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In order to identify QTLs for 1000-grain weight and its main component traits in wheat, a high-density genetic link map was constructed using a F8:9 recombined inbred line (RIL) population as material and exploiting the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as well as PCR-based molecular markers, and to go a step further, QTL mapping for 1000-grain weight, grain length, and grain width in wheat was conducted. The linkage map was composed of 1257 loci formed by the 3916 markers, including 143 SSR markers and 3773 SNP markers, which were distributed on 22 chromosomes (2A chromosome formed a break point) with the total length of 2291.6 cM and the average genetic distance between loci of 1.82 cM. A total of 41 qualitative trait loci (QTLs) on 19 chromosomes were detected, with contributions to phenotypic variance ranged from 3.59–58.49% for each QTL. Among these QTLs, two were detected in four environments, six in three environments, and 14 in two environments. Fifteen important loci with multi-effect were mapped on 9 chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 7A, and 7B, involving 37 QTLs that accounted for 90.2% of total numbers of QTLs detected. Of these 15 loci, including one on chromosome 7A flanked by the markers Tdurum_contig77759_5 and BS00062425_51, which consisted of QTLs controlling TGW, GL, and GW and explained 4.2 to 58.49% of the phenotypic variation in these traits. Thus, the chromosome intervals of the 15 loci were important areas controlling the expression of 1000-grain weight and its main component traits in wheat.