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20 results on '"Eskola, K."'

1. Deep learning for flow observables in high energy heavy-ion collisions

Author

Hirvonen, H., Eskola, K. J., and Niemi, H.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We demonstrate how deep convolutional neural networks can be trained to predict 2+1 D hydrodynamic simulation results for flow coefficients, mean-transverse-momentum and charged particle multiplicity from the initial energy density profile. We show that this method provides results that are accurate enough, so that one can use neural networks to reliably estimate multi-particle flow correlators. Additionally, we train networks that can take any model parameter as an additional input and demonstrate with a few examples that the accuracy remains good. The usage of neural networks can reduce the computation time needed in performing Bayesian analyses with multi-particle flow correlators by many orders of magnitude., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Presented at the XXXth International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2023), Houston, Texas, USA

Published
2024

2. Exclusive heavy vector meson photoproduction on nuclei in NLO perturbative QCD

Author

Eskola, K. J., Guzey, V., Löytäinen, T., Paukkunen, H., and Flett, C. A.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We make predictions for the cross section of coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction in Pb-Pb and O-O ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) at the LHC as a function of the $J/\psi$ rapidity $y$ in the framework of collinear factorization and next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD. We quantify the strong scale dependence and significant uncertainties due to nuclear PDFs and show that our approach provides a reasonable description of the LHC data on coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction in Pb-Pb UPCs. We demonstrate that these uncertainties are reduced by approximately a factor of 10 in the scaled ratio of the O-O and Pb-Pb UPC cross sections. Our analysis indicates the dominance of the quark contribution to the UPC cross section at central rapidities, which affects the interpretation of the UPC data., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Contribution to Proceedings of XXIX Cracow EPIPHANY Conference on Physics at the Electron-Ion Collider and Future Facilities, Cracow, Poland, January 16-19, 2023

Published
2023

3. Deep learning for flow observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

Author

Hirvonen, H., Eskola, K. J., and Niemi, H.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We train a deep convolutional neural network to predict hydrodynamic results for flow coefficients, average transverse momenta and charged particle multiplicities in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions from the initial energy density profiles. We show that the neural network can be trained accurately enough so that it can reliably predict the hydrodynamic results for the flow coefficients and, remarkably, also their correlations like normalized symmetric cumulants, mixed harmonic cumulants and flow-transverse-momentum correlations. At the same time the required computational time decreases by several orders of magnitude. To demonstrate the advantage of the significantly reduced computation time, we generate 10M initial energy density profiles from which we predict the flow observables using the neural network, which is trained using 5k, and validated using 90k events per collision energy. We then show that increasing the number of collision events from 90k to 10M can have significant effects on certain statistics-expensive flow correlations, which should be taken into account when using these correlators as constraints in the determination of the QCD matter properties., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

Published
2023

4. Exclusive $J/\psi$ production in ultraperipheral Pb+Pb collisions to NLO pQCD

Author

Eskola, K. J., Flett, C. A., Guzey, V., Löytäinen, T., and Paukkunen, H.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We present the first NLO pQCD study of coherent exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions (UPCs) at the LHC. Taking the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in their forward limit, as parton distribution functions (PDFs), we quantify the NLO contributions in the rapidity-differential cross section, show that the real part of the amplitude must not be neglected, study the gluon and quark contributions, chart the scale-choice and PDF uncertainties, and compare the NLO results with LHC and HERA data. We show that the scale dependence is significant but a scale choice can be found with which we reproduce the 2.76 and 5.02 TeV UPC data. In particular, we show that the process is clearly more sensitive to the nuclear quark PDFs than thought before., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, contributed talk by T.L. at the XXIX International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Quark Matter 2022, 4-10 April, 2022, Krakow, Poland

Published
2022

5. Flow correlations from a hydrodynamics model with dynamical freeze-out and initial conditions based on perturbative QCD and saturation

Author

Hirvonen, H., Eskola, K. J., and Niemi, H.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We extend the applicability of the hydrodynamics, perturbative QCD and saturation -based EKRT (Eskola-Kajantie-Ruuskanen-Tuominen) framework for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions to peripheral collisions by introducing dynamical freeze-out conditions. As a new ingredient compared to the previous EKRT computations we also introduce a non-zero bulk viscosity. We compute various hadronic observables and flow correlations, including normalized symmetric cumulants, mixed harmonic cumulants and flow-transverse momentum correlations, and compare them against measurements from the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We demonstrate that the inclusion of the dynamical freeze-out and bulk viscosity allows a better description of the measured flow coefficients in peripheral collisions and enables the use of an extended centrality range when constraining the properties of QCD matter in the future., Comment: 22 pages, 17 figures

Published
2022
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8. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD predictions for exclusive J/ψ photoproduction in oxygen-oxygen and lead-lead collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Author

Eskola, K. J., Flett, C. A., Guzey, V., Löytäinen, T., and Paukkunen, H.

Subjects
kvanttiväridynamiikka, hiukkasfysiikka
Abstract

We present predictions for the cross sections of coherent J/ψ photoproduction in lead-lead and oxygen-oxygen ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) as a function of the J/ψ rapidity at the LHC in the framework of collinear factorization at next-to-leading order (NLO) in perturbative QCD. Taking generalized parton distribution functions in their forward limit and using the EPPS21, nNNPDF3.0, and nCTEQ15WZSIH nuclear parton distribution functions, we update our recent results for Pb-Pb collisions, make detailed predictions for O-O collisions for several beam energy configurations, and examine the ratio of O-O and Pb-Pb UPC cross sections. We show that the latter observable allows one to significantly reduce the scale uncertainty of NLO predictions for this process. peerReviewed

Published
2023

10. Exclusive J/psi : photoproduction in ultraperipheral Pb plus Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider calculated at next-to-leading order perturbative QCD

Author

Eskola, K. J., Flett, C. A., Guzey, Vadim, Löytäinen, Topi Markku Olavi, Paukkunen, H., and Helsinki Institute of Physics

Subjects
Electroproduction, Parton distributions, Physics, Vector-meson production, Heavy, Ultra-peripheral collisions, 114 Physical sciences, Nucleus, Coherent j/psi
Abstract

We present the first next-to-leading-order (NLO) perturbative QCD (pQCD) study of rapidity-differential cross sections of coherent exclusive photoproduction of J/psi mesons in heavy-ion ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), d sigma /dy(Pb + Pb -> Pb + J/psi + Pb). For this, we account for the photon-nucleon NLO cross sections at the forward limit, the t dependence using a standard nuclear form factor, and the photon fluxes of the colliding nuclei. Approximating the generalized parton distributions with their forward-limit parton distribution functions (PDFs), we quantify the NLO contributions in the cross sections, show that the real part of the amplitude and quark-PDF contributions must not be neglected, quantify the uncertainties arising from the scale choice and PDFs, and compare our results with ALICE, CMS, and LHCb J/psi photoproduction data in Pb + Pb UPCs, exclusive J/psi photoproduction data from HERA, and LHCb data in p + p. The scale dependence in d sigma /dy(Pb + Pb & RARR; Pb + J/psi + Pb) is significant, but we can find a scale choice that reproduces the Pb + Pb UPC data at both 2.76 and 5.02 TeV collision energies. This process has traditionally been suggested to be a direct probe of nuclear gluon distributions. We show that the situation changes rather dramatically from LO to NLO: the NLO cross sections reflect the nuclear effects of both gluons and quarks in a complicated manner, where the relative signs of the LO and NLO terms in the amplitude play a significant role.

Published
2022

12. Exclusive \(J/\psi \) Production in Ultraperipheral Pb+Pb Collisions to NLO pQCD

Author

Eskola, K. J., Flett, C. A., Guzey, V., Löytäinen, T., and Paukkunen, H.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory, General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract

We present the first NLO pQCD study of coherent exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions (UPCs) at the LHC. Taking the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in their forward limit, as parton distribution functions (PDFs), we quantify the NLO contributions in the rapidity-differential cross section, show that the real part of the amplitude must not be neglected, study the gluon and quark contributions, chart the scale-choice and PDF uncertainties, and compare the NLO results with LHC and HERA data. We show that the scale dependence is significant but a scale choice can be found with which we reproduce the 2.76 and 5.02 TeV UPC data. In particular, we show that the process is clearly more sensitive to the nuclear quark PDFs than thought before., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, contributed talk by T.L. at the XXIX International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Quark Matter 2022, 4-10 April, 2022, Krakow, Poland

Published
2023

13. Exclusive J/ψ photoproduction in ultraperipheral Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider calculated at next-to-leading order perturbative QCD

Author

Eskola, K. J., Flett, C. A., Guzey, V., Löytäinen, T., and Paukkunen, H.

Subjects
kvanttiväridynamiikka, hiukkasfysiikka, ydinfysiikka
Abstract

We present the first next-to-leading-order (NLO) perturbative QCD (pQCD) study of rapidity-differential cross sections of coherent exclusive photoproduction of J/ψ mesons in heavy-ion ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), dσ/dy(Pb+Pb→Pb+J/ψ+Pb). For this, we account for the photon-nucleon NLO cross sections at the forward limit, the t dependence using a standard nuclear form factor, and the photon fluxes of the colliding nuclei. Approximating the generalized parton distributions with their forward-limit parton distribution functions (PDFs), we quantify the NLO contributions in the cross sections, show that the real part of the amplitude and quark-PDF contributions must not be neglected, quantify the uncertainties arising from the scale choice and PDFs, and compare our results with ALICE, CMS, and LHCb J/ψ photoproduction data in Pb+Pb UPCs, exclusive J/ψ photoproduction data from HERA, and LHCb data in p+p. The scale dependence in dσ/dy(Pb+Pb→Pb+J/ψ+Pb) is significant, but we can find a scale choice that reproduces the Pb+Pb UPC data at both 2.76 and 5.02 TeV collision energies. This process has traditionally been suggested to be a direct probe of nuclear gluon distributions. We show that the situation changes rather dramatically from LO to NLO: the NLO cross sections reflect the nuclear effects of both gluons and quarks in a complicated manner, where the relative signs of the LO and NLO terms in the amplitude play a significant role. peerReviewed

Published
2022

14. The Large Hadron–Electron Collider at the HL-LHC

Author

Agostini, P., Aksakal, H., Apolinario, L., Goyal, A., Grames, J., Granados, E., Grassellino, A., Gunaydin, Y. O., Guo, Y. C., Guzey, V., Gwenlan, C., Hammad, A., Han, C. C., Apsimon, R., Harland-Lang, L., Haug, F., Hautmann, F., Hayden, D., Hessler, J., Helenius, I., Henry, J., Hernandez-Sanchez, J., Hesari, H., Hobbs, T. J., Apyan, A., Hod, N., Hoffstaetter, G. H., Holzer, B., Honorato, C. G., Hounsell, B., Hu, N., Hug, F., Huss, A., Hutton, A., Islam, R., Arduini, G., Iwamoto, S., Jana, S., Jansova, M., Jensen, E., Jones, T., Jowett, J. M., Kaabi, W., Kado, M., Kalinin, D. A., Karadeniz, H., Ari, V., Kawaguchi, S., Kaya, U., Khalek, R. A., Khanpour, H., Kilic, A., Klein, M., Klein, U., Kluth, S., Köksal, M., Kocak, F., Armbruster, A., Korostelev, M., Kostka, P., Krelina, M., Kretzschmar, J., Kuday, S., Kulipanov, G., Kumar, M., Kuze, M., Lappi, T., Larios, F., Armesto, N., Latina, A., Laycock, P., Lei, G., Levitchev, E., Levonian, Serguei V., Levy, A., Li, R., Li, X., Liang, H., Litvinenko, V., Auchmann, B., Liu, M., Liu, T., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Liuti, S., Lobodzinska, Ewelina, Longuevergne, D., Luo, X., Ma, W., Machado, M., Aulenbacher, K., Mandal, S., Mäntysaari, H., Marhauser, F., Marquet, C., Martens, A., Martin, R., Marzani, S., McFayden, J., Mcintosh, P., Mellado, B., Azuelos, G., Meot, F., Milanese, A., Milhano, J. G., Militsyn, B., Mitra, M., Moch, S., Mohammadi Najafabadi, M., Mondal, S., Moretti, S., Morgan, T., Alan, H., Backovic, S., Morreale, A., Nadolsky, P., Navarra, F., Nergiz, Z., Newman, P., Niehues, J., Nissen, E. A., Nowakowski, M., Okada, N., Olivier, G., Bailey, I., Olness, F., Olry, G., Osborne, J. A., Ozansoy, A., Pan, R., Parker, B., Patra, M., Paukkunen, H., Peinaud, Y., Pellegrini, D., Bailey, S., Perez-Segurana, G., Perini, D., Perrot, L., Pietralla, N., Pilicer, E., Pire, B., Pires, J., Placakyte, R., Poelker, M., Polifka, R., Balli, F., Polini, A., Poulose, P., Pownall, G., Pupkov, Y. A., Queiroz, F. S., Rabbertz, K., Radescu, V., Rahaman, R., Rai, S. K., Raicevic, N., Behera, S., Ratoff, P., Rashed, A., Raut, D., Raychaudhuri, S., Repond, J., Rezaeian, A. H., Rimmer, R., Rinolfi, L., Rojo, J., Rosado, A., Behnke, O., Ruan, X., Russenschuck, S., Sahin, M., Salgado, C. A., Sampayo, O. A., Satendra, K., Satyanarayan, N., Schenke, B., Schirm, K., Schopper, H., Ben-Zvi, I., Schott, M., Schulte, D., Schwanenberger, C., Sekine, T., Senol, A., Seryi, A., Setiniyaz, S., Shang, L., Shen, X., Shipman, N., Benedikt, M., Sinha, N., Slominski, W., Smith, S., Solans, C., Song, M., Spiesberger, H., Stanyard, J., Starostenko, A., Stasto, A., Stocchi, A., Bernauer, J., Strikman, M., Stuart, M. J., Sultansoy, S., Sun, H., Sutton, M., Szymanowski, L., Tapan, I., Tapia-Takaki, D., Tanaka, M., Tang, Y., Bertolucci, S., Tasci, A. T., Ten-Kate, A. T., Thonet, P., Tomas-Garcia, R., Tommasini, D., Trbojevic, D., Trott, M., Tsurin, I., Tudora, A., Turk Cakir, I., Alekhin, S., Biswal, S. S., Tywoniuk, K., Vallerand, C., Valloni, A., Verney, D., Vilella, E., Walker, D., Wallon, S., Wang, B., Wang, K., Blümlein, Johannes, Wang, X., Wang, Z. S., Wei, H., Welsch, C., Willering, G., Williams, P. H., Wollmann, D., Xiaohao, C., Xu, T., Yaguna, C. E., Bogacz, A., Yamaguchi, Y., Yamazaki, Y., Yang, H., Yilmaz, A., Yock, P., Yue, C. X., Zadeh, S. G., Zenaiev, O., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Bonvini, M., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z., Zhu, G., Zhu, S., Zimmermann, F., Zomer, F., Zurita, J., Zurita, P., LHeC Collaboration, Group, FCC-he Study, Boonekamp, M., Bordry, F., Boroun, G. R., Bottura, L., Bousson, S., Bouzas, A. O., Allport, P. P., Bracco, C., Bracinik, J., Britzger, D., Brodsky, S. J., Bruni, C., Brüning, O., Burkhardt, H., Cakir, O., Calaga, R., Caldwell, A., Andari, N., Calıskan, A., Camarda, S., Catalan-Lasheras, N. C., Cassou, K., Cepila, J., Cetinkaya, V., Chetvertkova, V., Cole, B., Coleppa, B., Cooper-Sarkar, A., Andre, K. D. J., Cormier, E., Cornell, A. S., Corsini, R., Cruz-Alaniz, E., Currie, J., Curtin, D., D'Onofrio, M., Dainton, J., Daly, E., Das, A., Angal-Kalinin, D., Das, S. P., Dassa, L., de Blas, J., Delle Rose, L., Denizli, H., Deshpande, K. S., Douglas, D., Duarte, L., Dupraz, K., Dutta, S., Antusch, S., Efremov, A. V., Eichhorn, R., Eskola, K. J., Ferreiro, E. G., Fischer, O., Flores-Sánchez, O., Forte, S., Gaddi, A., Gao, J., Gehrmann, T., Aperio Bella, L., Gehrmann-De Ridder, A., Gerigk, F., Gilbert, A., Giuli, F., Glazov, Alexander, Glover, N., Godbole, R. M., Goddard, B., Gonçalves, V., Gonzalez-Sprinberg, G. A., Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LHeC, FCC-he Study Group, Çetinkaya, Volkan, Çalışkan, Abdullatif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Agostini P, Aksakal H, Duarte Lucía, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Física., Helsinki Institute of Physics, Particle Physics and Astrophysics, and Calıskan, Abdullatif

Subjects
energy recovery, lepton nucleus: scattering, parton: distribution function, hiukkasfysiikka, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, accelerator physics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), HEAVY FLAVOR CONTRIBUTIONS, energy-recovery- linac, Nuclear Experiment, colliding beams [electron p], deep-inelastic scattering, top and electroweak physics, new physics, Physics, STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RATIOS, Monte Carlo [numerical calculations], buildings, primary [vertex], High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, electron p: colliding beams, kinematics, Nuclear Physics - Theory, final state: hadronic, p: distribution function, beyond Standard Model, vertex: primary, numerical calculations: Monte Carlo, distribution function [parton], High-lumiLHC, STRUCTURE-FUNCTION F-2(X, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], ion: beam, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 114 Physical sciences, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), deep inelastic scattering, quantum chromodynamics, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, high-lumi LHC, QCD, Higgs, nuclear physics, beyond standard Model, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, resolution, scattering [electron p], structure function [nucleus], sensitivity, beam [electron], energy-recovery-linac, acceptance, Nuclear Theory, HIGH-ENERGY FACTORIZATION, distribution function [p], density [parton], High-lumi LHC, High Energy Physics - Experiment, design [detector], High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), electron: linear accelerator, electron hadron: scattering, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], scattering [electron hadron], FCC, electron: beam, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), linear accelerator [electron], lattice, superconductivity, Energy-recoverylinac, Beyond Standard Mode, Nuclear physics, electron nucleus: colliding beams, parton: density, colliding beams [electron nucleus], Particle Physics - Experiment, NUCLEON STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, scattering [lepton nucleus], beam [ion], FOS: Physical sciences, nucleus: structure function, hadronic [final state], electron p: scattering, TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM DEPENDENCE, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Physics - Experiment, structure, upgrade [CERN LHC Coll], detector: design, Particle Physics - Phenomenology, DEEP-INELASTIC-SCATTERING, electroweak interaction, 3-LOOP SPLITTING FUNCTIONS, CLASSICAL RADIATION ZEROS, calibration, Accelerators and Storage Rings, magnet, high [current], 13. Climate action, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], LHeC, Physics::Accelerator Physics, JET CROSS-SECTIONS, High Energy Physics::Experiment, current: high
Abstract

The Large Hadron-Electron Collider (LHeC) is designed to move the field of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) to the energy and intensity frontier of particle physics. Exploiting energy-recovery technology, it collides a novel, intense electron beam with a proton or ion beam from the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The accelerator and interaction region are designed for concurrent electron-proton and proton-proton operations. This report represents an update to the LHeC's conceptual design report (CDR), published in 2012. It comprises new results on the parton structure of the proton and heavier nuclei, QCD dynamics, and electroweak and top-quark physics. It is shown how the LHeC will open a new chapter of nuclear particle physics by extending the accessible kinematic range of lepton-nucleus scattering by several orders of magnitude. Due to its enhanced luminosity and large energy and the cleanliness of the final hadronic states, the LHeC has a strong Higgs physics programme and its own discovery potential for new physics. Building on the 2012 CDR, this report contains a detailed updated design for the energy-recovery electron linac (ERL), including a new lattice, magnet and superconducting radio-frequency technology, and further components. Challenges of energy recovery are described, and the lower-energy, high-current, three-turn ERL facility, PERLE at Orsay, is presented, which uses the LHeC characteristics serving as a development facility for the design and operation of the LHeC. An updated detector design is presented corresponding to the acceptance, resolution, and calibration goals that arise from the Higgs and parton-density-function physics programmes. This paper also presents novel results for the Future Circular Collider in electron-hadron (FCC-eh) mode, which utilises the same ERL technology to further extend the reach of DIS to even higher centre-of-mass energies., Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, 48 (11), ISSN:0305-4616, ISSN:0954-3899, ISSN:1361-6471, ISSN:0954-3889

Published
2021

15. Equine dermatitis outbreak associated with parapoxvirus.

Author

Virtanen J, Hautala K, Utriainen M, Dutra L, Eskola K, Airas N, Uusitalo R, Ahvenainen E, Smura T, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Kant R, Virtala AK, and Kinnunen PM

Subjects
Humans, Animals, Horses, Disease Outbreaks, Skin, Coinfection epidemiology, Coinfection veterinary, Dermatitis epidemiology, Dermatitis veterinary, Parapoxvirus genetics
Abstract

Parapoxviruses (PPV) cause skin and mucous membrane lesions in several animal species, and of the five recognized PPVs, at least three are zoonotic. Equine PPV (EqPPV) is the sixth one initially described in humans in the United States and later in a severely sick horse in Finland in 2013-2015. In 2021-2022, a large-scale pustulo-vesicular pastern dermatitis outbreak occurred in horses all over Finland. This study aimed at analysing the outbreak, identifying and describing the causative agent, describing clinical signs, and searching for risk factors. EqPPV was identified as a probable causative agent and co-infections with several potentially pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria were observed. Histopathologically, suppurative and ulcerative dermatitis was diagnosed. Due to the lack of specific tests for this virus, we developed a novel diagnostic EqPPV-PCR with sensitivity of 10 copies/reaction. Based on a large proportion of the genome sequenced directly from clinical samples, very little variation was detected between the sequences of the case from 2013 and the cases from 2021 to 2022. Based on an epidemiological survey, the main risk factor for pastern dermatitis was having racehorses. Approximately one third of the horses at each affected stable got clinical dermatitis, manifesting as severe skin lesions. Skin lesions were also occasionally reported in humans, indicating potential zoonotic transmission. Case stables commonly reported attendance at race events before acquiring the disease. Survey also identified differences in practises between case and control stables. Taken together, these results enable a better preparedness, diagnostics, and guidelines for future outbreaks.

Published
2023
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16. Escherichia coli-associated follicular cystitis in dogs: Clinical and pathologic characterization.

Author

Viitanen SJ, Tuomisto L, Salonen N, Eskola K, and Kegler K

Subjects
Dogs, Female, Animals, Escherichia coli, Retrospective Studies, Urinary Bladder pathology, Cystitis veterinary, Cystitis pathology, Urinary Tract Infections veterinary, Escherichia coli Infections complications, Escherichia coli Infections veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis
Abstract

Background: Follicular cystitis is an uncommon inflammatory change in the urinary bladder wall characterized by the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in the submucosa., Objectives: To characterize clinical and pathologic features of follicular cystitis in dogs and to explore in situ distribution and possible role of Escherichia coli as an associated cause., Animals: Eight dogs diagnosed with follicular cystitis and 2 control dogs., Methods: Retrospective descriptive study. Dogs diagnosed with follicular cystitis (macroscopic follicular lesions in the urinary bladder mucosa and histopathologic detection of TLSs in bladder wall biopsies) were identified from medical records. Paraffin embedded bladder wall biopsies were subject to in situ hybridization for E. coli 16SrRNA identification., Results: Follicular cystitis was diagnosed in large breed (median weight 24.9 kg, interquartile range [IQR] 18.8-35.4 kg) female dogs with a history of chronic recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs; median duration of clinical signs 7 months, IQR 3-17 months; median number of previous UTIs 5, IQR 4-6). Positive E. coli 16SrRNA signal was detected within developing, immature and mature TLSs in 7/8 dogs, through submucosal stroma in 8/8 dogs and within the urothelium in 3/8 dogs., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Chronic inflammation associated with an intramural E. coli infection in the urinary bladder wall represents a possible triggering factor for the development of follicular cystitis., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Published
2023
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17. Facilitators and barriers in the rehabilitation process described by persons with spinal cord injury: a deductive-inductive analysis from the Finnish spinal cord injury study.

Author

Tallqvist S, Eskola K, Täckman A, Kauppila AM, Koskinen E, Anttila H, Rajavaara M, Arokoski J, and Hiekkala S

Subjects
Humans, Finland, Spinal Cord Injuries rehabilitation
Abstract

Background: This study aimed to determine the factors that promote and facilitate rehabilitation as well as challenges and possible barriers perceived by people with spinal cord injury (SCI)., Materials and Methods: This study was part of a larger, mixed-method Finnish Spinal Cord Injury (FinSCI) study. We interviewed 45 persons with SCI representing participants from the FinSCI study and used a qualitative approach and a deductive-inductive content analysis to analyse the data., Results: We identified 28 facilitators and 19 barriers in the rehabilitation process. The majority of the facilitators and barriers were related to the rehabilitation planning phase. There were more barriers than facilitators in applying for and accessing treatment or rehabilitation and during the implementation of rehabilitation. Facilitators consisted of successful, realized, or planned treatments or rehabilitation events; clear goals; multidisciplinary teamwork; support and monitoring in various changing situations; and the rehabilitees' own capabilities and activities, among other things. The barriers included delays, challenges and deficiencies in the planning and implementation of treatment or rehabilitation; the lack of different skills; and resources of rehabilitation professionals; and different personal factors, which made the rehabilitation process cumbersome., Conclusions: Good communication and interaction between stakeholders are crucial for the progress of rehabilitation.

Published
2023
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18. Co-occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria.

Author

Al-Mustapha AI, Alada SA, Raufu IA, Lawal AN, Eskola K, Brouwer MS, Adetunji V, and Heikinheimo A

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Chickens, Nigeria epidemiology, Fluoroquinolones, Poultry, Escherichia coli, Disinfectants pharmacology
Abstract

Objectives: The occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in poultry poses the public health threat of zoonotic transmission to humans. Hence, this study assessed the occurrence of drug-resistant Escherichia coli in broilers in the largest live bird market in Kwara State, Nigeria in December 2020., Methods: Presumptive E. coli isolates were isolated using the European Union Reference Laboratory guideline of 2017 and confirmed via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Broth microdilution was performed on confirmed E. coli isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Five extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were selected for Illumina whole genome sequencing to predict the resistome, phylotype, sequence type, serotype, and diversity of mobile genetic elements in these isolates., Results: Of the 181 broiler caecal samples, 73 E. coli isolates were obtained, of which 67 (82.0%) and 37 (50.6%) were determined as MDR (resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics) and XDR (resistant to at least five classes of antibiotics), respectively. Whole genome sequencing revealed diverse sequence types, phylogroups, and serotypes (ST165/B1 - O80:H19, ST115/A - Unknown: H7, ST901/B1 - O109:H4, ST4087/F - O117:H42, and ST8324/A - O127:H42). The XDR E. coli isolates encoded resistance to fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and cephalosporins, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and macrolides. Mutations in the gyrA gene conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones were also detected. There was a positive correlation between phenotypic resistance patterns and the antibiotic resistance genes that were detected in the sequenced isolates. The XDR isolates also harbored two disinfectant resistance genes (qacE and sitABCD) that conferred resistance to hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively. The genome of the XDR isolates harbored several mobile genetic elements and virulence-associated genes, which were conserved in all sequenced XDR isolates., Conclusions: This is the first report of co-carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and disinfectant resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, Nigeria. Our findings suggest that poultry are potential carriers of clonally diverse, pathogenic, MDR/XDR E. coli, which may have detrimental zoonotic potentials on human health., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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19. Characterisation of and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in an equine hospital with a special reference to an outbreak caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307:CTX-M-1.

Author

Thomson K, Eskola K, Eklund M, Suominen K, Määttä M, Junnila J, Nykäsenoja S, Niinistö K, Grönthal T, and Rantala M

Subjects
Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Female, Horses, Hospitals, Animal, Hospitals, Teaching, Humans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Microbial Sensitivity Tests veterinary, Risk Factors, beta-Lactamases, Horse Diseases drug therapy, Horse Diseases epidemiology, Klebsiella Infections drug therapy, Klebsiella Infections epidemiology, Klebsiella Infections veterinary
Abstract

Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) are important causative agents for infections in humans and animals. At the Equine Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Helsinki, the first infections caused by ESBL-E were observed at the end of 2011 leading to enhanced infection surveillance. Contact patients were screened for ESBL-E by culturing infection sites and rectal screening. This study was focused on describing the epidemiology and microbiological characteristics of ESBL-E from equine patients of the EVTH during 2011-2014, and analysing putative risk factors for being positive for ESBL-E during an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307., Results: The number of ESBL-E isolations increased through 2012-2013 culminating in an outbreak of multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae ST307:bla CTX-M-1 :bla TEM :bla SHV during 04-08/2013. During 10/2011-05/2014, altogether 139 ESBL-E isolates were found from 96 horses. Of these, 26 were from infection-site specimens and 113 from rectal-screening swabs. A total of 118 ESBL-E isolates from horses were available for further study, the most numerous being K. pneumoniae (n = 44), Escherichia coli (n = 31) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 31). Hospital environmental specimens (N = 47) yielded six isolates of ESBL-E. Two identical E. cloacae isolates originating from an operating theatre and a recovery room had identical or highly similar PFGE fingerprint profiles as five horse isolates. In the multivariable analysis, mare-foal pairs (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.57-14.19, P = 0.006), length of hospitalisation (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.28-2.06, P < 0.001) and passing of a nasogastric tube (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.03-7.95, P = 0.044) were associated with being positive for ESBL-E during the K. pneumoniae outbreak., Conclusions: The occurrence of an outbreak caused by a pathogenic ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 strain highlights the importance of epidemiological surveillance of ESBL-E in veterinary hospitals. Limiting the length of hospitalisation for equine patients may reduce the risk of spread of ESBL-E. It is also important to acknowledge the importance of nasogastric tubing as a potential source of acquiring ESBL-E. As ESBL-E were also found in stomach drench pumps used with nasogastric tubes, veterinary practices should pay close attention to appropriate equipment cleaning procedures and disinfection practices., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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20. Health-related factors for work participation in persons with spinal cord injury in Finland.

Author

Eskola K, Koskinen E, Anttila H, Tallqvist S, Bergman P, Kallinen M, Hämäläinen H, Kauppila AM, Täckman A, Vainionpää A, Arokoski J, Rajavaara M, and Hiekkala S

Subjects
Cross-Sectional Studies, Finland epidemiology, Humans, Social Participation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Employment, Spinal Cord Injuries epidemiology
Abstract

Objective: To explore work participation and the health-related factors affecting work participation among the Finnish Spinal Cord injury (FinSCI) study population (n = 884)., Methods: A cross-sectional explorative observational study in the FinSCI community survey applying Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) forms on Social Health and Global Health. Analyses of socio-demographic and injury-related data were performed., Results: Employment among the study population (n = 452) was 26.5%. Physical, Mental, Social and General Health were better in the employed group compared with work-age persons not working. Logistic regression showed that work participation was related to all health domains, but Physical Health and Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities in Social Health were the strongest indicators of likelihood of being at work. Paraplegia and young age were associated with increased likelihood of work participation., Conclusion: The first national survey among people with spinal cord injury in Finland shows low level of employment. The results suggest that pain, physical function, and ability to participate in social roles should be monitored by health and vocational professionals when assessing a person's likelihood of being in work.

Published
2022
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