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Four isoprenylated flavonols, including two new compounds, macainermisins A-B (1-2), and two known compounds, sinoflavonoid P (3), broussoflavonol F (4), were isolated from the leaves of Macaranga inermis. A combination of HRESIMS, UV, 1D, and 2D NMR spectra elucidated the structures of 1-2. Flavonols (1-4) were evaluated against three cancer cells. Compound 1 showed high cytotoxicity against WiDR with an IC50 value of 0.93 µM, and compound 2 was active towards HeLa and WiDR (IC50 values of 0.90 and 0.94 µM), and compound 3 showed high activity towards 4T1 and HeLa (IC50 values of 0.83 and 0.98 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a hullmark of metabolic disorder, a life - threatening condition that affect millions of individuals globally. Ethno-medicinal and scientific reports abound on the use of Acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract in managing diabetic patients. This study employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and computational approach to investigate the phytochemical profile and potential bioactive properties of A. wilkesiana leaf. GC-MS analysis revealed distinct variations in phytochemical composition ranging from monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alkaloids etc, hence identify and validate hit compounds from the crude leaf extract with the potential to inhibit SGLT-2 receptor. Molecular docking results showed that the binding affinity of the hit molecule indazol-4-one, 3,6,6-trimethyl-1-phthalazin-1-yl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro- (-10.7 kcal/mol) was very close to the control drug Sotagliflozin (-11.4 kcal/mol) at this target. ADMET analysis predicted that the properties of these compounds were within acceptable limits with the hit molecule showing better druglikeness than the conventional drug used as control. These results indicate that A. wilkesiana holds promise as a therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes, warranting further investigation into its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Euphorbiaceae is a large, diverse, and cosmopolitan family of monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. Their name comes from Euphorbia, one of the largest genera in the Angiosperms, with close to 2000 species and a complex taxonomy. Many of their members have an economic interest in multiple applications, including pharmaceutical, nutritional, and others. The seeds of the Euphorbiaceae develop in schizocarps and have a diversity of shapes that have proven useful for species identification and classification. Nevertheless, analytical quantitative methods can be the subject of further development for the application of seed morphology in the taxonomy of this family. With this objective, measurements of size (area, perimeter, length, and width) and shape (circularity, aspect ratio, roundness, and solidity) in seed images of 230 species representative of the main taxonomic groups of Euphorbiaceae are presented, and curvature analysis is applied to 19 species. Seed images corresponding to many species of this family present a tetragonal pattern with a curvature peak in the apical pole and three in the basal pole. The results of the curvature analysis are discussed in relation to other morphological properties, revealing new aspects of seed morphology of taxonomic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a new species of Croton section Geiseleria (Euphorbiaceae) based on specimens collected in remnants of vegetation in the municipality of Santa Fe de Antioquia (Antioquia), Northwestern Colombia. Croton antioquensis resembles C. adenodontus, C. bidentatus and C. subsuavis, however, it is differentiated by a set of characters associated with its floral and vegetative morphology, in addition to its geographic distribution. The new species is known from a single locality in an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 4 km² with multiple threats of anthropogenic origin. We suggest its inclusion in the category of Critically Endangered (CR) taking into account the IUCN guidelines. A key to the species of Croton sect. Geiseleria in Colombia is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a new species of flat mite from the genus Tenuipalpus, collected on the leaves of Vernicia montana Lour. (Euphorbiaceae), an important oil-producing tree widely distributed in southern China. This is the first species of flat mite from Vernicia. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the ontogenetic development of the idiosoma and leg chaetotaxy are presented for both adult (female and male) and immature stages. This study adds to the known diversity of the genus Tenuipalpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic extract of the leaves of Macaranga hurifolia Beille showed arginase inhibitory activity (40% at 100 µg/mL) and was then fractionated to obtain nine polyphenolic compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data, and by comparison with data previously reported in the literature, as gallic acid (1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2), chlorogenic acid, (3), corilagin (4), cynaroside (5), cosmosiin (6), hyperoside (7) isoquercitrin (8) and guajaverin (9). These compounds have been evaluated as arginase inhibitors. Compounds 4, 7, 8 and 9 showed varying arginase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 102 to 302 μM. All the isolated compounds were previously identified in this species but their activities on arginase are reported here for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The phytochemicals in the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias (also known as Sea Spurge) and their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities were investigated.Methods: The methanolic extract was characterized using GC-MS and HPLC techniques. The anti-inflammatory feature was estimated through a Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization technique, while the antimicrobial feature was evaluated by the disc diffusion agar technique, minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) via micro-broth dilution method.Results: The GC/MS results demonstrated the existence of various phytochemicals, such as n-hexadecenoic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid, and methyl stearate, recognized for their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial features. The similarity of the phytochemical composition with other Euphorbia species emphasizes the genus-wide similarity. The antiinflammatory activity exhibited a noteworthy inhibitory effect comparable to the reference drug indomethacin. The extract’s antimicrobial potential was tested against a range of microorganisms, demonstrating significant action against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans . The quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids further supported the therapeutic potential of the extract.Conclusion: The methanolic extract from E. paralias emerges as a successful natural source of important active constituents with potential applications as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. This research provides a first step to valorize Euphorbia paralias insights as a source of worthwhile phytochemicals that have potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Premise: Angiosperms range in sexual system from hermaphroditism through gynodioecy and androdioecy to dioecy. Trioecy, where females and males coexist with hermaphrodites, is rare. Recently, trioecy was documented in hexaploid populations of the wind‐pollinated herb Mercurialis annua in Spain. Methods: We surveyed the frequency of males, hermaphrodites, and females in M. annua across its distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, tracked sex‐ratio variation in several populations over consecutive generations, and assessed evidence for pollen limitation. In a common garden, we estimated male, female, and hermaphroditic fitness. We used controlled crosses to infer the genetic basis of male sterility. Finally, we compared predictions of a deterministic model with the distribution of observed sex ratios in the field based on our fitness estimates and the inferred genetics of sex determination. Results: Trioecy is widespread in Spanish and Portuguese populations of M. annua. Males are determined by a dominant (Y‐linked) allele, and female expression results from the interaction between cytoplasmic male sterility and multiple nuclear male sterility restorers partially linked to the male determiner. Male pollen production is approximately 12 times that of hermaphrodites, while female seed production is less than 1.12 times the observed hermaphroditic levels. The distribution of sex ratios in natural populations conforms with predictions of our deterministic simulations. Conclusions: Our study documents and accounts for a clear case of trioecy in which sex is determined by both maternally and biparentally inherited genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major issue worldwide, with widespread prevalence, combined with its link to gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Meanwhile, effectiveness of current treatment protocols is limited by increasing antibiotic resistance and patient compliance issues due to long regimens and side effects. Plukenetia volubilis , or sacha inchi, is a valuable source of bioactive molecules. However, studies on its antimicrobial activity, especially against H. pylori , are lacking. Methods: In this study, the anti- H. pylori activity of P. volubilis leaves water extract was explored using in vitro and in silico approaches. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Electrospray Ionisation and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI- QTOF-MS-MS) analysis of the water extract from the leaves was used to characterise the chemical composition of the plant and allowed identification of some flavonoids, such as astragalin, and some phenolic compounds. Then, high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) was used to fractionate the ethyl acetate partition obtained from the water extract from the leaves. Results and Discussion: The presence of flavonoids derived from kaempferol was confirmed and astragalin was isolated for the first time in P. volubilis. The P. volubilis water infusion, ethyl acetate extract and the isolated astragalin exhibited anti-bacterial activity against H. pylori J99 and two clinical isolates (e.g., minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.53, 0.51 and 0.49 μg/mL, respectively, for clarithromycin-resistant clinical isolate SSR366). Then, using molecular docking for potential protein targets for H. pylori , it was verified that astragalin could interact with these proteins by in silico analysis. Conclusion: These findings highlight that P. volubilis and astragalin produce a bacteriostatic activity against H. pylori and may have potential to be used in treatment against H. pylori , after further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new succulent species Euphorbia duerrii is described and illustrated from the Dhule District of Maharashtra state in India. This new species is allied to Euphorbia sahyadrica but differs in shape of the podaria, short obovate leaves, 2-4 times branched peduncles, fimbriate bracts in male flowers and colliculate capsules. Euphorbia duerrii sp. nov. belongs to Euphorbia section Euphorbia based on the presence of succulent stems, spine shields, ecarunculate seeds, and glands of the cyathium lacking appendages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants use extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) as indirect defence mechanisms against herbivores. These structures contain nectar that is offered to ants in exchange for their protection. EFNs display pronounced functional variation, but it is unknown how this variation comes together in phenotypes. Here, we characterized the main functional traits of EFNs and investigated the associations among them. This work was conducted at a study site in the Caatinga that hosts 14 species of woody plants. We characterized the following functional traits: EFN type, position, arrangement, size, and reducing-sugar level. We observed a marked degree of trait variation (~30%) that was manifested in species-specific trait combinations, giving rise to an 'ecological spectrum'. At one end were Fabaceae species with large, vascularized EFNs that occur individually on the leaf petiole and/or rachis and that produce high levels of reducing sugars. At the other end were Euphorbiaceae species with small, nonvascularized EFNs that are generally grouped on the leaf blade and that produce low levels of reducing sugars. Despite its limited geographical and phylogenetic scale, this study represents an important first step in describing an ecological spectrum that can inform our understanding of the ecological interactions and evolutionary history of this functionally relevant group of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croton palustris (≡ Caperonia palustris) and Croton castaneifolius (≡ Caperonia castaneifolia) were published by Linnaeus in the first edition of Species plantarum. Both names remain untypified at present. While syntypes are extant for C. palustris there is no known original material for C. castaneifolius. Here, a lectotype is selected for C. palustris and a neotype is selected for C. castaneifolius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Croton yunnanensis resulted in the isolation of eight new clerodane furanoditerpenoids, named croyunfuranoids A−H (1 − 8), along with three known analogs (9 − 11). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic analyses, and their absolute configurations were determined through a combination of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Notably, Croyunfuranoid D (4) is identified as a rare 18,19- dinor -clerodane diterpenoid. Additionally, the structure of a previously reported diterpenoid, crotonyunnan B, was revised. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among them, compounds 5 and 6 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, with IC 50 values of 20.33 ± 2.31 and 22.80 ± 1.31 μmol·L−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral diversity of Croton, the second largest genus in Euphorbiaceae, is currently under-explored. Several clades demonstrate an unusual floral morphology, e.g., lower or higher stamen number, bilateral symmetry and reduced ovary, but have never been investigated in a comparative study with typical Croton. This study examined morphology and ontogeny of flowers in nine Croton species from different clades within the genus with light and scanning microscopy, resin sectioning and micro-computed tomography. In staminate flowers, great variations of stamen number and arrangement are observed. The ancestral androecium likely consisted of two or more whorls with the outermost antepetalous stamen whorl developing centrifugally. Modification by reduction of the antepetalous whorl resulted in an outer alternipetalous stamen whorl in Croton section Moacroton, subgenus Quadrilobi. Several species in the subgenus Geiseleria show an independent reduction of stamen numbers by absence of a centrifugal development with the antepetalous whorl the first whorl to develop. Petal losses are observed in the distantly related C. setiger and C. dioicus. Chaotic stamen arrangement is found in C. celtidifolius (subgenus Adenophylli) as a result of a secondary stamen increase. In pistillate flowers, reduction of carpel numbers happened three times in the subgenus Geiseleria. C. monanthogynus has a bicarpellate ovary, while in C. setiger and C. michauxii the ovary is monocarpellate. Reduction of carpel number is linked with merism change and perianth reduction. The ovary in C. michauxii has basal placentation which is unique among all Croton. Moreover, strong bilateral sepals and nectaries are observed in species from section Julocroton. Therefore, the floral diversity of some species in the genus Croton could be explained by developmental modification of an ancestral form via reduction, rearrangement of stamen whorls, and symmetry shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis, an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder, seriously affects the quality of life of nearly four percent of the world population. Euphorbia helioscopia L. is the monarch constituent of Chinese ZeQi powder preparation for psoriasis, so it is necessary to illustrate its active ingredients. Thus, twenty-three diterpenoids, including seven new ones, were isolated from the whole herb of E. helioscopia L. Compounds 1 and 2, each featuring a 2,3-dicarboxylic functionality, are the first examples in the ent-2,3-sceo-atisane or the ent-2,3-sceo-abietane family. Extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR, and HRMS data) and computational methods were used to confirm their structures and absolute configurations. According to the previous study and NMR data from the jatropha diterpenes obtained in this study, some efficient 1H NMR spectroscopic rules for assigning the relative configurations of 3α-benzyloxy-jatroph-11E-ene and 7,8-seco-3α-benzyloxy-jatropha-11E-ene were summarized. Moreover, the hyperproliferation of T cells and keratinocytes is considered a key pathophysiology of psoriasis. Anti-proliferative activities against induced T/B lymphocytes and HaCaT cells were tested, and IC50 values of some compounds ranged from 6.7 to 31.5 μM. Compounds 7 and 11 reduced the secretions of IFN-γ and IL-2 significantly. Further immunofluorescence experiments and a docking study with NF-κB P65 showed that compound 13 interfered with the proliferation of HaCaT cells by inhibiting the NF-κB P65 phosphorylation at the protein level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potent molluscicidal activity of aqueous stem bark extracts of plant Euphorbia tirucalli (Family: Euphorbiaceae). Lymnaea acuminata were exposed for 24 hours to sublethal doses of crude aqueous stem bark extracts of Euphorbia tirucalli, i.e. 95.67 µM and 191.35 µM (40% and 80% of 24h LC50 of L. acuminata) respectively, and then were switched to extract-free water to determine the effects of withdrawal from treatment. For the following seven days, this water was replaced every 24 hours. Following that, biochemical parameters were assessed in various snail tissues which showed significant (P < 0.05) alteration in the carbohydrates and nitrogenous metabolisms in time and dose dependent manner. The snail tissues recovered in part after 7days completely after withdrawl of toxic aqueous extracts. The aqueous extracts of stem bark of Euphorbia tirucalli may be used as a potent source of molluscicides; being less expensive, easily available, easily soluble in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory diseases remain a significant public health issue, posing challenges in their management due to the adverse effects associated with conventional anti- inflammatory drugs. Exploring medicinal plants as a viable avenue for researching novel anti-inflammatory drugs offers a promising alternative. Jatropha multifida L. is a well-known traditional plant of the Euphorbiaceae family with undisputed medicinal properties, both haemostatic and antimicrobial. Very little data exists on its antiinflammatory properties. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of J. multifida stem sap. The anti-inflammatory activity of the stem sap was evaluated in vitro by the anti-hemolytic activity assessment method, in vivo by the paw edema test in rats. The immunomodulatory potential was determined using a chemical mediator of inflammation, TNFα. Its antioxidant activity by the DPPH method was evaluated. The results of this study revealed that J. multifida sap with an LC50 of 0.604 mg/mL, is non-toxic and showed a 66.21% higher anti-hemolytic effect than Diclofenac (25.94%) and Ibuprofen (40%). It also has a high DPPH inhibitory power (86.61%) at 0.5 mg/mL similar to that of vitamin C. Sap at the concentration of 800 mg/Kg has overall the same effects on paw inflammation as Diclofenac and results in a greater decrease in TNFα (286.15) at values similar to those of normal control rats. The therapeutic use of this sap in a traditional setting is therefore once again justified due to its proven anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia hypericifolia L., nativa de los trópicos y subtrópicos del Nuevo Mundo, se ha encontrado recientemente en lugares alterados de la región fitogeográfica del Atlántico Norte de Marruecos. Representa un nuevo registro para la flora vascular de Marruecos. Para facilitar su identificación, este estudio proporciona una breve descripción morfológica de la especie, un conjunto de fotografías, un mapa de distribución y notas sobre ecología y hábitats.

Four new norditerpenoid heterodimers with different dimerization patterns—namely, trigofragiloids A–C (denoted as compounds 1–3) and (+)- and (−)-trigofragiloid D (compound 4)—and three new phenanthrenone norditerpenoids—namely, trigofragiloids E–G (compounds 5–7)—were isolated from Trigonostemon fragilis. Compounds 1 and 2 feature a novel heterodimeric carbon skeleton formed by the conjugation of a tetra-norditerpenoid and an ennea-norditerpenoid; they have been identified as class 2 atropisomers by means of quantum chemical calculations. Compound 3 is an unprecedented phenylpropanoid–norditerpenoid adduct with a new dimerization pattern. Compounds (+)- and (−)-4 are the first example of S-shaped 1,4-dioxane-fused norditerpenoid dimers. Inspired by the structure elucidation of compound 4, two co-occurring analogues, actephilol A and epiactephilol A, were structurally revised as a pair of geometrical isomers and were identified as two pairs of enantiomers, (+)- and (−)-8 and (+)- and (−)-9, respectively. Their structures were characterized using a combined method. Notably, compound 7 exhibits remarkable adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibition with a half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) value of (0.46 ± 0.11) μmol∙L−1, as active as the positive control BMS-303141, and a molecular docking study offers deep insight into the interaction between compound 7 and ACLY.

Abstract Chrozophora sabulosa Kar. & Kir. is a biennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and has medicinal properties. This research aimed to identify the genetic characteristics and phylogenetic position of the Chrozophora genus within the Euphorbiaceae family. The evolutionary position of the Chrozophora genus was previously unknown due to insufficient research. Therefore, to determine the evolutionary link between C. sabulosa and other related species, we conducted a study using the NGS Illumina platform to sequence the C. sabulosa chloroplast (cp.) genome. The study results showed that the genome was 156,488 bp in length. It had a quadripartite structure consisting of two inverted repeats (IRb and IRa) of 24,649-bp, separated by an 87,696-bp LSC region and a 19,494-bp SSC region. The CP genome contained 113 unique genes, including four rRNA genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 79 CDS genes. In the second copy of the inverted repeat, there were 18 duplicated genes. The C. sabulosa lacks the petD, petB, rpl2, and rps16 intron. The analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) revealed 93 SSR loci of 22 types and 78 oligonucleotide repeats of four kinds. The phylogenetic investigation showed that the Chrozophora genus evolved paraphyletically from other members of the Euphorbiaceae family. To support the phylogenetic findings, we selected species from the Euphorbiaceae and Phyllanthaceae families to compare with C. sabulosa for Ks and Ka substitution rates, InDels investigation, IR contraction and expansion, and SNPs analysis. The results of these comparative studies align with the phylogenetic findings. We identified six highly polymorphic regions shared by both families, which could be used as molecular identifiers for the Chrozophora genus (rpl33-rps18, rps18-rpl20, rps15-ycf1, ndhG-ndhI, psaI-ycf4, petA-psbJ). The cp. genome sequence of C. sabulosa reveals the evolution of plastid sequences in Chrozophora species. This is the first time the cp. genome of a Chrozophora genus has been sequenced, serving as a foundation for future sequencing of other species within the Chrozophoreae tribe and facilitating in-depth taxonomic research. The results of this research will also aid in identifying new Chrozophora species.

Nine jatrophane diterpenoids were isolated from the whole plant Euphorbia helioscopia, including two new ones, helioscopnins A (1) and B (2). Comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and ECD calculations elucidated their structures, including absolute configurations. All compounds were evaluated for bioactivity towards autophagic flux by flow cytometry using HM mCherry-GFP-LC3 cells. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 significantly increased autophagic flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acalypha godesffiana is a plant used in conventional medicine for fungal-related illnesses. The plant‘s extracts were investigated in this study, antioxidant, and antimicrobial studies were conducted. Different models were employed in the antioxidant assay; serial dilution was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The extract from A. godseffiana was purified and characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, respectively. Three biologically active compounds, 3, 5-dihdroxylbenzoic acid (1), 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (2), as well as Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (3), were identified for the first time in A. godseffiana. The extract and fractions exhibited varying scavenging capacities on different anti-oxidative models. The DPPH of MeOH (IC50= 0.51 mg mL−1) was comparable with silymarine (SLY) IC50= 0.52 mg mL−1 and better than gallic acid (GAL) IC50=1.95 mg mL−1; the ABTS.+ of EtOAc column fraction (ACF, IC50=0.46 mg mL−1) was comparable with standard SLY, IC50 = 0.47 mg mL−1; and an OH radical of DCM, IC50= 0.10 mg mL−1, was better than both standards (SLY, IC50= 6.30 mg mL−1, GAL: IC50= 1.93 mg mL−1). ACF showed superior antifungal activities (0.02 mg mL−1) against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, compared to ketoconazole (MIC of 0.250 mg mL−1). Compounds (1-3) from A. godseffina reportedly displayed antioxidant and other activities. This study validated the antifungal potentials of A. godseffiana leaves and identified bioactive compounds. The extracts should be further investigated, and the compounds should be added to the existing library for further investigation of possible leads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mallotus bullatus M.T.An & J.H.Yu, sp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae), a species new to science discovered in Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated here, and its phylogenetic position among other Mallotus species is presented. Morphological, micro-morphological, and molecular evidence is presented as attestation of its novelty. The new species morphologically resembles M. philippensis var. reticulatus and M. philippensis var. philippensis, but it clearly differs by having bullate leaf surfaces (vs. not bullate), leaf margins entire or nearly so (vs. entire or nearly so in M. philippensis var. philippensis and coarsely serrate in M. philippensis var. reticulatus), leaf margins sometimes bearing red glands (vs. red glands absent), 5 sepals in staminate flowers (vs. 3–4 in M. philippensis var. philippensis and 4 in M. philippensis var. reticulatus), fruits with spines (vs. spines absent in M. philippensis var. philippensis and present in M. philippensis var. reticulatus), and abaxial leaf epidermal scattered and clustered vein hairs 0.1–0.8 mm long (vs. 0.04–0.28 mm long in M. philippensis var. philippensis and 0.05–0.1 mm long in M. philippensis var. reticulatus). Molecular phylogenetic analysis (BS = 100% / BS = 96%, PP = 1 / PP = 1) provides strong evidence supporting M. bullatus as a new species within the genus Mallotus and supports its placement in M. sect. Philippinenses as sister to M. philippensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crotonyanes A (1) and B (2), two new cembranoids were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Croton yanhuii Y. T. Chang. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical calculations. Bioassays verified that compound 1 exhibited an inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells, with an IC50 value of 30.6 ± 4.3 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nomenclatural significance of Thomas Martyn's monumental revision (and expansion) of Philip Miller's Gardeners dictionary, namely Martyn's puzzlingly neglected The gardener's and botanist's dictionary ([1795-]1807), is assessed with particular reference to New World botany. The publication dates of its constituent parts are discussed; a key resource is internal evidence, citation of recently published works, notably Roxburgh's Plants of the coast of Coromandel, publication dates of which are also made more precise through examination of Royal Society of London records. Besides making more secure currently accepted names in Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae), Liatris (Compositae) and Meniscium (Thelypteridaceae), a number of other additions and corrections to current databases are identified, those affecting currently accepted names being disposed of here. This results merely in a new combination in Ctenodon (Leguminosae) being proposed, though Croton cochinchinensis Martyn may well be an earlier name for C. cascarilloides Raeusch. (Euphorbiaceae), while Mimosa carthagenensis Martyn (Leguminosae) is lectotypified such that it conclusively falls into the synonymy of Piptadenia retusa (Jacq.) P.J. Ribeiro & al. (Leguminosae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) has near-cosmopolitan distribution and serves as a significant resource for both ornamental and medicinal purposes. Despite its economic importance, Euphorbia's taxonomy has long been challenged by the intricate nature of morphological traits exhibiting high levels of convergence. While molecular markers are essential for phylogenetic studies, their availability for Euphorbia has been limited. To address this gap, we conducted comparative analyses focusing on the chloroplast (CP) genomes of nine Euphorbia species, incorporating three newly sequenced and annotated accessions. In addition, phylogenetic informativeness and nucleotide diversity were computed to identify candidate markers for phylogenetic analyses among closely related taxa in the genus. Our investigation revealed relatively conserved sizes and structures of CP genomes across the studied species, with notable interspecific variations observed primarily in non-coding regions and IR/SC borders. By leveraging phylogenetic informativeness and nucleotide diversity, we identified rpoB gene as the optimal candidate for species delimitation and shallow-level phylogenetic inference within the genus. Through this comprehensive analysis of CP genomes across multiple taxa, our study sheds light on the evolutionary dynamics and taxonomic intricacies of Euphorbia, offering valuable insights into its CP genome evolution and taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Euphorbia that has been historically treated as E. dentata in Argentina is described and illustrated. The new species, Euphorbia subilsiae, is morphologically similar to E. pentadactyla, the only other native species of the “Euphorbia dentata alliance” in Argentina, but it has bifid styles and less brightly colored umbel bracts. Euphorbia davidii, long thought to be native in Córdoba Province, should be considered as recently introduced in Argentina. It is now a common weed across Buenos Aires Province but is apparently less common further north in the country. A discussion of the distinctions among these species and their taxonomic history in Argentina is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Euphorbia schoenlandii has been heavily impacted by habitat loss and degradation. • There is a high degree of isolation between the three remaining populations. • Plants are negatively affected by the stem-boring larvae of nephopteryx divisella. • Extant populations are stable and recruiting overall, especially at coastal sites. Many threatened plant species in South Africa occur outside of protected areas and these include numerous succulent species that are traded internationally. Despite the potential impact that this may have on rare and endemic succulent species, limited population data exist to inform the non-detriment findings required by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to ensure that international trade is sustainable. A concerted effort is being made in South Africa to gather such data for threatened succulents in the Euphorbiaceae. As part of this effort, the study set out to locate the extant populations of Euphorbia schoenlandii , an endemic of the Succulent Karoo, and acquire a better understanding of the population biology and ecology of the species. We applied the point-centred quarter method to estimate population size and density at each locality. This first-ever comprehensive field survey allowed for the determination of the geographic distribution of the species, as well as the sizes and number of populations. Biotic and abiotic environmental variables were employed to generate a habitat profile and a species distribution model for conservation purposes. Population structure, regeneration potential, and stability of the three known populations were also assessed. According to this study, approximately 29 152 individuals remain in the wild. It was shown that the species is often associated with nurse plants. Various potential pollinators were identified, but of concern was the considerable infestation by an alien snout moth (Nephopteryx divisella) , a known pest of euphorbias. The first adult size class contained the highest proportion of individuals, which is indicative of pulse recruitment. Seedling numbers were low, most likely because the surveys were conducted during a drought period. Overall, this study provides the first data on various aspects of the population structure and ecology of E. schoenlandii. It provides valuable information regarding current threats, and also highlights the vulnerability of the species to further habitat loss and degradation or future illegal or unregulated harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, our environments (soil, water and air) are increasingly exposed to heavy metals (HMs) contaminations through natural and anthropogenic activities. Thus, it is a matter of great significance to remediate these metals from the ecosystem in order to maintain a safe and healthy environment. The research was carried out to evaluate the phytoextraction capacity of Racinus communis (L) grown on contaminated soils with HMs obtained from three sites in urban Kano. The physicochemical parameters of the soil samples were analysed using Near-Infrared spectrometer (NIRS D-2500) and other standard procedures. The HMs concentrations were analyzed using Micro Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MPA-ES, Model 4210). The degree of HMs contaminants were evaluated using Mueller’s Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo). Data were statistically analysed using one way Analysis of Variance at P<0.05. The physicochemical results revealed that all the soil samples were sandy-loam in texture and slightly acidic with pH values ranging between (6.11±0.02- 5.02±0.06). Other concentration of soil physicochemical parameters varies across the soil samples. The results of the HMs analyses across the soils revealed highest concentrations of Fe (311.02 ±0.04 mg/kg), Cu (208.62±0.01 mg/kg) and Zn (112.04±0.04 mg/kg) in soil sample A, Pb (34.03±0.16 mg/kg) and Cr (4.63±0.03mg/kg) were observed to be higher in soil sample C, while the highest concentration of Cd (1.20±0.00 mg/kg) was recorded in soil sample B. Relatively all the concentrations of HMs in the contaminated soil samples after the experiment were defined uncontaminated to moderately contaminated based on Igeo values. The findings provide scientific evidence that R. communis can be used as a veritable tool for the control of HMs pollution in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Euphorbia, one of the largest genera of flowering plants, is well-known for containing many biofuel crops. Euphorbia tirucalli, an evergreen succulent mainly native to the Africa continent but cultivated worldwide, is a promising petroleum plant with high tolerance to drought and salt stress. However, the exploration of such an important plant resource is severely hampered by the lack of a reference genome. Here, we present the chromosome-level genome assembly of E. tirucalli using PacBio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. Its genome size was approximately 745.62 Mb, with a contig N50 of 74.16 Mb. A total of 743.63 Mb (99.73%) of the assembled sequences were anchored to 10 chromosomes with a complete BUSCO score of 97.80%. Genome annotation revealed 26,304 protein-coding genes, and 76.37% of the genome was identified as repeat elements. The high-quality genome provides valuable genetic resources that would be useful for unraveling the genetic mechanisms of biofuel synthesis and evolutionary adaptation of E. tirucalli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering is the change from the vegetative state to the reproductive state. Flowering initiation is regulated by endogenous genetic components and by numerous environmental factors. These stimuli determine the different molecular mechanisms that are required to give way to flowering and vary according to the dose of the stimulus and the crop used. Jatropha curcas is a perennial shrub that produces oil from its seeds of adequate quality to be transformed into biofuels. However, this plant still presents limitations for its establishment as a commercial crop since it produces low seeds, which can be attributed to its low production of female flowers. This plant also presents multiple and asynchronous flowering periods as a consequence of the accession and of the climatic conditions, which implies that the fruits do not ripen synchronously, and therefore the harvests are constant, manual, and expensive. Knowing the mechanisms that regulate the flowering of J. curcas is important to improve its seed production. Therefore, current revision covers the analysis of genes involved in flowering to gain information on the pathways involved in floral transition and in the differentiation of the sexual organs of J. curcas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionHelicobacter pylori infection is a major issue worldwide, with widespread prevalence, combined with its link to gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Meanwhile, effectiveness of current treatment protocols is limited by increasing antibiotic resistance and patient compliance issues due to long regimens and side effects. Plukenetia volubilis, or sacha inchi, is a valuable source of bioactive molecules. However, studies on its antimicrobial activity, especially against H. pylori, are lacking.MethodsIn this study, the anti-H. pylori activity of P. volubilis leaves water extract was explored using in vitro and in silico approaches. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Electrospray Ionisation and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI- QTOF-MS-MS) analysis of the water extract from the leaves was used to characterise the chemical composition of the plant and allowed identification of some flavonoids, such as astragalin, and some phenolic compounds. Then, high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) was used to fractionate the ethyl acetate partition obtained from the water extract from the leaves.Results and DiscussionThe presence of flavonoids derived from kaempferol was confirmed and astragalin was isolated for the first time in P. volubilis. The P. volubilis water infusion, ethyl acetate extract and the isolated astragalin exhibited anti-bacterial activity against H. pylori J99 and two clinical isolates (e.g., minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.53, 0.51 and 0.49 μg/mL, respectively, for clarithromycin-resistant clinical isolate SSR366). Then, using molecular docking for potential protein targets for H. pylori, it was verified that astragalin could interact with these proteins by in silico analysis.ConclusionThese findings highlight that P. volubilis and astragalin produce a bacteriostatic activity against H. pylori and may have potential to be used in treatment against H. pylori, after further research.

O Brasil é um país com grande biodiversidade. Em sua flora, é encontrada a espécie Jatropha gossypiifolia L., conhecida popularmente como “pinhão-roxo”, “pião-roxo”, “pião-preto”, “jalapão”, “erva purgante” e “mamoninha”. Essa planta é muito utilizada na medicina popular do Brasil e de outros países por apresentar vários efeitos terapêuticos em decorrência da composição química da planta, onde é possível encontrar ácidos orgânicos, alcaloides, esteroides, flavonoides, taninos, fenóis, saponinas, entre outros constituintes. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os usos terapêuticos, a atividade farmacológica e a toxicologia da Jatropha gossypiifolia L. com base na literatura. A metodologia consistiu em selecionar artigos das bases de dados Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scielo e BVS e realizar uma análise através dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Através desse estudo, foi observado que o “pinhão-roxo” apresenta efeitos terapêuticos como: antimicrobiano, cicatrizante, diurético, analgésico, anti-hipertensivo, anti-inflamatório, entre outros citados no estudo, incluindo alguns contraditórios, como o antidiarreico e purgante. Apesar dos efeitos citados, a toxicologia da planta é um fator importante, destacando-se principalmente o látex presente no caule que apresenta atividade tóxica, além de alguns estudos indicarem também citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade. A J. gossypiifolia é uma planta que apresenta diversas propriedades farmacológicas que podem ser benéficas ou prejudiciais à saúde, sendo necessária uma análise mais aprofundada dos seus efeitos.

Abstract Climate change is a global concern, with far-reaching implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. Understanding impact on species distribution is crucial for effective conservation strategies. The aims of this study were to evaluate the projected effects of climate change on the potential distribution of Manihot species endemic to Northeast Brazil and estimate the presence of climate suitability within protected areas in the future. We used ecological niche models to assess the potential distribution of 11 endemic species, providing predictions of current and future scenarios using an optimistic and pessimistic climate change scenario. The results revealed that in the optimistic scenario, 45% of the species may experience a partial reduction in their potential distribution range by 2100, and this percentage increases to 54% in the pessimistic scenario. Other species, on the other hand, will increase their potential distribution. The climatically suitable area for most species will be inserted in some protected areas, but species with limited current distribution and decreasing potential range must be prioritized for conservation. This study provides valuable information about the future potential distribution of endemic species of Manihot.

Acalypha australis L. 1753 is a potherb popular among Asian populations and is a traditional herbal medicine. In the current study, the overall genetic diversity of A. australis still needs to be better. Here, we assembled and characterized the complete plastome of A. australis. The plastome is 168,885 bp in length with a large single-copy (LSC) of 94,576 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) of 19,715 bp, and two copies of inverted repeat region (IRs) of 27,297 bp each. The overall GC content is 34.9%. The plastome contains 127 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenomic analysis of the representative species of Euphorbiaceae showed that A. australis and A. hispida formed a monophyletic sister clade. The results of this study will support further research on the evolution and conservation of the Euphorbiaceae species; they will benefit pharmaceutical applications and ornamentation of the medicinal plant A. australis.

A new ketone, volubilisone A (1), along with seven known compounds including trans-methyl-p-coumarate (2), methyl-p-methoxybenzoate (3), coniferyl aldehyde (4), methyl ferulate (5), ferulic acid (6), p-coumaric acid (7), and protocatechuic acid (8), were isolated from the seed shells of Plukenetia volubilis L. (Euphorbiaceae). The structure of the new hexenone derivative was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha curcas is an oil yielding plant of family Euphorbiaceae, with highly variable seed yield. Jatropha leaves are not browsed by animals hence plant sheds all its leaves in winter resulting in the changes in the properties of the soil. This study was undertaken to find out the effect of Jatropha plantation on the soil under its cultivation. Soil samples were collected randomly from 0-10cm depth of the Bio-fuel Park, Harshola, Mhow (MP) for its fertility status. It was observed that Jatropha biomass has positive effect on the organic carbon (0.53-0.75%), available nitrogen (218-268kg/ha), phosphorous (13.6-21.6kg/ha) and potash (560-760kg/ha). Micronutrients like Zinc (0.59 to 0.62), Cu (0.44 to 0.48), Fe (5.20 to 5.60) and Mn were (4.47 to 4.68) mg/kg. Due to the leaf biomass incorporation in the soil its bulk density also found to decrease and hence increasing the soil porosity for better growth of the plants. Jatropha plantation has thus positive effect on the soil health of the soil under its cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]