralitico, a su vez presenta lesiones lacerativas en aleta de miembro anterior izquierdo. Se decide realizar la ruta diagnóstica con examen clínico y métodos complementarios como radiografías, ecografías y análisis sanguíneos, además de un proceso quirúrgico para acelerar la recuperación de heridas. Luego de tres meses de proceso de rehabilitación se concluye con la reinserción del ejemplar en la bahía Chascos, comuna de Caldera, a un total de 800 km al norte del CRFS. Para la rehabilitación de este ejemplar, se recorrió cerca de 1000 km por las rutas de Chile desde su rescate hasta su reinserción, con colaboraciones desde el sector público y privado para la gestión de su proceso.

The objective of this work was to physiochemically characterize and quantify the content of phenols, caffeine, and antioxidant activity in beans from samples of roasted and ground specialty coffee, associated with the production systems of the Corregimiento Cay in Ibagué. (5) samples of roasted and ground coffee, which were related as specialty coffee types: Blend (2), Castillo (2), and Tabi (1). The physicochemical parameters evaluated were color (CIElab), electrical conductivity, solids, fixed and volatile solids, soluble solids, hydrogen potential (pH), moisture, water activity, acidity and equivalent acidity (3-caffeoylquinic), reducing and non-reducing sugars, ether extract, phenols flavonoids, and reducing power (FRAP). The results of the characterizations showed 2.54±0.33%, for soluble solids, water activity 0.241 to 0.280, and reducing sugars 1.10 to 1.85%. CIELab color (L: 20.8 ± 0.50 to 22.3 ± 0.20; a*: 3.15 ± 0.35 to 4.65 ± 0.91; b*: 9.40 ± 0.28 to 9.40 ± 0.28), pH 4.79 to 5.54, chlorogenic acid equivalents 8.66 ± 1.10 and 10.5 ±1.60 mg/kg, caffeine 246.9± 9.62 mg per 100 g, being higher in the Blend and Tabi type samples and the phenols and flavonoids with values of 258.2± 41.7 (mg E. gallic A. per 100) and 258.2 ± 41.7 (mg E. quercetin per 100 g) respectively. Electrical conductivity and total inorganic conductive solids showed a positive correlation in the varieties studied. Final FRAP test (μM/g) 696.3± 13.1. Multivariate analysis and correlation between parameters are proposed as an analytical model for the characterization of coffee matrices and show the quality and variability of the samples associated with the regions.

Introduction: multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and problems related to medication are common both, in aging people with HIV and in those diagnosed in advanced ages. Objective: To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics, and pro-blems related to medication in patients ≥ 50 years old with new diagnosis of HIV. Methods: A descriptive transversal study. This study included patients ≥ 50-year-old, with new diagnosis of infection with HIV, who attended four HIV healthcare programs in the city of Medellín, Colombia, between January 2013 and December 2016. Results: 493 patients were analyzed. 62.7% (n=309) were in WHO clinical stage 3. 49.5% (n=244) had at least one definitory condition of AIDS, with wasting syndrome (23.7%, n=117) and tuberculosis (16.8%, n=82) being the most frequent ones. At the time of diagnosis, the median of CD4 and viral load was 176 cells/mL (IQR 59-352) and 117,323 copies/mL (IQR 28,237-411,139), respectively. 59% (n=291) had non-infectious comorbidities, with the two most common being arterial hypertension (22.3%, n=110) and dyslipidemia (14.2%, n=70). 66.1% (n=326) of patients had problems related to medication, being the most frequent: drug interactions (61.1%, n=301), polypharmacy with ARV drugs (53.1%), potentially inappropriate medication (7.9%, n=39), and high anticholinergic risk (2.4%, n=12). Conclusion: at the time of diagnosis, HIV-positive older adults frequently have multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and drug interactions. The diagnosis of HIV in this population is very delayed and the presence of opportunistic infections is frequent.

El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar información acerca de patologías propias de grandes felinos seniles, las cuales pueden ocurrir bajo cuidado humano ya que muchas veces la cautividad aumenta la esperanza de vida de la especie en cuestión. Se presenta un caso de un ejemplar de León africano macho adulto, el cual evidencia de forma aguda ataxia de tipo medular la cual no cede a la terapéutica analgésica antiinflamatoria. Se decide contención química para ruta diagnostica a fin de evidenciar la posible causa de la enfermedad en el animal. Se realiza examen clínico, perfil hematológico y bioquímico sumado a serología de enfermedades infecciosas y examen radiográfico bajo anestesia general. Los resultados evidencian lesiones en discos intervertebrales compatibles con enfermedad degenerativa discal múltiple. Citadas en la literatura y en los resultados de este trabajo, las enfermedades degenerativas pueden darse en grandes felinos seniles bajo cuidado humano. La posibilidad de apoyo en métodos complementarios permite confirmar el diagnóstico y tener un pronóstico para la toma de decisiones considerando el bienestar del animal. Se decide a través de la comprobación diagnóstica, la eutanasia del individuo

Predictive Maintenance (PdM) has a main role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution; its goal is to design models that can safely detect failure in systems before they fail, aiming to reduce financial, environmental, and operational costs. A brushless DC (BLDC) electric motors have increasingly become more popular and been gaining popularity in industrial applications, so their analysis for PdM applications is only a natural progression; audio analysis proves to be a useful method to achieve this and rises as a very pragmatic case of study of the characteristics of the motors. The main goal of this paper is to showcase sound-based behavior of BLDC motors in different failure modes as result of an experiment led by researchers at Universidad del Cauca in Colombia. This dataset may provide researchers with useful information regarding signal processing and the development of Machine Learning applications that would achieve an improvement within Predictive Maintenance and I4.0.Predictive Maintenance (PdM) has a main role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution; its goal is to design models that can safely detect failure in systems before they fail, aiming to reduce financial, environmental, and operational costs. A brushless DC (BLDC) electric motors have increasingly become more popular and been gaining popularity in industrial applications, so their analysis for PdM applications is only a natural progression; audio analysis proves to be a useful method to achieve this and rises as a very pragmatic case of study of the characteristics of the motors. The main goal of this paper is to showcase sound-based behavior of BLDC motors in different failure modes as result of an experiment led by researchers at Universidad del Cauca in Colombia. This dataset may provide researchers with useful information regarding signal processing and the development of Machine Learning applications that would achieve an improvement within Predictive Maintenance and I4.0.