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1. The 2022 Magneto-Optics Roadmap

Author

Alexey Kimel, Anatoly Zvezdin, Sangeeta Sharma, Samuel Shallcross, Nuno de Sousa, Antonio García-Martín, Georgeta Salvan, Jaroslav Hamrle, Ondřej Stejskal, Jeffrey McCord, Silvia Tacchi, Giovanni Carlotti, Pietro Gambardella, Gian Salis, Markus Münzenberg, Martin Schultze, Vasily Temnov, Igor V Bychkov, Leonid N Kotov, Nicolò Maccaferri, Daria Ignatyeva, Vladimir Belotelov, Claire Donnelly, Aurelio Hierro Rodriguez, Iwao Matsuda, Thierry Ruchon, Mauro Fanciulli, Maurizio Sacchi, Chunhui Rita Du, Hailong Wang, N Peter Armitage, Mathias Schubert, Vanya Darakchieva, Bilu Liu, Ziyang Huang, Baofu Ding, Andreas Berger, Paolo Vavassori, Radboud University [Nijmegen], A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute (GPI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie (MBI), Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), IMN-Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología (CNM-CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, PTM, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Physics, University of Technology Chemnitz, Chemnitz University of Technology / Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institute of Physics of Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Institut für Materialwissenschaft Universität Kiel, Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia (UNIPG), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), IBM Research [Zurich], Institut für Physik [Greifswald], Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz), Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chelyabinsk State University, Syktyvkar State University, Syktywkar State University, Umeå University, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg], Russian Quantum Center, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids (CPfS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan, Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Attophysique (ATTO), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et des Surfaces (LPMS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Croissance et propriétés de systèmes hybrides en couches minces (INSP-E8), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska System, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Lund University [Lund], Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology [Shenzhen] (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, ANR-21-CE30-0037,HELIMAG,Dichroisme hélicoïdal de structures magnétiques(2021), Dutch Research Council, Russian Science Foundation, German Research Foundation, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Czech Science Foundation, Collaborative Research Centre CRC 1261 (Germany), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, National Centres of Competence in Research (Switzerland), Swiss National Science Foundation, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg, Swedish Research Council, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Max Planck Society, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Université Paris-Saclay, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), National Science Foundation (US), Energy Frontier Research Centers (US), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, Linköping University, and National Natural Science Foundation of China

Subjects
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Correlated Materials, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics, theoretical description and modelling, magnetic characterization methods, magneto-optical effects, Condensed Matter Physics, magneto-optics, magnetic materials, modern experimental methods, magnetic microscopy, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Atom- och molekylfysik och optik, Den kondenserade materiens fysik
Abstract

Magneto-optical (MO) effects, viz. magnetically induced changes in light intensity or polarization upon reflection from or transmission through a magnetic sample, were discovered over a century and a half ago. Initially they played a crucially relevant role in unveiling the fundamentals of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. A more broad-based relevance and wide-spread use of MO methods, however, remained quite limited until the 1960s due to a lack of suitable, reliable and easy-to-operate light sources. The advent of Laser technology and the availability of other novel light sources led to an enormous expansion of MO measurement techniques and applications that continues to this day (see section 1). The here-assembled roadmap article is intended to provide a meaningful survey over many of the most relevant recent developments, advances, and emerging research directions in a rather condensed form, so that readers can easily access a significant overview about this very dynamic research field. While light source technology and other experimental developments were crucial in the establishment of today's magneto-optics, progress also relies on an ever-increasing theoretical understanding of MO effects from a quantum mechanical perspective (see section 2), as well as using electromagnetic theory and modelling approaches (see section 3) to enable quantitatively reliable predictions for ever more complex materials, metamaterials, and device geometries. The latest advances in established MO methodologies and especially the utilization of the MO Kerr effect (MOKE) are presented in sections 4 (MOKE spectroscopy), 5 (higher order MOKE effects), 6 (MOKE microscopy), 8 (high sensitivity MOKE), 9 (generalized MO ellipsometry), and 20 (Cotton-Mouton effect in two-dimensional materials). In addition, MO effects are now being investigated and utilized in spectral ranges, to which they originally seemed completely foreign, as those of synchrotron radiation x-rays (see section 14 on three-dimensional magnetic characterization and section 16 on light beams carrying orbital angular momentum) and, very recently, the terahertz (THz) regime (see section 18 on THz MOKE and section 19 on THz ellipsometry for electron paramagnetic resonance detection). Magneto-optics also demonstrates its strength in a unique way when combined with femtosecond laser pulses (see section 10 on ultrafast MOKE and section 15 on magneto-optics using x-ray free electron lasers), facilitating the very active field of time-resolved MO spectroscopy that enables investigations of phenomena like spin relaxation of non-equilibrium photoexcited carriers, transient modifications of ferromagnetic order, and photo-induced dynamic phase transitions, to name a few. Recent progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology, which is intimately linked to the achieved impressive ability to reliably fabricate materials and functional structures at the nanoscale, now enables the exploitation of strongly enhanced MO effects induced by light-matter interaction at the nanoscale (see section 12 on magnetoplasmonics and section 13 on MO metasurfaces). MO effects are also at the very heart of powerful magnetic characterization techniques like Brillouin light scattering and time-resolved pump-probe measurements for the study of spin waves (see section 7), their interactions with acoustic waves (see section 11), and ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensing applications based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond (see section 17)., Despite our best attempt to represent the field of magneto-optics accurately and do justice to all its novel developments and its diversity, the research area is so extensive and active that there remains great latitude in deciding what to include in an article of this sort, which in turn means that some areas might not be adequately represented here. However, we feel that the 20 sections that form this 2022 magneto-optics roadmap article, each written by experts in the field and addressing a specific subject on only two pages, provide an accurate snapshot of where this research field stands today. Correspondingly, it should act as a valuable reference point and guideline for emerging research directions in modern magneto-optics, as well as illustrate the directions this research field might take in the foreseeable future., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 55 (46), ISSN:0022-3727, ISSN:1361-6463

Published
2022
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2. Escherichia coliSPFH membrane microdomain proteins HflKC contribute to aminoglycoside and oxidative stress tolerance

Author

Aimee K. Wessel, Yutaka Yoshii, Alexander Reder, Rym Boudjemaa, Magdalena Szczesna, Jean-Michel Betton, Joaquin Bernal-Bayard, Christophe Beloin, Daniel Lopez, Uwe Völker, Jean-Marc Ghigo, Génétique des Biofilms - Genetics of Biofilms, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Abbelight [Cachan, France], Imperial College London, Adaptation au stress et Métabolisme chez les entérobactéries - Stress adaptation and metabolism in enterobacteria (SAMe), Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), This work was supported by EU Horizon 2020 Rafts4Biotech grant 720776 (to JMG, DL, AKW, YY, AR, UV and MS), the French government’s Investissement d’Avenir Program, Laboratoire d’Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (grant no. DEQ20180339185). This work benefited from the facilities and expertise of Add Photonic BioImaging platform (UTechS PBI, Institut Pasteur). A.K.W. was supported by a Pasteur-Roux-Cantarini postdoctoral and a grant from the Philippe Foundation., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and European Project: 206568,European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme,grant agreement No 720776,R4B(2017)

Subjects
Lipid raft, Flotillin, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Stress tolerance, Escherichia coli, SPFH proteins, Membrane microdomains, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology
Abstract

Many eukaryotic membrane-dependent functions are often spatially and temporally regulated by membrane microdomains (FMMs) also known as lipid rafts. These domains are enriched in polyisoprenoid lipids and scaffolding proteins belonging to the Stomatin, Prohibitin, Flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) protein superfamily that was also identified in Gram-positive bacteria. By contrast, little is still known about FMMs in Gram-negative bacteria. InEscherichia coliK12, 4 SPFH proteins, YqiK, QmcA, HflK, and HflC, were shown to localize in discrete polar or lateral inner-membrane locations, raising the possibility thatE. coliSPFH proteins could contribute to the assembly of inner-membrane FMMs and the regulation of cellular processes.Here we studied the determinant of the localization of QmcA and HflC and showed that FMM-associated cardiolipin lipid biosynthesis is required for their native localization pattern. Using Biolog phenotypic arrays, we showed that a mutant lacking all SPFH genes displayed increased sensitivity to aminoglycosides and oxidative stress that is due to the absence of HflKC. Our study therefore provides further insights into the contribution of SPFH proteins to stress tolerance inE. coli.IMPORTANCEEukaryotic cells often segregate physiological processes in cholesterol-rich functional membrane micro-domains. These domains are also called lipid rafts and contain proteins of the Stomatin, Prohibitin, Flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) superfamily, which are also present in prokaryotes but were mostly studied in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we showed that the cell localization of the SPFH proteins QmcA and HflKC in the Gram-negative bacteriaE. coliis altered in absence of cardiolipin lipid synthesis. This suggests that cardiolipins contribute toE. colimembrane microdomain assembly. Using a broad phenotypic analysis, we also showed that HflKC contribute toE. colitolerance to aminoglycosides and oxidative stress. Our study, therefore, provides new insights into the cellular processes associated with SPFH proteins inE. coli.

Published
2022
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3. Management of cavernous sinus meningiomas: Consensus statement on behalf of the EANS skull base section

Author

Marco V. Corniola, Pierre-Hugues Roche, Michaël Bruneau, Luigi M. Cavallo, Roy T. Daniel, Mahmoud Messerer, Sebastien Froelich, Paul A. Gardner, Fred Gentili, Takeshi Kawase, Dimitrios Paraskevopoulos, Jean Régis, Henry W.S. Schroeder, Theodore H. Schwartz, Marc Sindou, Jan F. Cornelius, Marcos Tatagiba, Torstein R. Meling, Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Hôpital Nord [CHU - APHM], Vrije Universiteit Brussel [Bruxelles] (VUB), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Toronto Western Hospital, Keio University, Barts Health NHS Trust [London, UK], Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Weill Cornell Medicine [Cornell University], Cornell University [New York], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Université de Lyon, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], Universitätsklinikum Tübingen - University Hospital of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hôpital Universitaire de Genève = University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), None, Brussels Heritage Lab, Clinical sciences, Surgical clinical sciences, Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation, Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine [New York], and Jonchère, Laurent

Subjects
[SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Microsurgery, Cranial nerves, Radiotherapy, Neurosurgery, Gammaknife, Radiosurgery, Intracranial meningiomas, Pituitary, Gross total resection, Neurosurgery Cavernous sinus Meningioma Microsurgery Gross total resection Cranial nerves Radiosurgery Radiotherapy Pituitary Consensus statement Intracranial meningiomas Gammaknife, Consensus statement, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Cavernous sinus, RC346-429, Meningioma
Abstract

International audience; INTRODUCTION: The evolution of cavernous sinus meningiomas (CSMs) might be unpredictable and the efficacy of their treatments is challenging due to their indolent evolution, variations and fluctuations of symptoms, heterogeneity of classifications and lack of randomized controlled trials. Here, a dedicated task force provides a consensus statement on the overall management of CSMs. RESEARCH QUESTION: To determine the best overall management of CSMs, depending on their clinical presentation, size, and evolution as well as patient characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we included literature from January 2000 to December 2020. A total of 400 abstracts and 77 titles were kept for full-paper screening. RESULTS: The task force formulated 8 recommendations (Level C evidence). CSMs should be managed by a highly specialized multidisciplinary team. The initial evaluation of patients includes clinical, ophthalmological, endocrinological and radiological assessment. Treatment of CSM should involve experienced skull-base neurosurgeons or neuro-radiosurgeons, radiation oncologists, radiologists, ophthalmologists, and endocrinologists. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Radiosurgery is preferred as first-line treatment in small, enclosed, pauci-symptomatic lesions/in elderly patients, while large CSMs not amenable to resection or WHO grade II-III are candidates for radiotherapy. Microsurgery is an option in aggressive/rapidly progressing lesions in young patients presenting with oculomotor/visual/endocrinological impairment. Whenever surgery is offered, open cranial approaches are the current standard. There is limited experience reported about endoscopic endonasal approach for CSMs and the main indication is decompression of the cavernous sinus to improve symptoms. Whenever surgery is indicated, the current trend is to offer decompression followed by radiosurgery.

Published
2022
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5. [Radiation Cataract as an Occupational Disease Due to Cumulative Effects of Chronic Radiation Exposure in Ophthalmological Evaluation].

Author

Tost F and Rohrschneider K

Subjects
Humans, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Radiation Exposure adverse effects, Male, Cataract etiology, Occupational Diseases etiology, Radiation Injuries etiology, Radiation Injuries diagnosis
Abstract

Competing Interests: Frank Tost ist Sektionssprecher Ophthalmologie der DEGUM, Delegierter Gesamtpräsidium der Sektion Ophthalmoplastische und rekonstruktive Chirurgie der DOG-SORC. Sprecher der gemeinsamen Rechtskommission der BVA u. DOG, Mitglied der gemeinsamen Verbandskommission von BVA u. DOG.

Published
2024
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6. [CF Lung Disease - a German S3 Guideline: Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

Author

Schwarz C, Bend J, Hebestreit H, Hogardt M, Hügel C, Illing S, Mainz JG, Rietschel E, Schmidt S, Schulte-Hubbert B, Sitter H, Wielpütz MO, Hammermann J, Baumann I, Brunsmann F, Dieninghoff D, Eber E, Ellemunter H, Eschenhagen P, Evers C, Gruber S, Koitschev A, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Düesberg U, Mentzel HJ, Nüßlein T, Ringshausen FC, Sedlacek L, Smaczny C, Sommerburg O, Sutharsan S, Vonberg RP, Weber AK, and Zerlik J

Abstract

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Published
2024
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7. The fossil insect assemblage associated with the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event from Alderton Hill, Gloucestershire, UK.

Author

Swaby EJ, Coe AL, Ansorge J, Caswell BA, Hayward SAL, Mander L, Stevens LG, and McArdle A

Subjects
Humans, Animals, Oceans and Seas, Insecta, United Kingdom, Fossils, Hypoxia
Abstract

Extreme global warming and environmental changes associated with the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ~183 Mya) profoundly impacted marine organisms and terrestrial plants. Despite the exceptionally elevated abundances of fossil insects from strata of this age, only assemblages from Germany and Luxembourg have been studied in detail. Here, we focus on the insect assemblage found in strata recording the T-OAE at Alderton Hill, Gloucestershire, UK, where <15% of specimens have previously been described. We located all known fossil insects (n = 370) from Alderton Hill, and used these to create the first comprehensive taxonomic and taphonomic analysis of the entire assemblage. We show that a diverse palaeoentomofaunal assemblage is preserved, comprising 12 orders, 21 families, 23 genera and 21 species. Fossil disarticulation is consistent with insect decay studies. The number of orders is comparable with present-day assemblages from similar latitudes (30°-40°N), including the Azores, and suggests that the palaeoentomofauna reflects a life assemblage. At Alderton, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera are the commonest (56.1%) orders. The high abundance of Hemiptera (22.1%) and Orthoptera (13.4%) indicates well-vegetated islands, while floral changes related to the T-OAE may be responsible for hemipteran diversification. Predatory insects are relatively abundant (~10% of the total assemblage) and we hypothesise that the co-occurrence of fish and insects within the T-OAE represents a jubilee-like event. The marginally higher proportion of sclerotised taxa compared to present-day insect assemblages possibly indicates adaptation to environmental conditions or taphonomic bias. The coeval palaeoentomofauna from Strawberry Bank, Somerset is less diverse (9 orders, 12 families, 6 genera, 3 species) and is taphonomically biased. The Alderton Hill palaeoentomofauna is interpreted to be the best-preserved and most representative insect assemblage from Toarcian strata in the UK. This study provides an essential first step towards understanding the likely influence of the T-OAE on insects., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Swaby et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Published
2024
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8. Luminescent 1 H -1,3-benzazaphospholes.

Author

Evariste S, Harrison AM, Sarkar S, Rheingold AL, Dunietz BD, Heinicke JW, Delgado Rosario E, Yoon S, Teets TS, and Protasiewicz JD

Abstract

2-R-1 H -1,3-Benzazaphospholes (R-BAPs) are an interesting class of σ 2 P heterocycles containing P[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds. While closely related 2-R-1,3-benzoxaphospholes (R-BOPs) have been shown to be highly photoluminescent materials depending on specific R substituents, photoluminescence of R-BAPs has been previously limited to an example having a fused carbazole ring system. Here we detail the synthesis and structural characterization of a new R-BAP (3c, R = 2,2'-dithiophene), and compare its photoluminescence against two previously reported R-BAPs (3a, R, R' = Me and 3b, R = 2-thiophene). The significant fluorescence displayed by the thiophene derivatives 3b ( φ = 0.53) and 3c ( φ = 0.12) stands in contrast to the weakly emissive methyl substituted analogue 3a ( φ = 0.08). Comparative computational investigations of 3a-c offer insights into the interplay between structure-function relationships affecting excited state relaxation processes., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Published
2022
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9. Cellular RNA Targets of Cold Shock Proteins CspC and CspE and Their Importance for Serum Resistance in Septicemic Escherichia coli.

Author

Yair Y, Michaux C, Biran D, Bernhard J, Vogel J, Barquist L, and Ron EZ

Subjects
Humans, Escherichia coli genetics, Cold Shock Proteins and Peptides genetics, Cold-Shock Response genetics, Heat-Shock Proteins genetics, RNA, Bacterial genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Sepsis genetics
Abstract

The RNA chaperones, cold shock proteins CspC and CspE, are important in stress response and adaptation. We studied their role in the pathogenesis of a virulent Escherichia coli, representative of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) which are serum resistant and septicemic. We performed a global analysis to identify transcripts that interact with these cold shock proteins (CSPs), focusing on virulence-related genes. We used CLIP-seq, which combines UV cross-linking, immunoprecipitation and RNA sequencing. A large number of transcripts bound to the CSPs were identified, and many bind both CspC and CspE. Many transcripts were of genes involved in protein synthesis, transcription and energy metabolism. In addition, there were virulence-related genes, (i.e., fur and ryhB ), essential for iron homeostasis. The CLIP-seq results were validated on two transcripts, clpX and tdcA , reported as virulence-associated. Deletion of either CspC or CspE significantly decreased their transcript levels and in a double deletion mutant cspC/cspE , the transcript stability of tdcA and clpX was reduced by 32-fold and 10-fold, respectively. We showed that these two genes are important for virulence, as deleting either of them resulted in loss of serum resistance, a requirement for sepsis. As several virulence-related transcripts interact with CspC or CspE, we determined the importance of these proteins for growth in serum and showed that deletion of either gene significantly reduced serum survival. This phenotype could be partially complemented by cspE and fully complemented by cspC . These results indicate that the two RNA chaperones are essential for virulence, and that CspC particularly critical. IMPORTANCE Virulent Escherichia coli strains that cause infections outside the intestinal tract-extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)-constitute a major clinical problem worldwide. They are involved in several distinct conditions, including urinary tract infections, newborn meningitis, and sepsis. Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, these strains are a main factor in hospital and community-acquired infections. Because many strains, which do not cross-react immunologically are involved, developing a simple vaccine is not possible. Therefore, it is essential to understand the pathogenesis of these bacteria to identify potential targets for developing drugs or vaccines. One of the least investigated systems involves RNA binding proteins, important for stability of transcripts and global gene regulation. Two such proteins are CspC and CspE ("cold shock proteins"), RNA chaperones involved in stress adaptation. Here we performed a global analysis to identify the transcripts which are affected by these two chaperones, with focus on virulence-associated transcripts.

Published
2022
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10. [Patient education before ocular surgery].

Author

Tost F and Lichtschlag-Traut S

Subjects
Humans, Informed Consent, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Patient Rights, Malpractice, Ophthalmology
Abstract

Particular importance and diligence must be attached to patient information prior to ocular surgery. A surgical intervention performed without error according to the state of the art in medicine remains exempt from punishment according to § 228 German Criminal Code (StGB) only if effective consent to the treatment is given and only then is there no liability if a risk inherent to the intervention materializes. The patient's consent is only effective if the patient has been properly informed beforehand. In medical malpractice proceedings, a breach of the duty to inform is regularly alleged. From the outset, the physician bears the burden of proof that he has obtained consent in accordance with Section 630d of the German Civil Code (BGB) and provided information in accordance with the requirements of Section 630e of the BGB. The provisions of the Patients' Rights Act also contain formulations that regularly lead to a very detailed individual review of possible errors of disclosure in medical liability proceedings. Apart from the indispensable requirement of an oral clarification discussion by a physician qualified to do so, who informs about "all essential circumstances" of the planned eye operation, the adherence to formal requirements for the clarification discussion and a written documentation with the individual discussion contents are of decisive importance in a lawsuit in order to reduce possible liability risks from the outset. On the one hand, case law sets high requirements for information and on the other hand, every ophthalmologist should also be aware that this effectively counteracts a depersonalization of the physician-patient relationship., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Published
2022
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