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This article presents an efficient method for isolating cellulose nanocrystals (CNcs) from seaweed waste using a combination of electron beam (E-beam) irradiation and acid hydrolysis. This approach not only reduces the chemical consumption and processing time, but also improves the crystallinity and yield of the CNcs. The isolated CNcs were then thermally annealed at 800 and 1000 °C to produce porous nanocarbon materials, which were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to assess their structural and chemical properties. Electrochemical testing of electrical double-layer capacitors demonstrated that nanocarbon materials derived from seaweed waste-derived CNcs annealed at 1000 exhibited superior capacitance and stability. This performance is attributed to the formation of a highly ordered graphitic structure with a mesoporous architecture, which facilitates efficient ion transport and enhanced electrolyte accessibility. These findings underscore the potential of seaweed waste-derived nanocarbon as a sustainable and high-performance material for energy storage applications, offering a promising alternative to conventional carbon sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eu3+-doped Y2O3-based luminescent materials can be used as a scintillator for electron or high energy β-ray irradiation, which are essential for applications such as electron microscopy and nuclear batteries. Therefore, it is essential to understand their defect mechanisms and to develop materials with excellent properties. In this paper, Y2O3-based transparent ceramics with different Eu3+ doping concentrations were prepared by solid-state reactive vacuum sintering. This series of transparent ceramic samples exhibits strong red emission under electron beam excitation at the keV level. However, color change appears after the high-energy electron irradiation due to the capture of electrons by the traps in the Y2O3 lattice. Optical transmittance, laser-excited luminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other analyses indicated that the traps, or the color change, mainly originate from the residual oxygen vacancies, which can be suppressed by high Eu doping. Seen from the cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra, higher doping concentrations of Eu3+ showed stronger resistance to electron irradiation damage, but also resulted in lower emissions due to concentration quenching. Therefore, 10% doping of Eu was selected in this work to keep the high emission intensity and strong radiation resistance both. This work helps to enhance the understanding of defect formation mechanisms in the Y2O3 matrix and will be of benefit for the modification of scintillation properties for functional materials systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the application of inorganic nano-periodic structures has become an active area of research. Polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) is known as a hydrolytically stable organic-inorganic hybrid material and this study proposes RT nanoimprint using methylated poly silsesquioxane (Me-PSQ) dissolved in a high-boiling solvent. PSQ electron beam cross-linked by a high electron beam irradiation maintained the shape of nanopatterns and enhanced the heat resistance. As a result of the analysis of the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR), a siloxane linkage (Si-O-Si bridging) constitutes a core element of PSQ. The peak wavenumber of Si-O-Si bridging at cross-linked PSQ by electron beam irradiation shifted from 1115 to 1135 cm−1. The peaks shifted towards the high wavenumber side and approached the second peak (1170 cm−1) of the Si-O-Si stretching vibration of quartz. This result suggests that the physical properties of electron-beam irradiated PSQ approach those of quartz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of 2MeV energy electrons with fluences from 0.5×1017 to 4.0×1017 electron/cm2 on the crystal structure, surface morphology, absorption spectrum, band gap, Raman spectrum and microhardness of ZnS crystal was investigated. The crystal structure of ZnS is face-centered cubic with space group F-43m. Upon irradiation with a fluence of 4×1017 electron/cm2, the unit cell parameter decreased by 0.0195Å, and the coordinates of the Zn+2 ions were changed. Irradiation with fluences ranging from 0.5×1017 to 4×1017 electron/cm2 increased crystallite size from 20nm to 28nm. The study of the surface morphology of the ZnS single-crystal revealed that irradiation caused a reduction in both the width (Ra) and height (Rz) of the surface roughness. The band gap of the ZnS single-crystal decreased from 3.521 to 3.506eV when irradiated with fluence electrons from 0.5×1017 to 2.5×1017electron/cm2. Raman spectrum observations showed an increase in the longitudinal optical (LO) mode peak (350cm−1) intensity following the irradiation of ZnS single-crystal with electrons. The microhardness of the ZnS single-crystal showed an exponential increase by 20% when irradiated with fluences from 0.5×1017 to 2.5×1017electron/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing and developing elegant and general approaches for the large-scale production of atomic-level dispersed Pt catalysts are attractive for effective hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Herein, we propose an eco-friendly, cost-efficient, and scalable strategy by combining incipient wetness impregnation with electron beam irradiation to synthesize atomic-level dispersed 8 wt % Pt anchored on a carbon support. The Pt4+ ions are efficiently reduced in situ to Pt2+ while simultaneously inducing surface groups on the carbon support. The excellent catalytic performance for the Pt-catalyzed hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been demonstrated on the basis of electrochemical tests, kinetic analyses, and the Tafel mechanism. We clarified the influence of absorbed dose on the active site number, surface functional groups, defect levels, electronic structure, and local environment of the catalysts. At the optimal dose of 100 kGy, one can attain the utmost level of Pt2+ content and generate a greater abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups on the carbon support, resulting in 4.5 times higher HER activity than the commercial 20% Pt/C. This work provides a scientific paradigm to design and develop atomically dispersed precious metal catalysts for efficient and scalable electrolytic water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electron beam irradiation technology was first used to graft modify propylene separators in sodium metal batteries. • Grafted polyacrylic acid enhances electrolyte affinity and efficiently regulates Na+ ion flux. • The improved anode/separator interface enhances the cyclability and reversibility of sodium metal anodes. Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are considered as strong alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the inherent merits of sodium metal anodes (SMAs) including low redox potential (−2.71 V vs. SHE), high theoretical capacity (1166 mAh g−1), and abundant resources. However, the uncontrollable Na dendrite growth has significantly impeded the practical deployment of SMBs. Separator modification has emerged as an effective strategy for substantially enhancing the performance of SMAs. Herein, for the first time, we present the successful grafting polyacrylic acid (PAA) onto polypropylene (PP) separators (denoted as PP-g-PAA) using highly efficient electron beam (EB) irradiation to improve the cyclability of SMAs. The polar carboxyl groups of PAA can facilitate the electrolyte wetting and provide ample mechanical strength to resist dendrite penetration. Consequently, the regulation of Na+ ion flux enables uniform Na+ deposition with dendrite-free morphology, facilitated by the favorable anode/separator interface. The PP-g-PAA separator significantly enhances the cyclability of fabricated cells. Notably, the lifespan of Na||Na symmetric cells can be extended up to 5519 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. The stable design of the anode/separator interface achieved through polyolefin separator modification presented in this study holds promise for the further advancement of next-generation advanced battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanographene oxide (nGO) flakes—graphene oxide with a lateral size of ≈100 nm or less—hold great promise for superior flux and energy‐efficient nanofiltration membranes for desalination and precise ionic sieving owing to their unique high‐density water channels with less tortuousness. However, their potential usage is currently limited by several challenges, including the tricky self‐assembly of nano‐sized flakes on substrates with micron‐sized pores, severe swelling in aqueous solutions, and mechanical instability. Herein, the successful fabrication of a robust membrane stacked with nGO flakes on a substrate with a pore size of 0.22 µm by vacuum filtration is reported. This membrane achieved an unprecedented water permeance above 819.1 LMH bar−1, with a high rejection rate of 99.7% for multivalent metal ions. The nGO flakes prepared using an electron beam irradiation method, have uniquely pure hydroxyl groups and abundant aromatic regions. The calculations revealed the strong hydrogen bonds between two nGO flakes, which arise from hydroxyl groups, coupled with hydrophobic aromatic regions, greatly enhance the stability of stacked flakes in aqueous solutions and increase their effective lateral size. The research presents a simple yet effective approach toward the fabrication of advanced 2D nanographene membranes with superior performance for ion sieving applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Goat milk is considered a nutritionally superior resource, owing to its advantageous nutritional attributes. Nevertheless, it is susceptible to spoilage and the persistence of pathogens. Electron beam irradiation stands as a promising non‐thermal processing technique capable of prolonging shelf life with minimal residue and a high degree of automation. RESULTS: The effects of electron beam irradiation (2, 3, 5, and 7 kGy) on microorganisms, physicochemical properties, and protein structure of goat milk compared with conventional pasteurized goat milk (PGM) was evaluated. It was found that a 2 kGy electron beam irradiation reduces the total microbial count of goat milk by 6‐logs, and the irradiated goat milk protein secondary structure showed a significant decrease in ɑ‐helix content. Low irradiation doses led to microaggregation and crosslinking. In contrast, high doses (≥ 5 kGy) slightly disrupted the aggregates and decreased the particle size, disrupting the microscopic surface structure of goat milk, verified by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. CONCLUSION: The irradiation of goat milk with a 2 kGy electron beam may effectively inactivate harmful microorganisms in the milk and maintain/or improve the physicochemical quality and protein structure of goat milk compared to thermal pasteurization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the impact of radiation doses, polycrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAP) samples were exposed to 10 MeV electron irradiation, reaching doses of up to 20 MGy and their structural–thermal–optical properties were compared with unirradiated sample by using powder X–ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X–ray fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The results suggest that the samples exhibit high-phase stability, though irradiation induces the formation of surface defects and oxygen vacancies, while leaving morphology unchanged. It was noted that the lattice contracts, leading to reduced bond lengths and an increase in bond covalency, consequently resulting in a decrease in charge transfer (CT) energy. This nephelauxetic (covalency) effect is associated with a red shift observed in the excitation spectrum. Additionally, a noticeable enhancement of luminescence intensity was exhibited by HAP-1MGy sample attribute to the structured alignment of defects and oxygen vacancies within the lattice. These findings imply the exceptional radiation durability of HAP even after exposure to high electron-irradiation doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene betavoltaic isotope battery is one of the applications of graphene in semiconductor and microelectronics. Among them，the modification of graphene is an important research content to improve the application of graphene in these fields. In this study，we compared the effect of nitric acid doping and electron beam irradiation on the output performance of graphene betavoltaic isotope batteries. At the same time，the mechanism of two different methods on the modification of graphene materials was studied by means of light microscope，XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the nitric acid doping was a surface charge transfer process，which can not change the sp2 hybrid carbon atoms in graphene into sp3 hybrid，but can improve the short-circuit current of graphene betavoltaic isotope batteries. While the electron beam irradiation of graphene will introduce defects in graphene，and transform sp2 hybrid carbon atoms in graphene into sp3 hybrids，thus opening the band gap of graphene and improving the open circuit voltage and filling factor of graphene betavoltaic isotope batteries. The above results can provide experimental theoretical basis for the design and preparation of graphene betavoltaic isotope batteries，and provide reference for further improving the performance of graphene betavoltaic isotope batteries.

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) holds promise as a solid state, van der Waals host of single photon emitters for on‐chip quantum photonics. The B‐center defect emitting at 436 nm is particularly compelling as it can be generated by electron beam irradiation. However, the emitter generation mechanism is unknown, the robustness of the method is variable, and it has only been applied successfully to thick flakes of hBN (≫ 10 nm). Here, it is used in situ time‐resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy to investigate the kinetics of B‐center generation. It is shown that the generation of B‐centers is accompanied by quenching of a carbon‐related emission at ≈305 nm and that both processes are rate‐limited by electromigration of defects in the hBN lattice. It identifies problems that limit the efficacy and reproducibility of the emitter generation method and solve them using a combination of optimized electron beam parameters and hBN pre‐and postprocessing treatments. It is achieved B‐center quantum emitters in hBN flakes as thin as 8 nm, elucidate the mechanisms responsible for electron beam restructuring of quantum emitters in hBN, and gain insights toward the identification of the atomic structure of the B‐center quantum emitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Whey protein isolate (WPI) is a high‐quality animal protein resource. The modification of WPI through physical, chemical and biological methods can substantially improve the functional properties of proteins. This study investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the modification of WPI–xylose glycosylation.The degree of grafting and browning revealed that EBI promoted WPI glycosylation. The maximum emission wavelength of intrinsic fluorescence was red‐shifted and the fluorescence intensity was reduced, suggesting that irradiation induced the unfolding of the WPI structure, thereby promoting glycosylation. Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed that the covalent binding of the conjugates occurred on the introduction of the hydrophilic groups, resulting in decreased surface hydrophobicity. When compared with conventional wet‐heat glycosylation, irradiation‐assisted glycosylation improved the emulsifying activity of WPI from 179.76 ± 0.83 to 277.83 ± 1.44 m2 g−1, and the emulsifying and rheological properties improved.These results confirmed that EBI can increase the degree of WPI glycosylation and improve the functional properties of proteins, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for the further application of WPI. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating a diverse dipolar microenvironment around the active site is of great significance for the targeted induction of intermediate behaviors to achieve complicated chemical transformations. Herein, an efficient and general strategy is reported to construct hypercross‐linked polymers (HCPs) equipped with tunable dipolar microenvironments by knitting arene monomers together with dipolar functional groups into porous network skeletons. Benefiting from the electron beam irradiation modification technique, the catalytic sites are anchored in an efficient way in the vicinity of the microenvironment, which effectively facilitates the processing of the reactants delivered to the catalytic sites. By varying the composition of the microenvironment scaffold structure, the contact and interaction behavior with the reaction participants can be tuned, thereby affecting the catalytic activity and selectivity. As a result, the framework catalysts produced in this way exhibit excellent catalytic performance in the synthesis of glycinate esters and indole derivatives. This manipulation is reminiscent of enzymatic catalysis, which adjusts the internal polarity environment and controls the output of products by altering the scaffold structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of lentil starch with varying maltose content. EBI did not significantly disrupt the starch's surface structure or cause amorphization of starch and maltose crystals, but it significantly reduced the intensity of starch's XRD peaks. The presence of maltose intensified internal growth ring damage, leading to more cross-link and rearrangement between short chains, improving short-range ordering of lentil starch and enhancing starch's solubility and thermal stability. Additionally, adding maltose that EBI then treats can lead to an increased content of slowly digestible starch in samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blending of polymers is an efficient means for developing new materials in a less hazardous and more economical way compared to the synthetic route. Polymers with different properties are blended to obtain a new material with combined properties. In this study, a thermoplastic elastomer blend is prepared by melt mixing a metallocene-based polyolefin elastomer (Engage 8003, abbreviated as EN) with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE, abbreviated as LL) using a twin-screw extruder in various compositions. To investigate the effect of the electron beam on the properties, LL, EN and their blends are irradiated in the 50–250 kGy dose range. The samples are subjected to gel fraction, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, hardness, heat shrinkability, volume resistivity and morphological studies. The % gel fraction, hardness and heat shrinkability of a sample increase with an increase in the irradiation dose. With increasing LL content, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the blends are increased, maintaining the % elongation at break in an attractive region. LE64 (60 wt% LL and 40 wt% EN) and LE46 (40 wt% LL and 60 wt% EN) blends show optimized mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Irradiation further increases the tensile strength and Young's modulus of LE64 up to 150 kGy and LE46 up to 200 kGy. The volume resistivity of the LE64 blend increases tenfold and quadruples for LE46 compared to non-irradiated blends when irradiated at 200 kGy. The morphological structures of the non-irradiated and crosslinked blends support the outcome of the obtained properties nicely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), the cascade collision process in GaN irradiated by low‐energy electron beam and the temperature effect on the threshold displacement energy (TDE) are investigated. The temperature effect of the TDE is found to exhibit different patterns for Ga and N primary knock‐on atoms (PKAs). In the considered energy range of initial kinetic energy (40 to 80 eV), displacements induced by Ga PKA show high uncertainty, i.e., the TDE energy strongly depends on the initial configurations, and kinetic energies higher than TDE does not ensure the displacements that form defects. On the contrary, temperature shows relatively small effect on its TDE and displacement induced by N PKAs, which can essentially occur when the PKA kinetic energy is higher than the TDE. Such different effects are possibly due to the different atomic radii of the two elements and the different energy barriers to overcome. Ga PKAs, which have larger atomic radii, are relatively difficult to stabilize in the crystal and tend to relax to its original position with the assistance of thermal vibrations, and vice versa for N PKAs. The simulation results provide a new understanding of TDE and the cascade collisions of PKAs in GaN at finite temperatures, which can be instructive for improving the radiation resistance of GaN devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diclofenac (DCF) degradation in aqueous solution under electron beam (EB) irradiation after nanobubbling treatment was studied and compared with treatments using nanobubbling or EB irradiation alone. It was found that the removal efficiency of DCF increased by increasing the adsorbed dose, and it depended on the initial concentration of DCF in solution, being higher for the lower concentrations. Furthermore, when using the nanobubbling treatment alone, about 16% of the DCF was removed from the aqueous solution due to the OH radicals generated during the process. On the other hand, using EB treatment at 0.5 kGy, the degradation of DCF increased from 36% to 51% when adding a nanobubbling pretreatment before the EB radiation. At higher doses (5 kGy), the degradation of DCF was 96% using EB radiation and 99% using nanobubbling before EB radiation, indicating that the nanobubbling effect was not synergistic. With an increase in the adsorbed doses, EB radiation seemed to play a more important role on the degradation of DCF, probably due to the reactive species generated. Moreover, the solutions treated with nanobubbling and EB radiation presented higher COD values and radiolytic by-products with aromatic rings with chlorine. This work can support the development of innovative strategies to treat municipal wastewaters using ionizing radiation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of oxygen vacancies in heteroepitaxial LaCoO3 thin films deposited on different substrates was investigated by using electron beam irradiation in atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). As the electron beam irradiation intensified, distinctive dark stripe patterns were identified in high-angle annular dark-field STEM images, demonstrating the formation and subsequent ordering of oxygen vacancies. A comprehensive quantitative analysis of the lattice parameter changes verified the significant expansion of unit cells associated with the presence of oxygen vacancies. In particular, a uniform distribution of these expanded unit cells was observed in the films under large tensile strain. These experimental findings emphasize the significant role of strain in generating oxygen vacancies in perovskite oxide materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the relationships between molecular structure, morphology and thermoelectric properties of HCl-doped polyaniline (PANi) nanorods subjected to 10MeV electron beam irradiation. Morphological and structural characterization revealed that the crystallinity of irradiated PANi nanorods remained almost unchanged, and minimal oxygen content was detected. This resulted in minimal alterations to the thermo-stability. In addition, the thermoelectric properties of PANi were enhanced. A maximum conductivity of 22.85S/cm was obtained at 50kGy, which was 1.46 times that of pristine PANi. Interestingly, the Seebeck coefficient reached a maximum of −3.56μV/K at 100kGy, indicating n-type organic semiconductor properties. However, a peak power factor of 0.024μWm−1 K−2 was achieved with 60kGy irradiation, which was slightly enhanced compared to 0.018μWm−1K−2 for pristine PANi. These results demonstrate that PANi exhibits good irradiation resistance after irradiated with a dose of 100kGy. Thus, PANi could be used in high-β ray (electron) environments, such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the forefront of advanced material technology, radiation-induced hydrogels present a promising avenue for innovation across various sectors, utilizing gamma radiation, electron beam radiation, and UV radiation. Through the unique synthesis process involving radiation exposure, these hydrogels exhibit exceptional properties that make them highly versatile and valuable for a multitude of applications. This paper focuses on the intricacies of the synthesis methods employed in creating these radiation-induced hydrogels, shedding light on their structural characteristics and functional benefits. In particular, the paper analyzes the diverse utility of these hydrogels in biomedicine and agriculture, showcasing their potential for applications such as targeted drug delivery, injury recovery, and even environmental engineering solutions. By analyzing current research trends and highlighting potential future directions, this review aims to underscore the transformative impact that radiation-induced hydrogels could have on various industries and the advancement of biomedical and agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Nanographene oxide (nGO) flakes—graphene oxide with a lateral size of ≈100 nm or less—hold great promise for superior flux and energy‐efficient nanofiltration membranes for desalination and precise ionic sieving owing to their unique high‐density water channels with less tortuousness. However, their potential usage is currently limited by several challenges, including the tricky self‐assembly of nano‐sized flakes on substrates with micron‐sized pores, severe swelling in aqueous solutions, and mechanical instability. Herein, the successful fabrication of a robust membrane stacked with nGO flakes on a substrate with a pore size of 0.22 µm by vacuum filtration is reported. This membrane achieved an unprecedented water permeance above 819.1 LMH bar−1, with a high rejection rate of 99.7% for multivalent metal ions. The nGO flakes prepared using an electron beam irradiation method, have uniquely pure hydroxyl groups and abundant aromatic regions. The calculations revealed the strong hydrogen bonds between two nGO flakes, which arise from hydroxyl groups, coupled with hydrophobic aromatic regions, greatly enhance the stability of stacked flakes in aqueous solutions and increase their effective lateral size. The research presents a simple yet effective approach toward the fabrication of advanced 2D nanographene membranes with superior performance for ion sieving applications.

In-situ electron irradiation and aging are applied to introduce high-density precipitates in an Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.5Zr (GWZ1031K, wt.%) alloy to improve the hardness. The results show that the hardness of the Mg alloy after irradiation for 10 h and aging for 9 h at 250 °C is 1.64 GPa, which is approximately 64% higher than that of the samples before being treated. It is mainly attributed to γ′ precipitates on the basal plane after irradiation and the high-density nanoscale β′ precipitates on the prismatic plane after aging, which should be closely related to the irradiation-induced homogenous clusters. The latter plays a key role in precipitation hardening. This result paves a way to improve the mechanical properties of metallic materials by tailoring the precipitation through irradiation and aging.

This study investigated the effects of pasteurization (80 ℃ for 30 min), electron beam irradiation (3, 5 and 7 kGy) and ultra-high pressure treatment (400, 500 and 600 MPa for 6 min) on the flavor of jujube pulp. Untreated samples were used as control. The content of taste compounds such as free amino acids and reducing sugar was determined, and flavor quality was evaluated by electronic nose and electronic tongue and sensory evaluation. The results showed that compared with the control sample, free amino acid contents were significantly reduced by pasteurization and electron beam irradiation, and the contents of bitter amino acids such as arginine, valine and leucine were significantly increased by pasteurization. Electron beam irradiation and ultra-high pressure treatment could significantly increase the content of fructose in jujube pulp. Significant differences in electronic nose sensor responses were found among the eight groups. The electron tongue results showed significant differences in taste characteristics between the electron beam irradiated, ultra-high pressure treated and the control samples, while the taste characteristics of the pasteurized samples were closer to those of the control group. In addition, the samples treated with electron beam irradiation had higher sensory values for taste, color and reconstitutability than the other treatments. In conclusion, both electron beam irradiation and ultra-high pressure treatment could effectively improve the flavor quality of jujube pulp.

To explore the passivation effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on Ag nanowires (NWs), the structural evolution of PVP@Ag NWs was in situ induced under focused electron beam (e-beam) irradiation using transmission electron microscopy. Notably, interesting phenomena, including multiple necking and axial elongation, were observed at room temperature. By establishing a kinetic relationship, the passivation effect of PVP on the radial shrinkage of Ag NW was confirmed, with a determined surface energy index (b) of 0.2. The presence of PVP not only weakened the surface nanocurvature effect of Ag NW but also retarded the athermal activation effect of energetic e-beam irradiation. By taking into account two new concepts of nanocurvature effect and athermal activation effect, the structure evolution of PVP@Ag NW was well restored by COMSOL simulation. Additionally, the radial shrinkage of Ag NWs with and without PVP coating was compared extensively. The simulation vividly illustrated the evaporation and diffusion processes of atoms, showcasing how PVP effectively mitigates material loss.

Iron oxide nanoparticles with a mean size of approximately 5 nm were synthesized by irradiating micro-emulsions containing iron salts with energetic electrons. The properties of the nanoparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selective area diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometry. It was found that formation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles begins at a dose of 50 kGy, though these particles show low crystallinity, and a higher portion is amorphous. With increasing doses, an increasing crystallinity and yield could be observed, which is reflected in an increasing saturation magnetization. The blocking temperature and effective anisotropy constant were determined via zero-field cooling and field cooling measurements. The particles tend to form clusters with a size of 34 nm to 73 nm. Magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles could be identified via selective area electron diffraction patterns. Additionally, goethite nanowires could be observed.

Inorganic-organic hybrids, such as Te-PEDOT:PSS core/shell nanowires, have emerged as a class of promising thermoelectric materials with combined attributes of mechanical flexibility and low cost. However, the poorly understood structure-property relationship calls for further investigation for performance enhancement. Here, through precise treatments of focused electron beam irradiation and thermal annealing on individual Te-PEDOT:PSS nanowires, new, nonchemical mechanisms are introduced to specifically engineer the organic phase, and the measured results provide an unprecedented piece of evidence, confirming the dominant role of organic shell in charge transport. Paired with the Kang-Snyder model and molecular dynamics simulations, this work provides mechanistic insights in terms of heating-enabled morphological ordering of the polymer chains. The measured results show that thermal annealing on the 42 nm nanowire results in a ZT value of 0.78 at 450 K. Through leveraging the interfacial self-assembly of the organic phase to construct a high electrical conductivity domain, this work lays out a clear framework for the development of next-generation soft thermoelectrics.

Using the method of evaporation by pulsed electron beam in vacuum the mesoporous nanopowder of CaF 2 with a specific surface area up to 91.5 m2/g was produced. The effect of annealing in different media and irradiation with a nanosecond electron beam (700 keV) on the evolution of the magnetic, luminescent and textural properties of CaF 2 nanoparticles have been studied. For the first time, a joint effect of the annealing medium and the absorbed dose of a relativistic electron beam irradiation on the specific surface area and magnetization of mesoporous nanopowders of the CaF 2 was discovered, which confirms the defective nature of ferromagnetism at room temperature of CaF 2 nanopowders. The effect of nanopowder surface properties on ferromagnetism at room temperature after annealing in different media is shown, a parameter for assessing this influence is proposed. It was found that annealing and irradiation caused a significant change only in the visible range, of the pulse cathodoluminescence spectra of the CaF 2 nanopowder, with the temperature and medium of the nanopowder pre-annealing as well as the irradiation dose being important. The relationship between luminescent and magnetic properties of nanopowder was shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is vital to maximize the safety of outdoor constructions, airplanes, and space vehicles by protecting against the impact of airborne debris from increasing winds due to climate change, or from bird strikes or micrometeoroids. In a widely-used compression-molded short glass fiber polyester bulk-molded compound (SGFRP-BMC) with 55% wt. CaCO3 filler, the center of the mother panel has lower impact strength than the outer sections with solidification texture angles and short glass fiber (SGF) orientations being random from 0 to 90 degrees. Therefore, a new double-step process of: (1) reducing commercial fiber length without change in molding equipment; followed by a (2) 0.86 MGy dose of homogeneous low-voltage electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) to both sides of the finished samples requiring no chemicals or additives, which is shown to increase the Charpy impact value (auc) about 50% from 6.26 to 9.59 kJm−2 at median-accumulative probability of fracture, Pf = 0.500. Shortening the SGFs results in higher fiber spacing density, Sf, as the thermal compressive stress site proliferation by action of the CTE difference between the matrix and SGF while the composite cools and shrinks. To boost impact strength further, HLEBI provides additional nano-compressive stresses by generating dangling bonds (DBs) creating repulsive forces while increasing SGF/matrix adhesion. Increased internal cracking apparently occurs, raising the auc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N, N, N0, N0 -Tetrapropargyl-p, p0-diaminodiphenylmethane (TPDDM) is synthesized and used to blended with 4,40-bismaleimide diphenylmethane (BDM) as propargyl compound in a molten state to obtain a TPDDM modified bismaleimide (BTP) resin. The BTP resins are cured under electron-beam (EB) irradiation as well as heat. The cure degree and reactions of BTP resins are studied. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the cured BTP resins are further investigated. The results show that the BTP resins can be cured under EB irradiation and have over 82% degree of cure, which increases with the increase of EB irradiation dose. The cure reactions of EB-cured BTP resin are similar to that of heat-cured BTP resin. The temperature at 5% weight loss (Td5) and mechanical properties of the cured BTP resins are close analogies between EB and heat cure processes although the cure degrees of EB-cured BTP resins are lower. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and flexural modulus of the EB-cured BTP resin are higher than that of the heat-cured BTP resin. The Tg of the EB-cured BTP resin can reach over 385°C. The TPDDM-modified BDM is a candidate bismaleimide resin for the EB irradiation curing process in advanced manufacturing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, rod-like shape of Ag2WO4 was synthesized using the co-precipitation approach. These rods were mixed with PVC using the solution casting process to create a PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite film. The effect of exposing the PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite film to varying doses of the electron beam (E-beam) irradiation (0, 25, 50, and 100) kGy on its structural, optical, thermal, electric modulus, complex impedance, and dielectric properties was investigated. XRD results showed that Ag2WO4 has mixed phases. The optical properties have been addressed. The thermal evaluations were performed at three distinct heating rates: 6, 8, and 10 °C/min. In the same context, the thermal activation energy (Ea) of the unirradiated PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite films increased from 12.89 to 31.17 kJ/mol with the increase in E-beam irradiation doses. As a result, E-beam irradiation reduces the values of the real (ɛ′) and imaginary (ε″) components of PVC/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite films. The electric modulus analyses showed that the magnitude of the grain capacitance increased as the E-beam doses increased, while the magnitude of the grain boundary capacitance exhibited a decreasing trend. Meanwhile, a progressive reduction in the diameter of the two semicircular arcs for complex impedance analyses was observed as the doses of E-beam irradiation increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ electron irradiation and aging are applied to introduce high-density precipitates in an Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.5Zr (GWZ1031K, wt.%) alloy to improve the hardness. The results show that the hardness of the Mg alloy after irradiation for 10 h and aging for 9 h at 250 °C is 1.64 GPa, which is approximately 64% higher than that of the samples before being treated. It is mainly attributed to γ′ precipitates on the basal plane after irradiation and the high-density nanoscale β′ precipitates on the prismatic plane after aging, which should be closely related to the irradiation-induced homogenous clusters. The latter plays a key role in precipitation hardening. This result paves a way to improve the mechanical properties of metallic materials by tailoring the precipitation through irradiation and aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated and developed a laminate packaging film of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing modified chitosan nanoparticles (MCSNPs) treated with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate silane (TMSPM) which functioned both as a reinforcement and as an antimicrobial filler. Electron beam irradiation caused crosslink between the PVA and MCSNP molecules via the free radical of carbonyl in the methacrylate group of TMSPM-grafted chitosan nanoparticles and the free radical of hydroxyl group in poly(vinyl alcohol). This improved the PVA hydrophobicity. In addition, the laminate with PVA-g-MCSNPs film irradiated with a 30 kGy electron beam showed the best performance properties due to improved interfacial adhesion between PLA and PVA-g-MCSNPs. As a consequence, the mechanical and thermal properties improved. The 30 kGy irradiated film also had better antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross‐linked polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and PTFE/carbon fiber (CF) composites were synthesized through electron beam irradiation in the molten state of PTFE at a controlled temperature of 340 ± 3°C under an inert gas atmosphere for this study. The wear resistance of raw (raw‐PTFE), irradiated modified PTFE (RM‐PTFE), and CF‐reinforced PTFE composites were evaluated using a friction and wear testing machine. The testing was conducted under varying ambient temperatures and dynamic loads. After irradiation, the samples were sectioned into specific sizes for subsequent testing purposes. Under the test conditions of 4.64 MPa positive pressure, 800 rpm speed, and a duration of 300 s at 20°C, the wear amount of PTFE after irradiation modification is significantly reduced from 1.4103 mm to only 0.0233 mm, representing a remarkable reduction by a factor of 60. Similarly, under the test conditions of 4.64 MPa positive pressure, 200 rpm speed, and a duration of 300 s at 20°C, the friction coefficient of PTFE after irradiation modification is substantially decreased from an initial value of 0.13 to just 0.03. The observed improvement can be attributed to the transformation of PTFE's crystalline form into spherulite, accompanied by a significant enhancement in the degree of cross‐linking within its molecular chain. The PTFE was supplemented with 10% CF prior to irradiation. Under the test conditions of a positive pressure of 4.64 MPa, rotation speed of 800 rpm, and a duration time of 300 s at 20°C, the wear amount of the composite material measured only 0.0007 mm, representing a reduction by a factor of 2000 compared to that observed for pure PTFE. This improvement can be attributed to the CF filler's high wear resistance properties and the composite's enhanced thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethersulphone (PES) membranes modified with urethane functional groups were prepared through an interfacial reaction using electron beam irradiation. The removal of eight endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was studied using both pristine and functionalized PES membranes. The prepared membranes underwent characterization using several techniques, including attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle analysis, and measurements of pure water flux. Furthermore, dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the adsorption mechanism of the prepared membrane toward the eight EDCs. The urethane functionalized membranes were hydrophilic (52° contact angle) and maintained a high permeate flux (26000 L/h m2 bar) throughout the filtration process. Dynamic adsorption results demonstrated that the introduction of urethane functional groups on the membranes significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of 17β-estradiol, estriol, bisphenol A, estrone, ethinylestradiol, and equilin. The adsorption loading of 17β-estradiol on the functionalized PES membrane was 6.7 ± 0.7 mg/m2, exhibiting a 5-fold increase compared to the unmodified PES membrane. The membranes were successfully regenerated and reused for three adsorption cycles without experiencing any loss of adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oil pollution is a serious environmental and natural resource problem. Traditional adsorption materials for oil-water separation have limitations in terms of their preparation cost, reusability, and mechanical properties. Among the conventional adsorption materials, super-hydrophobic/super-lipophilic materials are easily contaminated by oil. In this study, polypropylene (PP) is used as a foam substrate to prepare an open-cell PP foam via hot pressing, supercritical CO2 foaming, and electron beam (EB) irradiation. The impact of EB irradiation dose on the open-cell content of PP foam can lead to cell wall rupture, resulting in an open-cell structure that enhances oil-water separation performance. At an absorbed radiation dose of 200 kGy, the PP foams exhibit optimal oil–water separation performance, cyclic compression stability, heat insulation, and preparation cost. The open-cell content of PP foam is increased to 86.5%, the adsorption capacity for diesel oil is 42.8 g/g, and the adsorption efficiency remains at 99.6% after 100 cycles of oil desorption in a complex pH environment. Meanwhile, cracks and nano-voids simultaneously promote the capillary action of oil, and the oil transport rate is 0.0713 g/(g·s). This study provides a new concept for the preparation of open-cell polymer foams that can meet the demand for high oil-absorption capacity under complex acid-base pH conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research article describes the results of studies of the processes occurring under the electron beam irradiation of elemental phosphorus in an aqueous medium. Comparisons of the results of white phosphorus samples irradiation using electron accelerators with different technical parameters are presented. The structure of the obtained phosphorus-containing polymers was determined using MALDI mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis. A scheme of the formation of macroparticles in the process of irradiation of elemental phosphorus by a beam of accelerated electrons in an aqueous medium is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the behavior of volatile organic compounds in beef after irradiation with 1 MeV accelerated electrons with doses ranging from 0.25 kGy to 5 kGy to find reliable dose-dependent markers that could be used for establishing an effective dose range for beef irradiation. GC/MS analysis revealed that immediately after irradiation, the chemical yield and accumulation rate of lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes was higher than that of protein oxidation-derived aldehydes. The nonlinear dose-dependent relationship of the concentration of volatile organic compounds was explained using a mathematical model based on the simultaneous occurrence of two competing processes: decomposition of volatile compounds due to direct and indirect action of accelerated electrons, and accumulation of volatile compounds due to decomposition of other compounds and biomacromolecules. A four-day monitoring of the beef samples stored at 4 °C showed that lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes, protein oxidation-derived aldehydes and alkanes as well as alcohol ethanol as an indicator of bacterial activity were dose-dependent markers of biochemical processes occurring in the irradiated beef samples during storage: oxidative processes during direct and indirect action of irradiation, oxidation due to the action of reactive oxygen species, which are always present in the product during storage, and microbial–enzymatic processes. According to the mathematical model of the change in the concentrations of lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes over time in the beef samples irradiated with different doses, it was found that doses ranging from 0.25 kGy to 1 kGy proved to be most effective for beef irradiation with accelerated electrons, since this dose range decreases the bacterial content without considerable irreversible changes in chemical composition of chilled beef during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely studied material with many attractive properties such as its photocatalytic features. However, its commercial use is limited due to issues such as deactivation in the visible spectrum caused by its wide bandgap and the short lifetime of photo-excited charge carriers. To overcome these challenges, various modifications could be considered. In this study, we investigated copper doping and electron beam treatment. As-spun TiO2 nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning a TiO2 sol, which obtained viscosity through a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix. Cu-doped TiO2 nanofibers with varying dopant concentrations were synthesized by adding copper salts. Then, the as-spun nanofibers were calcined for crystallization. To evaluate photocatalytic performance, a photodegradation test of methylene blue aqueous solution was performed for 6 h. Methylene blue concentration was measured over time using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that Cu doping at an appropriate concentration and electron-beam irradiation showed improved photocatalytic efficiency compared to bare TiO2 nanofibers. When the molar ratio of Cu/Ti was 0.05%, photodegradation rate was highest, which was 10.39% higher than that of bare TiO2. As a result of additional electron-beam treatment of this sample, photocatalytic efficiency improved up to 8.93% compared to samples without electron-beam treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric, known for its curcuminoid-rich rhizome, particularly curcumin, exhibits notable antioxidant and antiviral properties. The likelihood of microbial contamination necessitates finding reliable techniques for subjecting the sample to radiation from this plant-based raw material. One alternative is to expose curcumin to radiation (e-beam), which was carried out as part of this research. Confirmation of the lack of curcumin decomposition was carried out using HPLC-DAD/MS techniques. Additionally, using the EPR technique, the generated free radicals were defined as radiation effects. Using a number of methods to assess the ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP), a slight decrease in the activity of curcumin raw material was determined. The analysis of the characteristic bands in the FT-IR spectra allowed us to indicate changes in the phenolic OH groups as an effect of the presence of radicals formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) rubber has widespread uses in various applications due to its ozone and oxidation stability, weatherability, electrical insulation, and elasticity. However, its further use is limited by low flame retardancy and low thermal stability. This study incorporated metal hydroxide flame retardant to enhance flame retardancy and electron beam cross‐linking to simultaneously enhance mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy. The utilization of electron beam irradiation resulted in an increase in gel content and a decrease in swelling ratio with increasing absorbed doses, indicating the successful formation of cross‐linked network structures. The hot‐set elongation was significantly reduced to 0.6%–0.8%, while the decomposition temperature increased with increasing absorbed doses, indicating improved thermal stability. The results from limiting oxygen index measurements and burning tests demonstrate that the flame retardancy of EPDM was improved by the combined effect of metal hydroxide flame retardant and electron beam cross‐linking. Highlights: EPDM/metal hydroxide composites were prepared via electron beam irradiation.Metal hydroxide flame retardants were incorporated to enhance flame retardancy.EBI simultaneously enhanced mechanical property and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Creating a diverse dipolar microenvironment around the active site is of great significance for the targeted induction of intermediate behaviors to achieve complicated chemical transformations. Herein, an efficient and general strategy is reported to construct hypercross‐linked polymers (HCPs) equipped with tunable dipolar microenvironments by knitting arene monomers together with dipolar functional groups into porous network skeletons. Benefiting from the electron beam irradiation modification technique, the catalytic sites are anchored in an efficient way in the vicinity of the microenvironment, which effectively facilitates the processing of the reactants delivered to the catalytic sites. By varying the composition of the microenvironment scaffold structure, the contact and interaction behavior with the reaction participants can be tuned, thereby affecting the catalytic activity and selectivity. As a result, the framework catalysts produced in this way exhibit excellent catalytic performance in the synthesis of glycinate esters and indole derivatives. This manipulation is reminiscent of enzymatic catalysis, which adjusts the internal polarity environment and controls the output of products by altering the scaffold structure.