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Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Burkina Faso, which utilizes artemether-lumefantrine as the principal therapy to treat uncomplicated malaria and seasonal malaria chemoprevention with monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine in children during the transmission season. Monitoring the activities of available antimalarial drugs is a high priority. We assessed the ex vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to 11 drugs in isolates from patients presenting with uncomplicated malaria in Bobo-Dioulasso in 2021 and 2022. IC50 values were derived using a standard 72 h growth inhibition assay. Parasite DNA was sequenced to characterize known drug resistance-mediating polymorphisms. Isolates were generally susceptible, with IC50 values in the low-nM range, to chloroquine (median IC5010 nM, IQR 7.9-24), monodesethylamodiaquine (22, 14-46) piperaquine (6.1, 3.6-9.2), pyronaridine (3.0, 1.3-5.5), quinine (50, 30-75), mefloquine (7.1, 3.7-10), lumefantrine (7.1, 4.5-12), dihydroartemisinin (3.7, 2.2-5.5), and atovaquone (0.2, 0.1-0.3) and mostly resistant to cycloguanil (850, 543-1,290) and pyrimethamine (33,200, 18,400-54,200), although a small number of outliers were seen. Considering genetic markers of resistance to aminoquinolines, most samples had wild-type PfCRT K76T (87%) and PfMDR1 N86Y (95%) sequences. For markers of resistance to antifolates, established PfDHFR and PfDHPS mutations were highly prevalent, the PfDHPS A613S mutation was seen in 19% of samples, and key markers of high-level resistance (PfDHFR I164L; PfDHPS K540E) were absent or rare (A581G). Mutations in the PfK13 propeller domain known to mediate artemisinin partial resistance were not detected. Overall, our results suggest excellent susceptibilities to drugs now used to treat malaria and moderate, but stable, resistance to antifolates used to prevent malaria.

Background and Aim: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects that are vectors of a wide range of multidrug-resistant pathogens responsible for infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae carried by houseflies in Bobo-Dioulasso. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 houseflies were captured in hospital and non-hospital environments in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. For bacteriological analysis, they were divided into 125 batches of five flies each. Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated on MacConkey agar supplemented with 4 μg/mL cefotaxime were identified on the basis of biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined using the agar diffusion method. blaCTX-M resistance genes and quinolone resistance genes (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance) were detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among 115 bacterial strains obtained, 26 were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria: Escherichia coli (15), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6), Enterobacter cloacae (4), and Morganella morganii (1). Carriers were statistically more important in hospitals (12/26, p = 0.03). No carbapenem-resistance strains were observed. We identified ESBL resistance genes (Cefotaximase Munich; CTX-M group 1) (25/26) and quinolone resistance genes (QnrS) (6/26). Conclusion: Houseflies in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso are vectors for the transmission of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria. There is a need to monitor the associated risks for public health.

Anopheles gambiae and its sibling species Anopheles coluzzii are the most efficient vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. When females of these species feed on an infected human host, oogenesis and parasite development proceed concurrently, but interactions between these processes are not fully understood. Using multiple natural P. falciparum isolates from Burkina Faso, we show that in both vectors, impairing steroid hormone signaling to disrupt oogenesis leads to accelerated oocyst growth and in a manner that appears to depend on both parasite and mosquito genotype. Consistently, we find that egg numbers are negatively linked to oocyst size, a metric for the rate of oocyst development. Oocyst growth rates are also strongly accelerated in females that are in a pre-gravid state, i.e. that fail to develop eggs after an initial blood meal. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of mosquito-parasite interactions that influence P. falciparum development in malaria-endemic regions.

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We report an unusual observation of a child aged 07, who consulted us for a chronic odynophagia rebellious to multiple treatments. It dates back to one year followed by pediatrics under antibiotic therapy and anti-inflammatory in whom the examination found hypertrophy noninflammatory obstructive tonsillar. The last episode would go back a month. The rest of the general exam was unremarkable. An indication for tonsillectomy was made and was performed. We fortuitously find a large fishbone skewered in his right tonsil. The postoperative consequences were simple. With a follow-up of 12 months, the patient is doing well., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)