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This study sought to investigate the public perception of social workers in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. In this research, a questionnaire developed by Bolgün and Şahin (2019)was employed, and using the convenience sampling method face-to-face interviews were held with a total of 600 participants. Using various statistical tests, normally distributed scores were compared. The independent samples t-test was used for gender, previous social service applications, and contact with social workers. ANOVA compared age, education, household size, income, and residence city, with LSD post hoc tests for significant differences. Pearson correlation assessed the relationship between knowledge and attitude toward social workers, while multiple regression analyzed the effect of knowledge on attitude. The participants' knowledge of the working fields, client profiles, and roles of social workers, as well as the total score of the knowledge about social workers, was found to be at a moderate level. Their attitudes toward social workers were generally good level; however, the majority of the participants (n = 501) think that social workers are not well known in the society. Despite the positive attitude scores of the participants, there is a need for promotional activities, advertisements, meetings, and television and radio programs raising the social awareness of social workers to a higher level, which would raise public perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the resilience of the rural cultural landscape (RCL) shaped by hazelnut production in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Addressing the cultural landscapes shaped by agricultural production with their economic dimensions constitutes the original aspect of the article. In the study, the resilience of RCLs is discussed in the context of the socio- ecological resilience approach. The main aim is to evaluate the resilience of the RCL of the region by identifying causal relationships between socio-cultural, economic, and institutional dynamics in the Giresun-Ordu Subregion. In the study, historical profiling, which enables the provision of context-specific detailed information, has been adopted. Within the scope of the article, the effects of the historical change and development of socio-cultural, economic, and institutional dynamics in the Giresun-Ordu sub-region on the RCL of the region are analyzed comparatively in three periods. This comparison has been carried out through agricultural production mode-method- economy, social structure and culture, and physical space features. The changing, unchanging, and evolving characteristics of the rural cultural landscape of the region were identified. As a result of the method followed and the evaluations made, migration and demographic changes in the region have brought about adaptations in the agricultural production style, method, and economy. These adaptations have transformed the way of life by making migration permanent and continuous. It is possible to say that the rural cultural landscape of the region, which can continue its traditional economic and social structure by adapting to all these changes and transformations, is resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2018, the authors have been working on reconstructing the exterior of the Great Pitiunt Roman fortress in 3D. This article presents the results of the visualization of the exterior and interior of the temple complex. During the study, the dimensions and plans of the site were analyzed, revealing discrepancies in various sources. To clarify the complex's dimensions, aerial photography using UAV was conducted, and photogrammetric models, orthophoto, and digital surface models were created. The research also uncovered previously unrecorded architectural features. During the reconstruction of the temples, much attention was paid to the structural design of the buildings, connections and load distribution. Engineering calculations have been carried out for the clarification of the structural solutions. The article presents the results of a detailed reconstruction of the exterior, interior and structural features of Temple Nos. 1–4, based on preserved archaeological evidence, excavation results, contemporaneous Early Christian sites, and an analysis of the materials and technologies used at the time. The reconstruction of the mosaic floor of Temple No. 2 allowed a realistic visualization of the interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrega, inşaat endüstrisinin en önemli yapı malzemelerinden birisi olan beton içerisinde oldukça yüksek miktarda (%65-80) bulunur. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin farklı lokasyonlarından getirilen doğal taşların (andezit, bazalt, çamurtaşı ve traverten) beton üretiminde agrega olarak kullanılabilirliklerinin araştırılması üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Bu amaçla, farklı numune şekillerinde (silindirik karot, küp ve kırılmış agrega) hazırlanan doğal taş numuneleri üzerinde bazı fiziksel ve mekanik testler gerçekleştirilmiş ve testlerden elde edilen bulgular TS 706 EN 12620+A1 (2009) tarafından belirlenen agrega standartları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, fiziksel ve mekanik özellikler açısından en yüksek performansı sağlayan bazalt kayacının beton agregası olarak kullanımının uygun olduğunu göstermiştir.

This study aimed to assess the suitability of the potential solid waste landfill sites in seven provinces (Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Gümüşhane, Bayburt and Artvin) in the Eastern Blacksea Region of Türkiye. The earthquake hazard analysis for two major earthquakes which occurred in the region was first carried out. Then, the geophysical methods including seismic refraction tomography (SRT), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) were conducted to find out the structural and physical properties of the subsurface which include the layering, soil classification based on VS30 and the groundwater content at 25 locations of 13 in target provinces. The integrated interpretation of whole data sets demonstrates that Işıktepe, Esence, Çamburnu and Kazantaş which are characterized by VP > 1200 m/s, VS30 ≥ 400 m/s, ρ > 70 Ohm-m, low earthquake hazard and seismicity are more suitable among others. Vezirköprü, Şebinkarahisar, Yenice, Bayburt-Center, Balkaynak and Murgul will be suitable after a geotechnical reclamation due to moderate seismic velocities and electrical resistivity which are 900 < VP ≤ 1200 m/s, 200 < VS30 < 400 m/s and 10 < ρ ≤ 70 Ohm-m representing stiff and wet soils. In addition, Bafra, Ağalık and Ovacık were considered to be unsuitable due to the presence of thick, water-saturated soft soil and extremely weathered rocks. Finally, this study shows that the joint interpretation of seismicity and geophysical data in potential waste landfill sites, extremely important for the planning and development of a city, can provide the valuable information which will enable to prevent possible deformations, environmental problems and economic losses after waste landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cultural heritage structures reflect the lifestyles and creative aspects of our ancestors. Indeed, they contain the cultural roots of today's societies and connect the past to the present. There is no doubt that architectural and structural evaluation plays important role in the conservation of these structures for the future. This paper focuses on an architectural evaluation and current usage of the specific timber vernacular structure, the Turkish Storage Building 'Serender', which has not yet been protected in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The architectural assessment includes morphological analysis, material, and construction techniques of the timber storage buildings. We believe that this assessment will contribute to the preservation of the authenticity and integrity of these structures, and also will contribute to sustaining the skills of craftworker and their traditional and cultural knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood is a type of disaster that occurs as a result of the overflow of the stream outside its bed. Similarly to many parts of the globe, particularly the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is frequently exposed to major floods. The heavy rainfall and topographic structure of the region and the proximity of settlements to stream beds are the primary causes of flooding. The present study pertains to the utilization of the Logistic Regression (LR), M5P Rule Tree (M5PRT) and M5P Regression Tree (M5PRGT) models for the assessment of the flood hazard areas in and around the Of district, located on the Black Sea coast of Trabzon province. According to flood inventory, 16 flood events occurred in 5 different locations in the study area. These areas were converted into point data, and comprising a total of 1600 points, 800 flooded and 800 non-flooded, were determined by random sampling. Accordingly, flood hazard maps were created with 8 flood parameters and 3 different methods. Accuracies of these models were evaluated through AUC (Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve), ACC (Accuracy), R (Recall), P (Precision) and F (F-Score). Analyses showed that the Tree-Based Algorithms are more successful than the LR method in detecting the flood hazards. In addition, the altitude and precipitation were found out to be the most influential parameters in all 3 methods on the occurrence of flooding events in the region. The confluence points of the streams, the coastal plain where the stream disembogues to the sea and the valley floors in and around the Of district were designated as the areas with high risk of flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a preliminary publication of the collection of Eastern Greek pottery found during the excavations at the ancient settlement Balan, the Ochamchira region of Abkhazia in 2017–2022. The published material is a part of the finds from a complex of ashy soil and a platform with a fireplace discovered at the site. The collection consists of fragments of vessels for storing and drinking wine, produced in the period from ca. 620 to ca. 550 BC. At present, this is the earliest known archaic pottery assemblage discovered in the Eastern Black Sea region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2018, the authors have been working on reconstructing the exterior of the Great Pitiunt Roman fortress in 3D. This article presents the results of the visualization of the exterior and interior of the temple complex. During the study, the dimensions and plans of the site were analyzed, revealing discrepancies in various sources. To clarify the complex’s dimensions, aerial photography using UAV was conducted, and photogrammetric models, orthophoto, and digital surface models were created. The research also uncovered previously unrecorded architectural features. During the reconstruction of the temples, much attention was paid to the structural design of the buildings, connections and load distribution. Engineering calculations have been carried out for the clarification of the structural solutions. The article presents the results of a detailed reconstruction of the exterior, interior and structural features of Temple Nos. 1–4, based on preserved archaeological evidence, excavation results, contemporaneous Early Christian sites, and an analysis of the materials and technologies used at the time. The reconstruction of the mosaic floor of Temple No. 2 allowed a realistic visualization of the interior.

The Black Sea is a substantial inland sea and has a very fascinating border on the east and west. It reaches into the Mediterranean through the straits, into Europe via rivers, and toward Asia via the Caucasus. The human relations developed through this network has led to the emergence of cultural landscape elements in the region. The natural landscape elements that have developed inherently in the natural beauty of the region have also become one of the most important pieces of heritage in the region. In this region, many uncontrolled practices that have taken place in recent years have rapidly degraded the cultural and natural landscape. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the beauty of nature, which makes the Eastern Black Sea region one of the most significant cultural and natural heritage areas of the world, and to explore its impact on human life in the context of water heritage as well as to address the dynamic risks of losing this beauty. In this study, the recognition of water as a heritage component is conceptually discussed in the context of the inherent cultural heritage and natural heritage. The unifying and integrative power of the multicultural water heritage that the region possesses is explicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is considered an important symbol of expression of socio-cultural heritage, community bonding, ethnicities, and customs to strengthen local place identity. Tea tourism offers an engaging and enduring gastronomic experience due to the active participation of tourists. This study aims to identify the key destination tea tourism products or experiences. This study uses a qualitative research approach to identify the prime tea tourism products and experiences from two important tea-growing nations, i.e., India and Turkey, ranked second and fifth in global tea production, respectively. The research findings present four main categories: facilities, activities, tours, training, Observation, and twenty-five sub-categories relating to tea tourism products and experiences. This study also strives to discover the contribution of tea tourism products or experiences in the tours conducted by Indian and Turkey travel agencies. This study is one of the first studies to examine the selected elements of tea tourism at the destination. The results will contribute to several theoretical and practical implications concerning tea tourism in tea-producing countries. The study will also offer essential insights into how travel agencies may use tea tourism products and experiences efficiently in packaging their tours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the consequences of land use and cover (LULC) changes on soil erosion and soil organic carbon in the Ünye district of Ordu province in the Central Black Sea Region where humid conditions prevailed in 1999, 2009, and 2019. GIS-based Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) modeling approach, geostatistics and remote sensing techniques were employed in the study. According to the results considering the long years in the study area, the most relative change among LULC species was hazelnut fields with an increase of 167%. In this process, it has been determined that there are few spatial changes that occurred in artificial areas and pasture lands. In addition, in the classes of soil erosion rates defined by RUSLE, the areas classified as Very Low–Low (< 5 tons ha−1 year−1) for many years inhabit the largest area in the study area. The loss in the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) is determined to have occurred mostly in areas with Very Low and Low erosion rates. However, it has been determined that SOC loss ensues in areas with Very High (> 20 tons ha−1 year−1) erosion rates, albeit slightly. Therefore, even in the areas with very slight erosion, soil conservation practices should be expanded to secure the long-term sustainability of the production system, especially in agriculture and hazelnut areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is located in the Caucasus Ecoregion and is one of the richest regions of the world in terms of biodiversity. Black flies are an important part of the biodiversity of running waters in the region. To determine the Simuliidae fauna of this region and understand the relationships between species distribution and environmental variables, 41 sites, mostly unpolluted or slightly polluted, were sampled in July 2008 and June 2009. A total of 3309 simulids and 20 species were identified. The most frequent and the most abundant species were Simulium variegatum Meigen, 1818, Simulium bezzii Corti, 1914, and Simulium trifasciatum Curtis, 1839. Simulium costatum Friedrichs, 1920, Simulium argenteostriatum Strobl, 1898, Simulium angustipes Edwards, 1915, Simulium balcanicum Enderlein, 1924, and Simulium pseudequinum Seguy, 1921 were positively correlated with NO2–N, water temperature, and pH but negatively correlated with PO4–P and dissolved oxygen. Simulium argyreatum Meigen, 1838, S. variegatum, and S. trifasciatum were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen. Simulium ornatum Meigen, 1818 was negatively correlated with pH. Prosimulium tomosvaryi Enderlein, 1921, Simulium cryophilum Rubtsov, 1959, Simulium vernum Macquart, 1826, and Simulium hispaniola Grenier and Bertrand, 1954 were negatively correlated with electrical conductivity. The results indicate that black flies, like other benthic macroinvertebrates, also respond to changes in environmental conditions with changes in composition and distribution. We hope that our research will contribute to biomonitoring studies in the future. In this research, the distribution of black fly species and their relationships with environmental variables were investigated in various streams in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Since there are very few studies on the Simuliidae in the region, which is one of the biodiversity hotspots, our research findings will provide important contributions to biomonitoring and biodiversity conservation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]