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A single male dragonet (32.3 mm standard length) (Callionymidae), collected from Saparua Island, the Moluccas Islands, Indonesia, is identified as Callionymus zythros Fricke, 2000. This specimen is the westernmost record of the species, which was previously known only from two localities, Wongat Island, Madang, Papua New Guinea and Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, Indonesia.

Catastrophic expenditure, defined as health care expenditure exceeding 10% of household income, remains prevalent in eastern Indonesia, highlighting the urgent need for targeted health policy and infrastructure interventions. This study investigates the impact of the Community Health Insurance Scheme (Jamkesmas) in reducing catastrophic healthcare expenditure in eastern Indonesia offering a new perspective by focusing on areas with lower Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and higher poverty rates. Using data from the 2012 Eastern Indonesia Family Life Survey covering a sample of 1,105 working-age individuals, logit and probit regression methods were applied. The findings revealed that Jamkesmas significantly reduced the likelihood of catastrophic health care expenditure, with effectiveness 1.8 times higher than that of individuals without health insurance. Exogenous factors such as age, urban residence, male gender, and marital status further supported this reduction. In contrast, barriers such as long distances to health facilities and limited knowledge of public hospitals increased the risk of catastrophic expenditure among workers. These results underscore the importance of expanding access to health services and improving the implementation of Jamkesmas in eastern Indonesia. By addressing disparities in health insurance coverage and healthcare facility distribution, the government can better mitigate catastrophic expenditures, supporting the achievement of the demographic bonus by 2045.

Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) drug treatment compliance remains a challenge in Eastern Indonesia. Aims: The study sought to determine which aspects of Eastern Indonesia's LF drug treatment compliance policies were most pertinent. Methods: The 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data was employed. The analysis units were adults (≥ 15 years) who had received LF drug treatment. LF drug treatment compliance was analyzed based on respondent characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, wealth and comorbidities) using binary logistic regression. Results: The proportion of adherence to LF treatment in Eastern Indonesia was 73.1%. Respondent characteristics that influenced LF treatment compliance were age group > 24 (aOR = 1.374, 95% CI: 1.305-1.447), female (aOR = 1.307, 95% CI: 1.263-1.353), all educated respondent status (aOR = 2.152, 95% CI: 2.043-2.268), and all employed respondents (aOR = 1.437, 95% CI: 1.365 - 1.512). Married respondents and those with all levels of wealth status were less likely to take LF drug treatment. Conclusion: Policy focus on improving LF treatment compliance among the younger male, the less educated, the unemployed, and those with lower social economic status. Keywords: compliance, Eastern Indonesia, lymphatic filariasis, public health

Stunting has become a global priority in addressing health disparities among children. The study aims to investigate the autonomy of villages in reducing the prevalence of stunting in eastern Indonesia. The research data coverage is derived from sources with high credibility in Indonesia. The prevalence of stunting is obtained from the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey by the Ministry of Health, while the Village Development Index is sourced from the Ministry of Villages. Panel data from 13 provinces in Eastern Indonesia for 2015-2022 are estimated using the Random Effect Model through the Generalized Least Squares method. The findings indicate that the Village Development Index significantly influences the reduction of stunting rates. This highlights the importance of local empowerment strategies in combating health disparities. Furthermore, the decrease in unmet Family Planning (FP) service needs, the decline in early marriages under 18 years, and the higher years of education contribute significantly to the reduction of stunting prevalence. This underscores the interconnection between social determinants and child health outcomes.

Ende is a Central Flores (Austronesian) language of eastern Indonesia which features a contrast between vowel-initial words and words that begin with an underlying glottal stop. The contrast is realized by the insertion of an epenthetic [ɦ-] before vowel-initial words in phrase-initial position. Comparison with the other Central Flores languages shows that the epenthetic Ende [ɦ-] is the regular outcome of what was once a *kl- consonant cluster in Proto-Central Flores. I propose that *kl- clusters underwent a series of sound changes resulting in a segment pronounced [ɦ-], which was reanalyzed as an epenthetic phrase boundary marker instead of a fricative phoneme. The presence and development of epenthetic breathiness in nearby languages such as Keo, Ngadha, Palu'e, Sika, and Kedang will be discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society’s demands for plastic materials continue to increase, but their impact on the environment cannot be denied due to the long decomposition periods. The destination for plastic waste is mostly in landfills. In the case of Indonesia, the Makassar landfill, the largest landfill in the eastern region of Indonesia, has exceeded its capacity and is currently mixed and buried without treatment (open dumping). The main aim of this study is to identify potential plastic waste buried in the landfill. Sampling was conducted at three landfill locations: location 1 is a non-active landfill zone that is no longer used, and locations 2 and 3 are active landfill zones that are still in operational use. The sampling method uses a Hydraulic Rotary Drilling Spindle, with a drilling depth of 0–18 meters for location 1, 0–17 meters for location 2, and 0–13 meters for location 3. The research results show that at location 1, plastic waste contributes to approximately 31% of the total waste in this old landfill zone, including plastic bags and beverage bottles. Meanwhile, at location 2, approximately 22% of plastic waste was found, and at location 3, about 14%. Testing the calorific value of plastic waste gave an average of 29,862 MJ/ton. The plastic waste found in these landfills has the potential to be recycled but requires intensive cleaning processes. Furthermore, this plastic waste can also be utilized as an energy source due to its relatively high calorific value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between ICT, the financial sector, and output growth has been extensively studied, however, macro-economic studies with an emphasis on the role of rural ICT on agricultural performance are few and yield mixed findings. Additionally, past research has not given sufficient attention to how bank credit affects agricultural performance. This paper highlighted the dynamic effect of rural ICT penetration and bank credit on agricultural performance in Eastern Indonesia. We used secondary data taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Financial Services Authority. The panel data covered 16 provinces of eastern Indonesia from the first semester of 2010 to the second semester of 2022 (2010S1-2022S2). Using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the results showed that in the long run, rural ICT penetration and bank credit played a significant role in boosting agricultural performance. However, in the short run, the impact of rural ICT penetration and bank credit on agricultural performance was statistically insignificant. Finally, we recommended several important policies that can practically impact and contribute to improving agricultural performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravity satellites can be used for geodynamic studies in large and hard-to-reach areas. This study conducts gravity disturbance analysis from GOCE and EGM2008 satellite data for geodynamic interpretation in eastern Indonesia, the results of which are used as a basis for disaster mitigation. Gravity disturbance processing results from GOCE data with values around -300 to 260 mGal and EGM2008 with values around -350 to 450 mGal. Gravity disturbance maps of the GOCE and EGM2008 can clearly show fault patterns in the sea. However, the EGM2008 gravity disturbance map shows the fault pattern in the sea more clearly than the GOCE gravity disturbance map due to the higher spatial resolution of EGM2008 than GOCE. The cross-section of the GOCE and EGM2008 gravity disturbance maps represents the gravity signal of the study area; the GOCE graph represents the signal and forms the EGM2008 gravity disturbance signal components. The novelty of this research is related to the comparison of gravity disturbance maps from GOCE and EGM2008 data, which can be used to detect regional geological structures in eastern Indonesia.

Reducing maternal mortality is one of the targets for achieving global health Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The cause of maternal death is still a major problem that continues to receive attention to be addressed. The breadth of the territory and the variety of demographic, economic, social, and cultural conditions of the Indonesian people are important to investigate regarding the causes of maternal death in the community. The purpose of this study was to find out the causes of maternal death in one of the districts in the province which is in the eastern part of Indonesia. Materials and methods: a retrospective observational study was conducted on 23 cases of maternal death in the local area. Data collection has been carried out using the three-delay model approach. Results: the majority of maternal deaths were caused by two delays, namely 1) being late in deciding to seek care at a health facility due to lack of awareness of complications (78.%), lowincome families (74%), and the culture of visiting traditional healers to help with deliveries (57%), and 2 ) were late reaching health facilities due to cost and availability of transportation (52%), poor road conditions (43%), and travel time > 1 hour (39%). Dominant factors that cause maternal death are due to postpartum hemorrhagic complications (52%). Conclusion: awareness of mothers and families about the dangers of perinatal complications is an important point that must be addressed early so as not to affect delays in making decisions to seek care at health facilities, which ultimately results in delays in reaching health facilities, and delays in receiving treatment from health workers. Maternal health promotion activities, development of good road infrastructure, availability of transportation, availability of the number of health workers, and availability of infrastructure in health facilities are important concerns to be continuously improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, nearly 1.3 billion people have no access to electricity, and 3.0 billion people rely on 'dirty' fuel such as firewood and biomass for cooking and heating. In Indonesia, firewood is still the fuel of choice when cooking due to its low cost and abundant availability in rural areas. However, the adverse consequences of the indoor air pollution produced through cooking are neglected. Furthermore, the use of firewood for household energy is also associated with slash and burn practices, which drive deforestation and environmental degradation. The use of clean energy, therefore, is imperative for improving people's health and minimizing their environmental footprint. Having this insight, this study aims to examine the factors associated with households' choice of energy for cooking. Using Indonesia Family Life Survey-East, which specifically collected information from households in the eastern part of Indonesia, the study demonstrates that reliance on clean energy is highest among affluent households and households with better socio-economic indicators (including higher education, non-farm livelihoods, smaller sizes, and electricity connectivity). Households located in urban areas and households located closer to markets tend to rely more on gas for cooking energy. In contrast, poorer rural households residing in villages with abundant natural resources (i.e., with a high share of forests and farmland) generally use firewood as their main source of energy when cooking. The findings of this research also show that energy prices are important in explaining the use of clean or dirty fuel for cooking. It is suggested that efforts to enhance household clean energy use are driven by improved household economic status (especially income and education), access to markets, and stable energy prices. Policy interventions that account for energy and environment issues need to be designed to reduce the overuse of firewood for cooking energy in households living next to common property resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a large corpus of myths and legends about sea creatures in the maritime world, a record that portrays incredible and wondrous feats, wrecks, calamities, and disasters. In this article, I present an account of the mythological cosmology of the Endenese, a group of fearless seafarers that scoured the Eastern Indonesian seas for over four centuries. By discussing the legend of Kota Djogo, an island that disappeared into the sea in time immemorial, I reconstruct Endenese explanations for luck and uncertainty in a world plagued by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons. Going beyond the legend's veracity, I build on the study of the narrative to show how symbolic accounts of environmental events can provide important clues to the understanding of ecological disasters. I argue that the indigenous rationalizations of uncertainty present in oral legends and myths can function as coping mechanisms that reconcile communities with the unpredictable and the ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslims are a minority group in Manggarai, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. They live alongside the Catholics who make up the majority of the population. The Catholics are known to have a strong sense of tradition in addition to their faith. The tradition is centered around rituals involving sacrificial animals and food deemed haram in Islam. As a result, Muslims are faced with a challenge that hinders their practice of the halal lifestyle. They are compelled to find ways of adaptation and negotiation, through which they can practice their faith while living in harmony and integrated with the Manggarai community. This study explores some common models which have been adopted by Muslims in Manggarai to adapt and negotiate their standing in society and factors that influence such behaviors. This ethnographic study found various working models of adaptation and negotiation that enable Muslim minorities to integrate into society while maintaining their halal lifestyle. The models depend on many factors such as cultural background, interpersonal relationship, place and time, bargaining power, personal preference, peer pressure, mindset, and interpretation of the sacred text. This study argues that the Muslim minority in Manggarai applies the non-monolithic nature of Islam. The practice of a halal lifestyle in Islam is not only a religious matter but also a socio, economic, and political one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, is located in a complex and tectonically active region, and has experienced tsunamis in the past. One of the major earthquake and tsunami events was the 23 February 1969 event that struck the Majene region in western Sulawesi Island. Interpretation of the historical accounts revealed that the Mw 7.0 earthquake generated strong intensity up to VIII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. The earthquake was followed by an unusually high tsunami of 4 m that rapidly decayed within 25 km from the highest observation site. Hypocentre and earthquake mechanism analyses confirmed that it was an inland earthquake with a thrust mechanism. Ground motion modelling is able to reproduce the earthquake intensity but earthquake scenarios are unable to reconstruct the tsunami observations. A plausible solution to explain the tsunami report is from a combined scenario of an earthquake and a submarine mass failure of 0.5 km 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child health is important, as it contributes to the child’s future. Indonesia was ranked second after India as a country with the highest tuberculosis (TB) cases. Well-educated parents must care for their children and maintain their health. At the same time, provinces in Eastern Indonesia have the lowest percentage of non-smoking areas (KTR) implementation. In this study, we analyzed the level of morbidity that focuses on respiratory disease, namely coughing and breathlessness in children. In addition, this study also analyzed the education and parents’ smoking behavior focused in Eastern Indonesia. The study analyzes child morbidity according to several affecting factors. Data used were cross-section data collected from secondary data from Indonesia Family Life Survey East (IFLS-East) in 2012. By applying the logistic regression analysis by logit and probit analysis, we figured out that parents’ education, children’s age, health service availability, and domicile area significantly influenced child morbidity. Fathers’ education played a crucial role, as the higher their education, the lower their children’s morbidity. Besides, we also found out that parents’ smoking habits, child immunization status, sex, and health insurance ownership did not significantly influence child morbidity. Fulfillment of educational aspects is required to the maximum until reaching adulthood, especially for unmarried individuals. Apart from that, parents of smokers and non-smokers need to be educated effectively on the dangers of smoking in order to create a healthy environment and the importance of tobacco or cigarette control policies in the Eastern part of Indonesia.

Islamic Rural Bank (BPRS) has important roles for micro-enterprises in Indonesia. This study analyzes the performance of Islamic Rural Bank in Eastern Indonesia, where the Muslim population is minority. Using 14 BPRS spread across a number of islands in Eastern Indonesia with a five-year vulnerability (2016- 2020) and using the Data Analysis Envelopment (DEA) Variable Return to Scale (BCC) model, it can be concluded that only 4 Islamic Rural Banks have been able to be efficient for five consecutive years. -consistent even during a pandemic. Meanwhile, 2 Islamic Rural Banks have not been able to work efficiently for five years and the remaining 8 Islamic Rural Banks are still not consistently working efficiently. During the pandemic, 70% of Islamic Rural Banks that were efficient in the previous year were able to operate efficiently, while 30% of BPRS that were efficient in the year before the pandemic were unable to work efficiently. It is also known that all Islamic Rural Banks that were not efficient in the year before the pandemic remained inefficient during the pandemic.

Eastern Indonesia's tectonic setting is well known for its complexity and intense seismic activity. Controlled by several major and minor plates, including the Eurasian, Australian, and Pacific plates, this region is famous for its U-shaped subduction system beneath the Banda Arc. To better understand the architecture of the underlying structure in this region, we performed body-wave travel time tomography using ten years of catalog data provided by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. We utilize 9729 events in total, from which 46,446 P-wave arrival times were extracted. We used a double difference method to relocate the initial event catalog, which produced a pattern of seismicity consistent with a curved subduction system. Our tomographic model reveals a high velocity band between 90 and 240 km depth in the upper mantle, which is interpreted to be a concave dipping lithospheric slab that is parallel to the present-day Banda arc. Our results also show that lithosphere subducting from the north and south starts to collide at a depth of 300–350 km and becomes shallower further east. Apparent discontinuities in the high velocity band and a corresponding lack of seismicity supports the presence of a slab tear to the west of Seram. A dipping high velocity structure that is present from south to north beneath the island of Timor represents a subducting slab that dips more steeply beyond a depth of 150–200 km, which appears consistent with slab roll-back. Our tomographic model also shows evidence of back arc thrusting to the north of Sumbawa and Flores Islands in the form of a south-dipping higher velocity band at shallow depth. Furthermore, our tomographic models also reveal the possible presence of underthrust continental forearc in the form of a thin higher velocity anomaly that connects the backarc thrust and northward dipping lithosphere slab in the Timor area. Finally, a zone of low velocity above the higher velocity slab is clearly seen beneath Seram Island at a depth of ∼100 km and may represent a partial melting zone. [Display omitted] • We present a high-resolution seismic tomography study of the upper mantle beneath Eastern Indonesia, revealing detailed velocity structures down to depths of 400 km. • Our findings provide new insights into the subduction dynamics beneath the complex tectonic regime of Eastern Indonesia, including the presence of multiple subduction zones and their interactions. Our models also support previous proposed model in this region. • We characterize the morphology and dynamics of subducted slabs, highlighting variations in slab dip angles and mantle flow patterns, which influence regional seismicity, partial melting process and volcanic activity. • The detailed imaging of seismic velocity anomalies may aid in seismic hazard assessment by delineating potential earthquake rupture zones and identifying regions of heightened seismic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how the dominant order of precedence in Seram, eastern Indonesia is challenged by the suspicion of the existence of a secret history. In a context where being the original founder is of importance and the sequence of predecessors' arrival is the basis of orders of precedence, such a suspicion evokes a hopeful possibility for marginal communities that the present social order is false and vulnerable to the abrupt revelation of the true past. Although generally inclined toward the founders, there are overlapping orders of precedence at work in Seram. Each order of precedence conjures up a different image of the marginal community, which, despite each placing them as the lesser group, induces a sense of contradiction and that the widely recounted history is problematic. In this respect, this article offers a contribution to the field of Austronesian studies, which has long been concerned with how orders of precedence emerge and are at play among the historically mobile Austronesian societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic Rural Bank (BPRS) has important roles for micro-enterprises in Indonesia. This study analyzes the performance of Islamic Rural Bank in Eastern Indonesia, where the Muslim population is minority. Using 14 BPRS spread across a number of islands in Eastern Indonesia with a five-year vulnerability (2016- 2020) and using the Data Analysis Envelopment (DEA) Variable Return to Scale (BCC) model, it can be concluded that only 4 Islamic Rural Banks have been able to be efficient for five consecutive years. -consistent even during a pandemic. Meanwhile, 2 Islamic Rural Banks have not been able to work efficiently for five years and the remaining 8 Islamic Rural Banks are still not consistently working efficiently. During the pandemic, 70% of Islamic Rural Banks that were efficient in the previous year were able to operate efficiently, while 30% of BPRS that were efficient in the year before the pandemic were unable to work efficiently. It is also known that all Islamic Rural Banks that were not efficient in the year before the pandemic remained inefficient during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maluku experienced one of Indonesia's most serious conflicts following the fall of Suharto in 1998. The peaceful reconciliation that eventually occurred is reported to be mainly based on tradition (adat) to rebuild bridges between the religious communities. However, emphasis on processes of peacebuilding through inter religious dialogue and lack of support for interethnic or intergenerational dialogue have enhanced forms of social inequality. This article engages with selected village communities in Ambon and West Seram, where, assisted by a few local representatives, I identified three potential fields for creative peacebuilding that also aim to address emerging inequalities: identity building based on local traditions, protection of the environment and interethnic dialogue. Examples of locally rooted measures with potential for sustained peacebuilding include the Pukul Sapu ceremony in Morela (Ambon), the sasi ritual in Niwelehu (Seram) and building relations between diverse ethnic groups based on religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on the issue of the Lord's Supper, this article explores the contextual theological responses of three Protestant churches in the eastern part of Indonesia towards the Covid-19 pandemic. The article argues that discourses on the Lord's Supper in response to the pandemic reflected the mission theology of these communities in terms of their beliefs (doctrine) and practices (rites, structures, order, community). Through online interviews and document analysis, the researcher discovered that churches made significant contextual transformations during the first period of the pandemic. The pandemic challenged these churches to make significant theological responses to fulfill their mission. They changed traditional rituals to adapt to distancing guidelines. In contrast to the belief in the importance of church buildings, the homes of church members were transformed into church-centers. Solidarity among congregational members was stronger than before the pandemic, with ways for members to contact and support each other from home. Resumen: Este artículo se centra en la cuestión de la Cena del Señor para investigar las respuestas teológicas contextuales generadas por la pandemia de COVID-19, por tres iglesias protestantes en la zona oriental de Indonesia. El artículo argumenta que los diálogos sobre la Cena del Señor, en respuesta a la pandemia, reflejaron la teología de la misión de estas comunidades con respecto a sus creencias (doctrina) y prácticas (ritos, estructuras, orden, comunidad). A través de entrevistas en línea y análisis de documentos, el investigador descubrió que las iglesias efectuaron importantes transformaciones contextuales durante la primera parte de la pandemia. La pandemia desafió a estas iglesias a dar respuestas teológicas significativas para cumplir su misión; modificaron ritos tradicionales para adaptarse a las pautas de distanciamiento. En contraposición a la creencia en la importancia del edificio de la iglesia, los hogares de los miembros de la iglesia se transformaron en centros de la iglesia. La solidaridad entre los miembros de la congregación fue más significativa que antes de la pandemia, y se encontraron formas para que los miembros se comunicaran y ayudaran desde sus casas. 摘要: 本文聚焦于主的晚餐问题，探讨了印度尼西亚东部三个基督教教会对新冠肺炎大流行的处境神学回应。文章认为，针对大流行中关于圣餐的论述反映了这些社区在信仰（教义）和实践（仪式、结构、秩序、社区）方面的宣教神学。通过在线采访和文件分析，研究人员发现，在大流行的第一阶段，教会发生了重大的处境转化。大流行迫使这些教会做出重大的神学回应来完成他们的使命。他们改变了传统仪式以适应距离措施。与相信教堂建筑的重要性相反，教会成员的家变成了教堂的中心。会众成员之间的团结比大流行之前更加强大，成员可以在家中相互联系和支持。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plate boundary between the Pacific-Caroline and Australian plates in northwestern New Guinea is associated with a geographic concentration of earthquakes developed in the Ransiki region of the northeastern Bird's Head Peninsula (West Papua, northwestern New Guinea) at the intersection of the Ransiki and Yapen faults. We examine these earthquakes based on regional geomorphological and lithostratigraphical frameworks, field observations of surface ruptures and liquefaction phenomena, and focal mechanisms of historical earthquakes. The Ransiki earthquakes are a set of 29 earthquakes from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalogue in the period 1977–2019 (magnitudes of Mw4.9 to Mw7.5). In the east, focal mechanisms show sinistral movement along the east-west trending Yapen Fault including the Mw6.7 earthquake on 21 April 2012. The largest earthquake was on 10 October 2002 (Mw7.5) and along with other earthquakes mainly in the southwest were associated with dextral movement indicated by focal mechanism solutions on the northwest trending Ransiki Fault south of its intersection with the Yapen Fault. The southern part of the Ransiki Fault therefore indicates local north-northeast compression that is also evident in the newly recognised Wainoei Fault south of Yapen Island. The two largest earthquakes (10 October 2002, 21 April 2012) show ground effects associated with liquefaction, indicated by surface offsets, open fissures, and sand blows, that all occurred in saturated sediments of the Ransiki delta. Earthquakes in the Ransiki region show that west-southwest oblique plate convergence between the Australian and Pacific-Caroline plates is partitioned into east-west sinistral strike-slip motion along the Yapen Fault and north-northeast compression associated with the Ransiki Fault. [Display omitted] • Earthquakes are located at a fault intersection near the Pacific plate boundary. • Oblique-slip plate motion is partitioned into strike-slip and convergent parts. • Focal mechanism solutions indicate both sinistral and dextral movements. • Earthquake damage is mainly controlled by liquefaction in a Quaternary delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern region of Indonesia is endemic to malaria, a tropical parasitic infection that causes significant mortality. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompass the global commitment to prevent and eliminate malaria by the end of 2030. Nevertheless, the biggest issue lies in the antimalarial drug resistance in Indonesia. Genetic polymorphism has been a considerable factor in the mechanism of antimalarial drug resistance of which could lead to inadequate activity of antimalarial drugs to undertake Plasmodium infection by several molecular mechanisms. Hence, first-line therapy for malaria in Indonesia such as dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, and primaquine, becomes ineffective. However, the resistance is unavoidable. This review aims to summarize the genetic polymorphism possible mechanisms contributing to antimalarial resistance in the Indonesian population and to discuss the potential new antimalarial drug candidates., Competing Interests: All the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

The 190-km-long Matano fault is a major left-lateral strike-slip fault in Sulawesi, Indonesia that accommodates the rapid westward motion of the Pacific plate relative to the Australian plate. The Matano fault has remained unruptured at least in the past two centuries. The lack of geologic information, such as precise active fault traces, paleoseismic history, and slip rates has been a significant barrier to assessing the seismic hazards of the Matano fault. This paper presents the results of tectonic geomorphic and paleoseismic investigations on the 30 km long easternmost portion of the Matano fault. We identified four geometrical fault segments, documented five surface faulting events, and calculated a surface-rupturing earthquake recurrence interval of 200–470 years and a slip rate of 21 ± 9 mm/yr. The timing of the most recent surface-rupturing earthquake was constrained between 1432 and 1819 CE with an estimated M w ∼ 7.4 and a probable rupture length of ∼110 km. At least 200 years have passed since the latest faulting event, exceeding the shortest recurrence interval. Thus, the next surface-rupturing earthquake is already due. Integrating our interpretations with results from several published studies clarifies that the Matano fault slips slower than the Palu-Koro fault and connects to the South Sula fault in addition to the Tolo thrust. • The Matano fault is characterized by a complex fault segmentation at its easternmost part. • The first paleoseismic investigation on the Matano fault documents five paleoseismic events. • The last surface faulting event on the easternmost Matano fault was dated between 1432 and 1819 CE with an estimated M w ∼ 7.4. • The easternmost Matano fault exhibits a large earthquake recurrence interval of 200–470 years and a slip rate of 21 ± 9 mm/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]