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4. Contributors

Author

Adams, Axel, primary, Affun-Adegbulu, Clara, additional, Al-Rasheed, Rakan S., additional, Alaska, Yasser A., additional, Aldawas, Abdulaziz D., additional, Alesa, Saleh Ali, additional, Alexander, George A., additional, Alhadhira, Abdullah Ahmed, additional, Alhajjaj, Fahad Saleha, additional, Alhazmi, Hazem H., additional, Alhussaini, Zainab Abdullah, additional, Aljerian, Nawfal, additional, Aljohani, Majed, additional, AlKhaldi, Khaldoon H., additional, Alkhattabi, Eyad, additional, Allen, Bryant, additional, Almand, Austin, additional, Alnoaimi, Moza M., additional, Alotaibi, Mohammad, additional, Alpert, Evan Avraham, additional, Alrusayni, Yasir A., additional, Alshammari, Mai, additional, Alsulimani, Loui K., additional, Amanullah, Siraj, additional, Anderson, Arian, additional, Arastehmanesh, David, additional, Ardalan, Ali, additional, Argote-Araméndiz, Killiam A., additional, Artenstein, Andrew W., additional, Bailey, Olivia E., additional, Baker, Russell, additional, Balsari, Satchit, additional, Banner, Gregory T., additional, M, Fermin Barrueto, additional, Bartels, Susan A., additional, Baugh, Joshua J., additional, Berg, Frederic, additional, Bhola, Vijai, additional, Binder, William, additional, Bortolin, Michelangelo, additional, Bounes, Vincent, additional, Bouton, Michael, additional, Brown, Natasha, additional, Jr, Frederick M. Burkle,, additional, Burnett, Lynn Barkley, additional, Burns, Michele M., additional, Sr, Nicholas V. Cagliuso,, additional, Cahill, John, additional, Callaway, David W., additional, Caneva, Duane C., additional, Cattamanchi, Srihari, additional, Caycedo, Alejandra, additional, Cetaruk, Edward W., additional, Chacko, Sneha, additional, Chang, James C., additional, Chiang, Crystal, additional, Chiu, David T., additional, Ciottone, Gregory R., additional, Ciottone, Jonathan Peter, additional, Ciottone, Melissa A., additional, Ciottone, Robert A., additional, Ciottone, Robert G., additional, Ciottone, Vigen G., additional, Clark, Alexander, additional, Clark, Jonathan, additional, Conley, Sean P., additional, Cono, Joanne, additional, Cooper, Arthur, additional, Cormier, Scott B., additional, Court, Michael F., additional, Cunningham, Cord W., additional, Czarnecki, Fabrice, additional, Davis, Supriya, additional, Davis, Timothy E., additional, DeMers, Gerard, additional, Dilling, Sharon, additional, Djalali, Ahmadreza, additional, Donahoe, Timothy, additional, Donahue, Joseph, additional, Dresser, Caleb, additional, Dylik, Jason, additional, Easter, Benjamin, additional, Eastman, Alexander, additional, Ebbeling, Laura, additional, Emetarom, Chigozie, additional, Eyal, Nir, additional, Eyre, Andrew J., additional, Freeman, David J., additional, Friedman, Franklin D., additional, Fritz, Christie, additional, Fung, Frederick, additional, Gallahue, Fiona E., additional, Garbern, Stephanie Chow, additional, Gebhart, Mark E., additional, Gluckman, William A., additional, Goolsby, Craig, additional, Gougelet, Robert M., additional, Granholm, Fredrik, additional, Greenough, P. Gregg, additional, Grimes, Jennifer O., additional, Grosse, Steve, additional, Grossman, Shamai A., additional, Jr, John T. Groves, additional, Guidotti, Tee L., additional, Guo, George, additional, Haessler, Sarah, additional, Hall, Matthew M., additional, Hardin, John W., additional, Harrell, Mason, additional, Hart, MD, Alexander, additional, Harvey, Melissa, additional, Hertelendy, PhD, Attila J., additional, Hiremath, Nishanth S., additional, Hitchens, Jordan, additional, Holstege, Christopher P., additional, Horne, Simon T., additional, Horng, Steven, additional, Hosin, Amer, additional, House, Hans R., additional, Ingrassia, Pier Luigi, additional, Issa, Fadi S., additional, Jacoby, Irving “Jake”, additional, Jaiswal, Rajnish, additional, Jay, Gregory, additional, Jenkins, J. Lee, additional, Joseph, Josh W., additional, Kappler, Shane, additional, Keim, Mark E., additional, Kelman, Julie, additional, Ketterer, Andrew R., additional, Khan, Anas A., additional, Kharel, Ramu, additional, Kharod, Chetan U., additional, Kirsch, Thomas D., additional, Knopov, Anita, additional, Kravitz, Max, additional, Lee, J. Austin, additional, Lemery, Jay, additional, Leventhal, Evan L., additional, Loughlin, Jesse, additional, Ludy, Stephanie, additional, Maguire, Brian J., additional, Mahon, Selwyn E., additional, Maniscalco, Paul M., additional, Manners, Philip, additional, Marcus, Leonard Jay, additional, Margus, Colton, additional, Masri, Taha M., additional, Matthews, Jeff, additional, McKay, Sean D., additional, McKinney, Zeke J., additional, McLellan, Robert K., additional, McNulty, Eric J., additional, Mehkri, Faroukh, additional, Mehta, Mandana, additional, Mendelsohn, Rebecca A., additional, Merin, Ofer, additional, Milsten, Andrew, additional, Molé, Dale M., additional, Molloy, Michael Sean, additional, Morelli, Ilaria, additional, Mothershead, Jerry L., additional, Mulhern, John, additional, Mullendore, Nicole F., additional, Musisca, Nicholas J., additional, Naganathan, Sonya, additional, Nathanson, Larry A., additional, Nelson, Erica L., additional, Nelson, Lewis S., additional, Newbury, Bradford A., additional, Newbury, Kimberly, additional, O’Neill, Ansley, additional, Obernier, Robert, additional, Olagnero, Jacopo M., additional, Oostrom-Shah, Leonie, additional, Ordun, Catherine Y., additional, Parazynski, Scott, additional, Park, Andrew J., additional, Partridge, Robert, additional, S, Jeffrey, additional, Phillips, James P., additional, Pinter, Emily, additional, IV, David P. Polatty, additional, Popieluszko, Patrick, additional, Porcaro, William, additional, Proano, Lawrence, additional, Pruitt, Peter B., additional, Qureshi, Moiz, additional, Ragazzoni, Luca, additional, Rashid, Murtaza, additional, Rega, Paul Patrick, additional, Reilly, Michael J., additional, Restuccia, Marc C., additional, Rifino, James J., additional, Robben, Paul M., additional, Rosenblatt, Joy L., additional, Ryan, Kevin M., additional, Rybasack-Smith, Heather, additional, Salway, Richard James, additional, Samo, Daniel, additional, Sanchez, Leon D., additional, Sanford, Shawn M., additional, Sarin, Ritu R., additional, Sarma, Deesha, additional, Schacht, Jesse, additional, Schwind, Valarie, additional, Shapiro, Geoffrey L., additional, Sheehan, Joshua, additional, Shreve, Brian, additional, Simonyan, Grigor, additional, Smith, Devin M., additional, MD, E. Reed Smith,, additional, MA, Jack E. Smith,, additional, Smith, Montray, additional, Smulowitz, Peter B., additional, Snyder, Angela M., additional, Solano, Joshua J., additional, Stenson, Bryan A., additional, Stewart, Charles, additional, Stewart, M. Kathleen, additional, Sullivan, Patrick, additional, Supple, Jared S., additional, Tin, Derrick, additional, Valente, Jonathan Harris, additional, Vear, Kathryn M., additional, Vidyalakshmi, P.R., additional, Vilas, Faith, additional, Vilke, Gary M., additional, Villano, Janna H., additional, Voskanyan, Amalia, additional, Watson, C. James, additional, Weber, Nancy, additional, Weiner, Scott G., additional, Weinstein, Brielle, additional, Weinstein, Eric S., additional, Werner, Jordan R., additional, MD, Roy Karl Werner,, additional, Whitledge, James D., additional, Wiener, Sage W., additional, Wiesner, Lauren, additional, Williams, Kenneth A., additional, Wing, Robyn, additional, Wolfe, Richard E., additional, Wong, Wendy Hin-Wing, additional, Woolard, Robert, additional, Wuthisuthimethawee, Prasit, additional, and Youssef, Nadine A., additional

Published
2024
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7. Willingness to trade-off years of life for an HIV cure – an experimental exploration of affective forecasting.

Author

Fridman, Ilona, Eyal, Nir, Scherr, Karen A., Currier, Judith S., Freedberg, Kenneth A., Halpern, Scott D., Kuritzkes, Daniel R., Magalhaes, Monica, Pollak, Kathryn I., and Ubel, Peter A.

Subjects
*HEALTH attitudes, *RESEARCH funding, *LIFE expectancy, *STATISTICAL sampling, *QUESTIONNAIRES, *HIV infections, *DECISION making in clinical medicine, *RANDOMIZED controlled trials, *MULTIVARIATE analysis, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *QUALITY of life, *ANALYSIS of variance, *ANTI-HIV agents, *FORECASTING
Abstract

Background: In the US, 1.2 million people live with HIV (PWH). Despite having near-normal life expectancies due to antiretroviral therapy (ART), many PWH seek an HIV cure, even if it means risking their lives. This willingness to take risks for a cure raises questions about "affective forecasting biases," where people tend to overestimate the positive impact of future events on their well-being. We conducted a study to test two interventions to mitigate affective forecasting in the decisions of PWH about taking HIV cure medication. Methods: We recruited PWH to complete a 30-minute survey about their current quality of life (QoL) and the QoL they anticipate after being cured of HIV, and assigned them to either no additional intervention, to one of two interventions intended to reduce affective forecasting bias, or to both interventions: (1) a defocusing intervention designed to broaden the number of life domains people consider when imagining life changes associated with new circumstances (e.g. HIV cure); and (2) an adaptation intervention to help them gauge fading of strong emotions over time. The study design included a 2 × 2 design: defocusing (yes/no) x adaptation (yes/no) intervention. We assessed PWH's willingness to take hypothetical HIV sterilizing cure medication using the Time Trade-Off (TTO) and their quality of life predictions with WHOQOL-HIV. Results: 296 PWH participated. Counter to what we had hypothesized, neither intervention significantly reduced PWH's willingness to trade time for a cure. Instead, the defocusing intervention increased their willingness to trade time (IRR 1.77, p = 0.03). Exploratory analysis revealed that PWH with lower current quality of life who received the defocusing intervention were more willing to trade time for a cure. Conclusion: These negative findings suggest that either these biases are difficult to overcome in the settings of HIV curative medication or other factors beyond affective forecasting biases influence willingness to participate in HIV curative studies, such as respondents' current quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Joint statement in support of hepatitis C human challenge studies

Author

Alter, Harvey J, primary, Barnes, Eleanor, additional, Biondi, Mia J, additional, Cox, Andrea L, additional, Eberts, Jake D, additional, Feld, Jordan J, additional, Liang, T Jake, additional, Morrison, Josh, additional, Rice, Charles M, additional, Shoukry, Naglaa H, additional, Thomas, David L, additional, Van Gennip, Jennifer, additional, Weijer, Charles, additional, Aghemo, Alessio, additional, Akiyama, Matthew, additional, Ali, Mohammad, additional, Alter, Harvey, additional, Bader, Ralf, additional, Bailey, Justin R., additional, Balaban, Yasemin, additional, Banerjee, Sayantan, additional, Bartenschlager, Ralf, additional, Baumert, Thomas F., additional, Berenguer, Marina, additional, Bhadoria, Ajeet S., additional, Biondi, Mia, additional, Bonanni, Paolo, additional, Bonella, Alcino E., additional, Bruggmann, Philip, additional, Bruneau, Julie, additional, Bull, Rowena A., additional, Butsashvili, Maia, additional, Cahn, Pedro, additional, Caplan, Arthur L., additional, Chappell, Richard Y., additional, Chisari, Francis, additional, Chung, Ray, additional, Cooke, Graham, additional, Cox, Andrea L., additional, Dalgard, Olav, additional, Dao, Doan Y., additional, Darzi, Ara, additional, Dieterich, Douglas, additional, Dillon, John F., additional, Dore, Gregory J., additional, Doyle, Joseph S., additional, Drummer, Heidi E., additional, Durbin, Anna P., additional, Dusheiko, Geoffrey, additional, Eberts, Jake D., additional, Eyal, Nir, additional, Feld, Jordan, additional, Ferguson, Kyle, additional, Flisiak, Robert, additional, Forns, Xavier, additional, Foster, Graham R., additional, Foung, Steven, additional, Gal-Tanamy, Meital, additional, Gane, Ed, additional, Gehring, Adam J., additional, George, Jacob, additional, Ghany, Marc G., additional, Gilbert, Daniel T., additional, Glaze, Kimberly, additional, Goodman, Kenneth W., additional, Grebely, Jason, additional, Hamid, Saeed, additional, Haybron, Daniel M., additional, Holton, Richard, additional, Ignarro, Louis J., additional, Jackson, Tamika, additional, Jamieson, Dale, additional, Jollimore, Jody, additional, Karaba, Andrew, additional, Klein, Marina, additional, Lauer, Georg, additional, Law, Mansun, additional, Lemon, Stanley M., additional, Liang, T. Jake, additional, Liu, Lin, additional, Lohmann, Volker, additional, Mak, Lung-Yi, additional, Marinho, Rui T., additional, Marsh, Abigail A., additional, Miller, Lesley, additional, Morrison, Joshua, additional, Negro, Francesco, additional, Nguyen, Bao-Vuong, additional, Page, Kimberly, additional, Paterson, Kerry, additional, Pedrana, Alisa, additional, Pietschmann, Thomas, additional, Pinker, Steven, additional, Plotkin, Stanley, additional, Ray, Stuart C., additional, Reau, Nancy, additional, Remak, William M., additional, Rice, Charles M., additional, Ridruejo, Ezequiel, additional, Roberts, Richard J., additional, Roth, Alvin, additional, Rouphael, Nadine, additional, Sanders, Rogier, additional, Sandvold, Russell, additional, Schafer, Arthur, additional, Schinkel, Janke, additional, Seto, Wai-Kay, additional, Shoukry, Naglaa, additional, Singer, Peter, additional, Solomon, Sunil, additional, Somerville, Chris, additional, Sonderup, Mark W., additional, Sulkowski, Mark, additional, Talaat, Kawsar, additional, Temkin, Larry, additional, Terrault, Norah, additional, Thio, Chloe, additional, Thomas, David L., additional, Thompson, Alexander J., additional, Tzarum, Netanel, additional, van der Valk, Marc, additional, Waked, Imam, additional, Walen, Alec, additional, Walker, Christopher M., additional, Wedemeyer, Heiner, additional, Wikler, Dan, additional, Wilkinson, Dominic, additional, Youngs, Heather, additional, Yuen, Man-fung, additional, Zack, Barry, additional, and Zinger, Ekaterina, additional

Published
2023
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13. Research ethics and public trust in vaccines: the case of COVID-19 challenge trials

Author

Eyal, Nir

Abstract

Despite their clearly demonstrated safety and effectiveness, approved vaccines against COVID-19 are commonly mistrusted. Nations should find and implement effective ways to boost vaccine confidence. But the implications for ethical vaccine development are less straightforward than some have assumed. Opponents of COVID-19 vaccine challenge trials, in particular, made speculative or empirically implausible warnings on this matter, some of which, if applied consistently, would have ruled out most COVID-19 vaccine trials and many non-pharmaceutical responses.

Published
2024
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14. When offering a patient beneficial treatment undermines public health.

Author

Eyal, Nir and Williams, Bridget

Subjects
*HEALTH services accessibility, *COVID-19, *MEDICAL triage, *PUBLIC health, *MEDICAL ethics, *CRITICAL care medicine, *PHYSICIANS, *HEALTH care rationing
Abstract

Sometimes, offering someone beneficial care is likely to thwart the similar or more serious medical needs of more people. For example, when acute shortage is strongly predicted to persist, providing the long period on scarce intensive care that a certain COVID‐19 patient needs is sometimes projected to block several future COVID‐19 patients from receiving the shorter periods on intensive care that they will need. Expected utility is typically higher if the former is denied intensive care. A tempting initial account of such cases is that consequentialism supports denying care to that patient and nonconsequentialism supports providing that care. This paper argues that the consequentialist case is more complicated than it may initially seem and that nonconsequentialism sides more readily with denial of the beneficial treatment. It also shows that when denying it would directly enhance public health by a lot, either ethical approach would normally recommend denying it. Practical implications are discussed, including how to address conscientious objection to this shared recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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15. Ethical and legal race‐responsive vaccine allocation.

Author

Steuwer, Bastian and Eyal, Nir

Subjects
*MINORITIES, *COVID-19 vaccines, *DISCRIMINATION (Sociology), *RACE, *ARTIFICIAL intelligence, *SOCIAL justice, *RACIAL inequality, *HEALTH equity, *HEALTH care rationing
Abstract

In many countries, the COVID‐19 pandemic varied starkly between different racial and ethnic groups. Before vaccines were approved, some considered assigning priority access to worse‐hit racial groups. That debate can inform rationing in future pandemics and in some of the many areas outside COVID‐19 that admit of racial health disparities. However, concerns were raised that "race‐responsive" prioritizations would be ruled unlawful for allegedly constituting wrongful discrimination. This legal argument relies on an understanding of discrimination law as demanding color‐blindness. We argue that a, color‐blind understanding of discrimination would be hostile only to one of two rationales for prioritizing the relevant racial minorities in settings of racial health disparities. We also propose a method for incorporating appropriate race‐responsive concerns that is in many ways ethically and legally superior to ones suggested thus far. That method turns artificial intelligence, thanks precisely to its artificial and "black box" nature (features that underlie recent concerns about artificial intelligence's discriminatory potential), into an instrument of social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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16. Joint statement in support of hepatitis C human challenge studies

Author

Aghemo, Alessio, Akiyama, Matthew, Ali, Mohammad, Alter, Harvey, Bader, Ralf, Bailey, Justin R., Balaban, Yasemin, Banerjee, Sayantan, Barnes, Eleanor, Bartenschlager, Ralf, Baumert, Thomas F., Berenguer, Marina, Bhadoria, Ajeet S., Biondi, Mia, Bonanni, Paolo, Bonella, Alcino E., Bruggmann, Philip, Bruneau, Julie, Bull, Rowena A., Butsashvili, Maia, Cahn, Pedro, Caplan, Arthur L., Chappell, Richard Y., Chisari, Francis, Chung, Ray, Cooke, Graham, Cox, Andrea L., Dalgard, Olav, Dao, Doan Y., Darzi, Ara, Dieterich, Douglas, Dillon, John F., Dore, Gregory J., Doyle, Joseph S., Drummer, Heidi E., Durbin, Anna P., Dusheiko, Geoffrey, Eberts, Jake D., Eyal, Nir, Feld, Jordan, Ferguson, Kyle, Flisiak, Robert, Forns, Xavier, Foster, Graham R., Foung, Steven, Gal-Tanamy, Meital, Gane, Ed, Gehring, Adam J., George, Jacob, Ghany, Marc G., Gilbert, Daniel T., Glaze, Kimberly, Goodman, Kenneth W., Grebely, Jason, Hamid, Saeed, Haybron, Daniel M., Holton, Richard, Ignarro, Louis J., Jackson, Tamika, Jamieson, Dale, Jollimore, Jody, Karaba, Andrew, Klein, Marina, Lauer, Georg, Law, Mansun, Lemon, Stanley M., Liang, T. Jake, Liu, Lin, Lohmann, Volker, Mak, Lung-Yi, Marinho, Rui T., Marsh, Abigail A., Miller, Lesley, Morrison, Joshua, Negro, Francesco, Nguyen, Bao-Vuong, Page, Kimberly, Paterson, Kerry, Pedrana, Alisa, Pietschmann, Thomas, Pinker, Steven, Plotkin, Stanley, Ray, Stuart C., Reau, Nancy, Remak, William M., Rice, Charles M., Ridruejo, Ezequiel, Roberts, Richard J., Roth, Alvin, Rouphael, Nadine, Sanders, Rogier, Sandvold, Russell, Schafer, Arthur, Schinkel, Janke, Seto, Wai-Kay, Shoukry, Naglaa, Singer, Peter, Solomon, Sunil, Somerville, Chris, Sonderup, Mark W., Sulkowski, Mark, Talaat, Kawsar, Temkin, Larry, Terrault, Norah, Thio, Chloe, Thomas, David L., Thompson, Alexander J., Tzarum, Netanel, van der Valk, Marc, Van Gennip, Jennifer, Waked, Imam, Walen, Alec, Walker, Christopher M., Wedemeyer, Heiner, Weijer, Charles, Wikler, Dan, Wilkinson, Dominic, Youngs, Heather, Yuen, Man-fung, Zack, Barry, Zinger, Ekaterina, Alter, Harvey J, Biondi, Mia J, Cox, Andrea L, Eberts, Jake D, Feld, Jordan J, Liang, T Jake, Morrison, Josh, Rice, Charles M, Shoukry, Naglaa H, and Thomas, David L

Published
2023
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19. No Signal

Author

Eyal, Nir

Subjects
The Quiet Zone: Unraveling the Mystery of a Town Suspended in Silence (Nonfiction work) -- Kurczy, Stephen, Books -- Book reviews, Literature/writing
Abstract

THE QUIET ZONEUnraveling the Mystery of a Town Suspended in SilenceBy Stephen Kurczy A small town cut off from modern technology finds the peace of mind we're all missing. That's [...]

Published
2021

21. COP27: The Prospects and Challenges for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Author

Takian, Amirhossein, primary, Mousavi, Arefeh, additional, McKee, Martin, additional, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, additional, Labonté, Ronald, additional, Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, additional, Brugha, Ruairí, additional, Bradley, Elizabeth, additional, Gostin, Lawrence, additional, Engebretsen, Eivind, additional, Eyal, Nir, additional, Friel, Sharon, additional, Rodwin, Victor G., additional, Norheim, Ole F., additional, Hajizadeh, Mohammad, additional, Ikegami, Naoki, additional, Binagwaho, Agnes, additional, Kickbusch, Ilona, additional, Aryankhesal, Aidin, additional, and Haghdoost, Ali-Akbar, additional

Published
2022
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26. Indistractable.

Author

Eyal, Nir and Li, Julie

Subjects
DISTRACTION, ATTENTION, ATTENTION control
Abstract

Flourishing in work and life requires focus and attention. When we focus, we generate traction--the force that pulls us toward what we want to achieve. But in the modern, always-on era, maintaining focus has become a challenge. Overbooked calendars and pinging devices gnaw at our attention, and the resulting distractions make it harder to accomplish our goals. In Indistractable, Nir Eyal explains the root causes of this distraction epidemic and shares four key attention strategies to overcome them. The book is designed for leaders who want help their teams and themselves regain their focus and follow-through, and for anyone who wants to become truly indistractable.

Published
2023

30. Input and output in distributive theory.

Author

Eyal, Nir and Herlitz, Anders

Subjects
*PHYSICAL distribution of goods, *DISTRIBUTIVE justice, *GROUNDED theory, *COUNTERFACTUALS (Logic)
Abstract

Distributive theories evaluate distributions of goods based on candidate recipients' characteristics, e.g. how well off candidates are, how deserving they are, and whether they fare below sufficiency. But such characteristics vary across possible worlds, so distributive theories may differ in terms of the world which for them settles candidates' characteristics. This paper examines how distributive theories differ in terms of whether candidate recipients' relevant characteristics are grounded in the possible world that would take place if the distributor does not intervene (call it the "input" world) or if they are grounded in each possible world that the distributor can bring about through different decisions (call each an "output" world). We illustrate the importance of this distinction in relation to one distributive theory, prioritarianism. As we show, both input and output versions of prioritarianism are plausible interpretations of the literature, and there are good reasons to take input prioritarianism seriously. Ultimately, however, we argue that input prioritarianism should be rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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32. Consent Requirements for Testing Health Policies: An Intercontinental Comparison of Expert Opinions

Author

Berner-Rodoreda, Astrid, primary, McMahon, Shannon, additional, Eyal, Nir, additional, Hossain, Puspita, additional, Rabbani, Atonu, additional, Barua, Mrittika, additional, Sarker, Malabika, additional, Metta, Emmy, additional, Mmbaga, Elia, additional, Leshabari, Melkizedeck, additional, Wikler, Daniel, additional, and Bärnighausen, Till, additional

Published
2022
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36. The Ethics of Human Challenge Trials Using Emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 Variants.

Author

Rohrig, Abie and Eyal, Nir

Subjects
*COVID-19, *SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, *SARS-CoV-2, *RESEARCH funding
Abstract

The world's first coronavirus disease 2019 human challenge trial using the D614G strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is underway in the United Kingdom. The Wellcome Trust is funding challenge stock preparation of the Beta and Delta variant for a follow-up human challenge trial, and researchers at hVIVO are considering conducting these trials. However, little has been written thus far about the ethical justifiability of human challenge trials with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We explore 2 specific characteristics of some variants that may initially be thought to make such trials unethical and conclude that SARS-CoV-2 variant challenge trials can remain ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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37. Do coronavirus vaccine challenge trials have a distinctive generalisability problem?

Author

Eyal, Nir and Gerhard, Tobias

Abstract

Notwithstanding the success of conventional field trials for vaccines against COVID-19, human challenge trials (HCTs) that could obtain more information about these and about other vaccines and further strategies against it are about to start in the UK. One critique of COVID-19 HCTs is their distinct paucity of information on crucial population groups. For safety reasons, these HCTs will exclude candidate participants of advanced age or with comorbidities that worsen COVID-19, yet a vaccine should (perhaps especially) protect such populations. We turn this cliché on its head. The truth is that either an HCT or a field trial has intrinsic generalisability limitations, that an HCT can expedite protection of high-risk participants even without challenging them with the virus, and that an important route to obtaining results generalisable to high-risk groups under either strategy is facilitated by HCTs.

Published
2022
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38. How to Test Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccines Ethically Even After One Is Available.

Author

Eyal, Nir and Lipsitch, Marc

Subjects
*DRUG approval, *COVID-19 vaccines, *WORLD health, *DRUG design, *PUBLIC health, *RANDOMIZED controlled trials, *COVID-19 testing
Abstract

Although vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have now been found safe and efficacious, there remains an urgent global health need to test both these vaccines and additional vaccines against the same virus. Under variable conditions, either standard or unusual designs would for both familiar and often-missed reasons make continued testing possible and ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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41. How to Take A Better Break.

Author

EYAL, NIR and ROBERTSON, CHELSEA

Subjects
*JOB stress prevention, *FANTASY (Psychology), *EYE, *STRESS management, *WALKING, *EXERCISE, *RELAXATION techniques, *NATURE, *MENTAL fatigue
Abstract

The article suggests better ways to take restorative breaks and return refreshed to one's essential tasks. Topics covered include the benefits of the right breaks as explained by neuroscientist Adam Gazzaley and psychologist Larry Rosen in their book "The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High-Tech World," how nature exposure is restorative for the mind, and the physiological and mental benefits of laughter and exercise.

Published
2022

43. Future pandemics and the urge to 'do something'.

Author

Lerner A and Eyal N

Abstract

Research with enhanced potential pandemic pathogens (ePPP) makes pathogens substantially more lethal, communicable, immunosuppressive or otherwise capable of triggering a pandemic. We briefly relay an existing argument that the benefits of ePPP research do not outweigh its risks and then consider why proponents of these arguments continue to confidently endorse them. We argue that these endorsements may well be the product of common cognitive biases-in which case they would provide no challenge to the argument against ePPP research. If the case against ePPP research is strong, the views of professional experts do little to move the needle in favour of ePPP research., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2024
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